WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND

ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS: ROLE

OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS IN
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

ABING, BEA
ACMA, JOEL
AFINIDAD, FAIRYSSA
GAVILAN, SHELLA MAE
GUILLEN, MERCY
JUAN, FERON JAY
LUGO, RJYL
SANOY, CHRISTIAN
YAP, ROVI JOY
WHAT IS A WATERSHED?
• A WATERSHED IS SIMPLY THE GEOGRAPHIC AREA THROUGH WHICH
WATER FLOWS ACROSS THE LAND AND DRAINS INTO A COMMON
BODY OF WATER, WHETHER A STREAM, RIVER, LAKE, OR OCEAN.

• THE WORD "WATERSHED" IS SOMETIMES USED

INTERCHANGEABLY WITH DRAINAGE BASIN.
• WATERSHEDS ARE USUALLY SEPARATED FROM OTHER
WATERSHEDS BY NATURALLY ELEVATED AREAS.
PROBLEMS IN A WATERSHED
WATERSHED HUMAN IMPACT
URBANIZATION
WHY ARE WATERSHEDS IMPORTANT?

• HABITATS FOR MANY CREATURES

• SOURCE OF DRINKING AND RECREATIONAL WATER FOR MANY COMMUNITIES

• IRRIGATION AND HEALTHY SOIL CROP PRODUCTION

REFERENCES:
• HTTPS://DEP.WV.GOV/WWE/WATERSHED/PAGES/WATERSHED_MANAGEMENT.A
SPX?FBCLID=IWAR3QXRRERZJ_0FMF4T4R1XNGPPRGJEMCQEASTGAYFMO3BYRH
_LE7TIUYB_U
• GROSSMAN, E. WATERSHED: THE UNDAMMING OF AMERICA. BOULDER:
COUNTERPOINT PRESS, 2002.
• HTTPS://LSRWA.ORG/WHY-WATERSHEDS-MATTER/
• HTTP://WWW.BERTRANDCREEK.CA/PROBLEMS.HTML
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WATERSHEDS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• GEOPHYSICAL LOCATION
• TOPOGRAPHY/GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
• GEOLOGY
• SOIL
• LAND CLASSIFICATION/ LEGAL STATUS OF LAND
• LAND CAPABILITY
• LAND USE
• CLIMATE
• HYDROLOGY
• INFRASTRUCTURE
GEO-MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS

• DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL FEATURE OF THE WATERSHED, IN TERMS OF ITS

RUGGEDNESS, OVERALL SHAPE, DRAINAGE QUALITIES, AND DISSECTION.
• THESE FEATURES ARE INCLUDED IN THE CHARACTERIZATION SINCE IT
IMPACTS THE QUANTITY AND RATE OF WATER COMING OUT OF THE
WATERSHED.
• THESE ARE ALSO INDICATIVE OF THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE
WATERSHED TO RAIN EVENTS OR ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NATURAL
CALAMITIES LIKE FLOODS AND EROSION
GEO-MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS
• AREA
• BIFURCATION RATIO
• FORM FACTOR
• RELIEF RATIO
• SLOPE
• DRAINAGE DENSITY
• LENGTH OF OVERLAND FLOW
AREA
FORM FACTOR
• FORM FACTOR INDICATES THE
COMPACTNESS OF THE WATERSHED.
• HIGHER FORM FACTOR –
WATERSHED IS CIRCULAR IN NATURE.
• RAINWATER RECEIVED BY THE
WATERSHED WILL REACH THE
OUTLET AT THE SAME TIME
• LOW FORM FACTOR – WATERSHED
IS ELONGATED.
RELIEF RATIO

• IS THE QUOTIENT OF THE BASIN RELIEF AND THE

WATERSHED LENGTH
• IT INDICATES THE SLOPE OF THE WATERSHED.
• A HIGHER RELIEF RATIO MEANS HIGHER PEAK FLOW AND
FASTER MOVEMENT OF STORM WATER TO THE OUTLET.
DRAINAGE DENSITY

