SEED

GROUP 12
FEBY LARASATI
MELATI LATIFAH
NUR HASNAH PUTRI
Embryo Development
The pattern of plant embryo growth and
development differs from one plant species to
another in general. Zygote cells from fertilization
will produce two cells, one of which will develop
into an embryo and the other becomes a
suspensor.
The suspensor development pushes the embryo
into the endosperm which provides a lot of food.
embryonic development through globular stages
of the heart and torpedoes. 2 grooves at the
heart stage will develop into cotyledons and at
the stage of the cotyledon the embryo has
developed root meristems or shoots and
meristems or shoot buds
Seed Germination
 Activation stage
 The stage of digestion and translocation
 Sprout growth
Seed Section
Seed Coat (Spermodermis)
The skin of the Angiosperm seeds consists
of two layers, namely:
- The outer skin layer (testa), some are
thin, stiff like skin, some are hard like
wood or stone.
- The inner skin layer (tegmen) is usually
thin like a membrane, often called the
epidermis.
Gymnosperms seed skin consists of three
layers, namely:
1. Outer skin (sacrotesta), usually thick
fleshy.
2. 2. Middle skin (sclerotesta), a hard and
strong layer.
3. 3. Endotesta, usually thin like a
membrane, often tightly attached to the
seed core.
Umbilical cord (funiculus)
The umbilical cord or funiculus is a part of
the seed that is shaped like a stalk that
connects the seeds to the seeds. When
the seeds are ripe, usually the seeds will
be released from the umbilical cord, and
only the seeds appear to be scars, or
better known as the navel seeds.
Core Seed (nucleus seminis)