• IS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE STREAM AND

THE WATERSHED AREA.
• LOW DRAINAGE DENSITY – ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH WIDELY
SPACED STREAMS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LESS RESISTANT
MATERIALS OR THOSE WITH HIGH INFILTRATION CAPACITIES.
• HIGH DRAINAGE DENSITY – INDICATES THE WATERSHED IS
HEAVILY DISSECTED.
LENGTH OF OVERLAND FLOW

• INDICATES THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY RUNOFF

WATER BEFORE IT REACHES A TRIBUTARY OR MERGES
TO FORM A CONCENTRATED FLOW.
• A low bifurcation
ratio means a
higher risk of
flooding. Values
ranging from 3 to
5 indicate a natural
drainage system
that formed in a
homogeneous
rock.
1. Given the following information for a
watershed (hypothetical):
Area = 150 km2
Perimeter = 30 km
Length of the watershed = 15 km
Elevmax = 1,200 masl
Elevmin = 5 masl
No. of 1st order stream = 8, 2nd order stream = 3, 3rd order
stream = 1
Total stream length = 15 km
Calculate:
a. Shape factor
b. Circularity ratio
c. Elongation ratio
d. Relief ratio
e. Drainage density (in km/km2)
f. Bifurcation ratio
g. Length of overland flow
SOLUTION:
a. Shape factor
(Sf) = 1/Ff, where Ff = A/Lb2 = 150 km2/(15km)2 = 0.67.
Therefore, Sf = 1/0.67 = 1.49

b. Drainage density
(Dd) = TLu/A = 15km/150km2 = 0.1 km/km2

c. Circularity ratio
(Rc) = (4πA)/P2 = 4π150km2/(30km)2 = 2.09

d. Elongation ratio
(Re) = (2/Lb)[(A/π)0.5] = (2/15)[(150km2/π)0.5] = 0.92

e. Relief ratio
(Rr) = Bh/Lb = (1.2km-0.005km)/15km = 0.08

f. Bifurcation ratio = 8/3 = 2.7

= 3/1 = 3.0
Average 2.9

g. Length of overland flow

(Lg) = 1/(2Dd) = 1/(2x0.1) = 5 km
2. Using the figure below, determine the watershed’s bifurcation ratio. Assume an area of 1,000 km 2.
1 order = 24
st

2 order = 10 3 order =
nd rd

Bifurcation ratio
= 24/10 = 2.4
= 10/1 = 10.0

Average 6.2
WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AS LAND USE

• LAND USE – LAND USE DEFINES THE EXPLOITATION (NATURAL AND

HUMAN INTERACTIONS) CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS WHICH
AFFECT THE VARIOUS HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES WITHIN THE
WATERSHED.
• THE WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE LAND USE
CAN BE GIVEN AS BELOW. 
KEY TERMS

• INTERCEPTION –IS THE REMOVAL OF WATER THAT WETS AND

ADHERES TO PLANT FOLIAGE, BUILDINGS, AND OTHER OBJECTS
ABOVE GROUND SURFACE. THIS WATER IS SUBSEQUENTLY
REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH EVAPORATION. 

• DEPRESSION STORAGE - IS THE TERM APPLIED TO WATER THAT IS

LOST BECAUSE IT BECOMES TRAPPED IN THE NUMEROUS SMALL
DEPRESSIONS THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY NATURAL SURFACE. 
AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED

• AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED: AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IS

THE WATERSHED IN WHICH AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES (CROP
CULTIVATION) IS DOMINANT. IT EXPERIENCES PERHAPS THE
MOST DYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT LAND-USE CHANGE. THIS
USUALLY LEADS TO INCREASED INFILTRATION, INCREASED
EROSION, AND/OR DECREASED RUNOFF.
• WHEN THE FIELDS ARE BARREN, FALLING RAINDROPS TEND IN
AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. THE SMALL CHANNELS FORMED
BY EROSION AND RUNOFF IN THE AREA ARE OBLITERATED BY
TILLAGE OPERATIONS. THE SOIL STRUCTURE IS ALTERED BY
REGULAR APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND/OR INORGANIC
MANURE.  THIS, IN TURN, LEADS TO CHANGED INFILTRATION
CHARACTERISTICS.
URBAN WATERSHED

• URBAN WATERSHED: THESE ARE THE WATERSHED AREAS

HAVING MAXIMUM MANIPULATION FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF
HUMAN BEING. THESE ARE DOMINATED BY BUILDINGS, ROADS,
STREETS, PAVEMENTS, AND PARKING LOTS. THESE FEATURES
REDUCE THE INFILTRATING LAND AREA AND INCREASE
IMPERVIOUSNESS. AS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ARE ARTIFICIALLY BUILT,
THE NATURAL PATTERN OF WATER FLOW IS SUBSTANTIALLY
ALTERED.
• AS A RESULT, THERE IS PRONOUNCED INCREASE IN RUNOFF
AND PRONOUNCED DECREASE IN SOIL EROSION. THUS, AN
URBAN WATERSHED IS MORE VULNERABLE TO FLOODING IF THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM IS INADEQUATE. ONCE A WATERSHED IS
URBANIZED, ITS LAND USE IS ALMOST FIXED AND ITS
HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR CHANGES DUE TO CHANGES IN
PRECIPITATION.
URBAN
WATERSHE
D
MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHED

• MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHED: BECAUSE OF HIGHER ALTITUDES,

SUCH WATERSHEDS RECEIVE CONSIDERABLE SNOWFALL. DUE TO
STEEP GRADIENT AND RELATIVELY LESS POROUS SOIL, INFILTRATION
IS LESS AND SURFACE RUNOFF IS DOMINANTLY HIGH FOR A GIVEN
RAINFALL EVENT. THE AREAS DOWNSTREAM OF THE MOUNTAINS ARE
VULNERABLE TO FLOODING. DUE TO SNOW MELT, WATER YIELD IS
SIGNIFICANT EVEN DURING SPRING AND SUMMER.
FOREST WATERSHED

• THE HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF FOREST WATERSHEDS IS

QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF AGRICULTURAL OR URBAN
WATERSHEDS. INTERCEPTION IS SIGNIFICANT, AND
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IS A DOMINANT COMPONENT OF THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.
• IN FOREST WATERSHEDS, THE GROUND IS USUALLY LITTERED
WITH LEAVES, STEMS, BRANCHES, WOOD, ETC. CONSEQUENTLY,
WHEN IT RAINS, THE WATER IS HELD BY THE TREES AND THE
GROUND COVER AND HAS GREATER OPPORTUNITY TO INFILTRATE.
THE SUBSURFACE FLOW BECOMES DOMINANT AND THERE ARE
TIMES WHEN THERE IS LITTLE TO NO SURFACE RUNOFF. THERE IS
GREATER RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER.
DESERT WATERSHED

• THERE IS LITTLE TO VIRTUALLY NO VEGETATION IN DESERT

WATERSHEDS. THE SOIL IS MOSTLY SANDY AND LITTLE ANNUAL
RAINFALL OCCURS. SAND DUNES AND SAND MOUNDS ARE FORMED BY
BLOWING WINDS.
• WHENEVER THERE IS LITTLE RAINFALL, MOST OF IT IS ABSORBED BY
THE POROUS SOIL, SOME OF IT EVAPORATES, AND THE REMAINING
RUNS OFF ONLY TO BE SOAKED IN DURING ITS JOURNEY.
COASTAL WATERSHED

• THE WATERSHEDS IN COASTAL AREAS MAY PARTLY BE URBAN AND ARE

IN DYNAMIC CONTACT WITH THE SEA. THEIR HYDROLOGY IS
CONSIDERABLY INFLUENCED BY BACKWATER FROM WAVE AND TIDAL
ACTION.
• USUALLY, THESE WATERSHEDS RECEIVE HIGH RAINFALL, MOSTLY
OF CYCLONIC TYPE, DO NOT HAVE CHANNEL CONTROL IN FLOW,
AND ARE VULNERABLE TO SEVERE LOCAL FLOODING.
• THE WATER TABLE IS HIGH, AND SALTWATER INTRUSION THREATENS
THE HEALTH OF COASTAL AQUIFERS, WHICH USUALLY ARE A SOURCE
OF WATER SUPPLY. THE LAND GRADIENT IS SMALL, DRAINAGE IS
SLOW, AND THE SOIL ALONG THE COAST HAS A CONSIDERABLE SAND
COMPONENT.
MARSH, WETLAND WATERSHED

• SUCH LANDS ARE ALMOST FLAT AND ARE COMPRISED OF

SWAMPS, MARSHES, WATER COURSES, ETC. THEY HAVE RICH
WILDLIFE AND PLENTY OF VEGETATION.

• EVAPORATION IS DOMINANT, FOR WATER IS NO LIMITING FACTOR TO

SATISFY EVAPORATIVE DEMAND. RAINFALL IS NORMALLY HIGH AND
INFILTRATION IS MINIMAL. MOST OF THE RAINFALL BECOMES
RUNOFF, WHICH DISCHARGES SLOWLY FOR MINIMAL LAND
DECLIVITY.
MIXED WATERSHED

• MIXED WATERSHED: THESE ARE THE WATERSHEDS, WHERE

MULTIPLE LAND USE/LAND COVER EXISTS EITHER BECAUSE OF
NATURAL SETTINGS OR DUE TO A COMBINATION OF NATURAL
AND HUMAN INTERACTION ACTIVITIES.
• IN THESE WATERSHEDS, A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE OF THE
PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OCCURS AND NONE OF THE SINGLE
CHARACTERISTICS DOMINATE THE AREA. IN INDIA, MOST OF THE
WATERSHEDS ARE OF MIXED NATURE OF CHARACTERISTICS, WHERE
AGRICULTURE, FOREST, SETTLEMENTS (URBAN AND RURAL) ETC. LAND
USE OCCURS.
TUGANAY WATERSHED
LAND USE
• The Municipality of Carmen covers a
total land area of 16,625 ha, of
which 91.7% is devoted to
agriculture, and 2.2% and 2.1% is
infrastructure/road network and
creeks/rivers, respectively.

• On the other hand, the Municipality

of Braulio E. Dujali covers a total
land area of 9,100 ha, of which
85.6% is devoted to agriculture,
while 3.7% and 2.5% is utilized for
fishponds (inland) and
swampland/marshland, respectively.
These swampland/marshland are
DAVAO RIVER
WATERSHED LAND
USE
• ABOUT 77% OF DRB ARE
FORESTLANDS AND 23% ARE
ALIENABLE AND DISPOSABLE LANDS.
MOST OF THE A AND D LANDS ARE
IN DAVAO CITY AND SAN FERNANDO.
THESE ARE DEVOTED MAINLY TO
AGRICULTURE: 8% FOR ANNUAL
CROPS AND 61% FOR PERENNIAL
CROPS. ABOUT 17% OF A AND D
LANDS ARE WOODED LANDS,
SHRUBLANDS AND GRASSLANDS,
WHICH COULD BE POTENTIAL AREAS
FOR AGRICULTURE.
REFERENCES:

• HTTP://ECOURSESONLINE.IASRI.RES.IN/MOD/PAGE/VIEW.PHP
?ID=409&FBCLID=IWAR2N8UTTKFXAZ5ICKW-VHOHFW8R-IS-D7VZ
XCZVNUHOVIB8RMGLKTW_PVMW
• HTTP://ECOURSESONLINE.IASRI.RES.IN/MOD/PAGE/VIEW.PHP
?ID=125271&FBCLID=IWAR3WNBUXAIGCK55SPCZCIPEBUJUPRSZR
G2RFNVRIMXXQK1E6QIKO7S3WPSG
• HTTP://RBCO.DENR.GOV.PH/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2017/10/EX
ECUTIVESUMMARY.PDF
• HTTP://OPEN_JICAREPORT.JICA.GO.JP/PDF/11881943_05.PDF
• HTTP://WWW.HELPDAVAONETWORK.COM/INDEX.PHP/ABOUT-US/
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• The process of implementing land use practices and water
management practices to protect and improve the quality
of the water and other natural resources within a watershed
by managing the use of those land and water resources in a
comprehensive manner.

ENGINEERING INTERVENTION
• This includes the expertise in monitoring, planning,
managing and modeling human impacts on the natural
environment, including resources such as water, air and
land
WATERSHED ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION
• Land Use • Monitoring
Practices
• Planning
• Water
Management • Managing
Practices
• Modeling
Watershed Management are practices,
basically, attributed to the different expertise in
the system of Engineering Intervention. These
practices and interventions aim to have a
healthy watershed.
REFERENCES:
• HTTPS://WWW.CT.GOV/DEEP/CWP/VIEW.ASP?A=2719&Q=325622&DEPNAV_G
ID=1654
• HTTPS://WWW.RDRWA.CA/NODE/27
THE ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
(WRE)
WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?

• IS THE STUDY OF MOVEMENT, DISTRIBUTION, AND

QUALITY OF WATER THROUGHOUT THE EARTH,
INCLUDING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, WATER
RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATERSHED
SUSTAINABILITY.
PRECIPITATION

• REFERS TO ANY MOISTURE THAT REACHES THE EARTH

SURFACE. THIS INCLUDES RAIN, SNOW, FOG, DEW, AND
HAIL.
• USING A RAIN GAUGE TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF
PRECIPITATION
• VOLUME OF WATER THAT SHOULD COME OUT OF THE
WATERSHED
INFILTRATION

• REFERS TO THE ENTRY OF WATER IN THE SOIL

COLUMN.
• GROUNDWATER FEEDS PERENNIAL RIVERS IN A
WATERSHED.
RUNOFFS

• OR OVERLAND FLOW REFERS TO THE COMPONENT OF

THE PRECIPITATION THAT FLOWS ON THE LAND
SURFACE.
• THE PRODUCTION OF RUNOFF IN A WATERSHED HIGHLY
IMPACTS ITS RESPONSIVENESS TO STORM EVENTS.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• REFERS TO THE COMBINED EVAPORATION AND

TRANSPIRATION PROCESSES. THIS COMPONENT OF THE
PRECIPITATION IS MEASURED USING ESTABLISHED
EQUATIONS (E.G., PENMAN) OR THROUGH
INSTRUMENTATION (EVAPORATION PAN).
THE ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN WATER
RESOURCE ENGINEERING (WRE)

• AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE, AND

• AS A BASIS FOR INFORMED DECISION-MAKING ON
IMPORTANT PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE

• OCCURRENCE
• DISTRIBUTION
• CIRCULATION OF WATER
AS A BASIS FOR INFORMED DECISION-
MAKING ON IMPORTANT PRACTICAL
PROBLEMS
• RAINFALL-RUNOFF ANALYSIS
• WATERSHED MODELING AND ANALYSIS
• WATER AVAILABILITY FORECAST
• OVERLAND FLOOD ROUTING
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY IN WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
• QUANTIFY THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF WATER
DRAINING FROM A WATERSHED.
•ENSURE PROPER INFORMATION TO DECISION MAKERS
•REDUCTION OF HYDROLOGICAL RISKS
QUANTIFY THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE

•  HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS ARE PERFORMED TO QUANTIFY

THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF WATER DRAINING
FROM A WATERSHED (I.E., DRAINAGE AREA) OVER
TIME. THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT FLOWS FROM A
WATERSHED DEPENDS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE WATERSHED AND THE PRESENCE OF WATER.
ENSURE PROPER INFORMATION TO
DECISION MAKERS
• IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATERSHED
AND INVENTORY THE WATERSHED’S NATURAL
RESOURCES. 
• RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH OR PARTICULAR RESOURCES,
OR TO DESIRED USES OF RESOURCES (I.E., SWIMMING
BEACHES), MIGHT BE GIVEN HIGHEST PRIORITY FOR
CONTROL AND REDUCTION.
REDUCTION OF HYDROLOGICAL RISK

•DETERMINE WHAT THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE TO REDUCE

POLLUTION OR ADDRESS OTHER PRESSING
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, PRIORITIZE THOSE
OPPORTUNITIES, AND IDENTIFY A TIME FRAME FOR
ACCOMPLISHING POLLUTION REDUCTION AND
RESOURCE AND HABITAT IMPROVEMENTS.
FLOOD INTERVENTION
• DEVELOPED WAYS TO PREPARE FOR AND FIGHT THIS
NATURAL DISASTER.
• TWO OTHER WAYS TO SAFEGUARD LIFE AND PROPERTY
ARE KNOWN AS "HAZARD ZONING" FLOOD PLAINS AND
"MINIMIZING ENCROACHMENT."
• HAZARD ZONING CONSIDERS HISTORICAL RECORDS OF
FLOODS, GEOLOGICAL MAPS, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.
• MINIMIZING ENCROACHMENT MEANS CAREFULLY PLANNING
WHERE BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED SO THAT THEY DO NOT
RESTRICT THE FLOW OF WATER OR CAUSE WATER TO
WATER QUALITY INTERVENTIONS

• DEVELOPED TO PREVENT WATERBORNE DISEASE,

PARTICULARLY DIARRHEAL DISEASE, A MAJOR CAUSE
OF DEATH AMONG CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES, BY REMOVING OR DISABLING PATHOGENS
IN WATER.
•  FILTRATION AND CHLORINATION.
REFERENCES:
• HTTP://FORESTRY.DENR.GOV.PH/PDF/REF/WCVAGIS.PDF?FBCLID=IWAR0Y
ONFMKDRQ-FH-NMMTFLO5AJMLMD0QVVD1O4NKFAEJY6Z9WYHTPQBO9XS
• HTTPS://SCIENCE.JRANK.ORG/PAGES/2756/FLOODING-FLOOD-INTERVENTIO
N.HTML?FBCLID=IWAR3R6D5IWLRENHPKKCCIQKEJD5IQ0UWFM5OIX0TQZSMVYID
ARLYSIQNVTKK
• HTTPS://WWW.CT.GOV/DEEP/CWP/VIEW.ASP?A=2719&Q=325622&DEPNAV_G
ID=1654&FBCLID=IWAR2HREO3UFLC42ZZ_ORJKK0VUAPDK-BXBUVW4P5LO5Y2
JSDOVJJOKX5WGK0
• HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/CHINNAAYYAPPA/WATER-RESOURCE-ENGINE
ERING?FBCLID=IWAR3SSX9H3_CJOG7N-WA1XU3JFTN5XNCJ21EOBCKBJYVE7HL
C__YVQGYWR90
• HTTPS://WWW.GIVEWELL.ORG/INTERNATIONAL/TECHNICAL/PROGRAMS/WATER
-QUALITY
THE ROLE OF HYDRAULICS IN
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
(WRE)
1.WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
THIS IS BUILT FOR THE COLLECTION, TRANSMISSION, TREATMENT, STORAGE,
AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER FOR HOMES, COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS,
INDUSTRY, AND IRRIGATION, AS WELL AS FOR SUCH PUBLIC NEEDS
AS FIREFIGHTING AND STREET FLUSHING.

PIPES
A WATER PIPE IS ANY PIPE OR TUBE DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT DRINKING
WATER TO CONSUMERS

PUMP
A PIPELINE PUMP SERVES TO OVERCOME HEIGHT DIFFERENCES. THEY
ARE ALSO USED TO PUMP WATER FROM DOMESTIC WELLS AND TO
BOOST PRESSURE IN WATER INTAKE LINES
Control valve

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid

flow by varying the size of the flow passage. This
enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as
pressure, temperature, and liquid level.
rameters considered:
Discharge or Flow rate – is the amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit ti

By the principle of conservation of mass, continuous flow occurs when at any time,

discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same.

low is said to be laminar when the paths of the individual particles do not cross
ntersect. Reynold’s number is less than 2100.

he paths of particles of a stream flowing with turbulent motion are neither parallel
fixed but it aggregates to forward motion of the entire stream.
ynolds’ number greater than 2,100 up to 50,000 normally defines turbulent flow.
Continuity Equations
For incompressible fluids:
Q=A1v1=A2v2=A3v3= constant
 
For compressible fluids:
M=ρ1A1v1=ρ2A2v2=ρ3A3v3= constant
or
W=γ1A1v1=γ2A2v2=γ3A3v3= constant
2. Kinetic and Velocity Energy
Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
The kinetic energy of a mass m having a velocity v is ½mv2.

3. Elevation and Pressure Head

Elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or
elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.

4. Total Energy of Flow

The total energy or head in a fluid is the sum of kinetic and potential
energies. Recall that potential energies are pressure energy and elevation
energy.
Total energy = Kinetic energy + Pressure energy + Elevation energy
Total head = Velocity head + Pressure head + Elevation head
5. Power and Efficiency

Power=QγE
Efficiency=(Output/Input)×100%

6. Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Applying the law of conservation of energy to
fluids that may be considered incompressible,
Bernoulli’s theorem may be stated as follows:
Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit
weight is constant at any point in the path of flow.
Bernoulli's Energy Equations
Energy Equation Neglecting Head Loss

Energy Equation Considering Head Loss

Energy Equation with Pump

DAMS
A DAM IS A BARRIER THAT STOPS OR RESTRICTS THE FLOW OF WATER OR
UNDERGROUND STREAMS. RESERVOIRS CREATED BY DAMS NOT ONLY SUPPRESS
FLOODS BUT ALSO PROVIDE WATER FOR ACTIVITIES SUCH AS IRRIGATION, HUMAN
CONSUMPTION, INDUSTRIAL USE, AQUACULTURE, AND NAVIGABILITY.
FUNCTIONS OF DAMS
• POWER GENERATION

• WATER SUPPLY

• STABILIZE WATER FLOW / IRRIGATION

• FLOOD PREVENTION

• LAND RECLAMATION

• WATER DIVERSION

• NAVIGATION
PARAMETERS AFFECTING DAM DESIGN
• VERTICAL FORCES
• WEIGHT OF THE DAM
• WEIGHT OF WATER IN THE UPSTREAM SIDE
• WEIGHT OF PERMANENT STRUCTURE ON THE DAM
• HYDROSTATIC UPLIFT

• HORIZONTAL FORCES
• TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ACTING AT THE VERTICAL PROJECTION OF THE
SUBMERGED PORTION OF DAM
• WIND PRESSURE
• WAVE ACTION
• FLOATING BODIES
• EARTHQUAKE LOAD
WEIR
WEIRS ARE OVERFLOW STRUCTURES WHICH ARE BUILT ACROSS AN OPEN
CHANNEL FOR THE PURPOSE MEASURING OR CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF
LIQUIDS.
FUNCTIONS OF WEIRS

• FLOW MEASUREMENT
• CONTROL OF INVASIVE SPECIES
• WATERMILLS
• FLOOD CONTROL AND ALTERING RIVER CONDITIONS
PARAMETERS AFFECTING WEIR DESIGN

• VELOCITY HEAD
• DEPTH OF WATER
• DISCHARGE
OPEN CHANNEL
AN OPEN CHANNEL IS A NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL IN
WHICH WATER FLOWS WITH A FREE SURFACE.
FUNCTIONS OF OPEN CHANNEL

• FLOOD PREVENTION

• DRAINAGE

• WILDLIFE HABITAT PROTECTION OR ENHANCEMENT

• OTHER AUTHORIZED WATER MANAGEMENT PURPOSE

PARAMETERS AFFECTING OPEN CHANNEL
DESIGN
• PROPORTIONS FOR MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS
• SLOPE
• AREA
• ROUGHNESS
REFERENCES:
HTTPS://SSWM.INFO/SSWM-UNIVERSITY-COURSE/MODULE-2-CENTRALISED-
AND-DECENTRALISED-SYSTEMS-WATER-AND-SANITATION-1/WATER-
DISTRIBUTION-PIPES
HTTPS://WWW.MATHALINO.COM/REVIEWER/FLUID-MECHANICS-AND-
HYDRAULICS/ENERGY-AND-HEAD-FLOW
HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/TECHNOLOGY/WATER-SUPPLY-SYSTEM
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/DAM
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WEIR
FLUID MECHANICS &HYDRAULICS BY DIT GILLESANIA
HTTP://OSP.MANS.EDU.EG/TAHANY/WEIRS1.HTM
HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PROFILE/CHRISTIAN_WOLKERSDORFER/PUB
LICATION/225431915/FIGURE/FIG10/AS:562857264848896@1511207037332/
EXAMPLE-OF-A-V-NOTCH-WEIR-MEASURING-THE-OVERFLOW-FROM-THE-
BLAYDON-HAZARD-SHAFT-AN.PNG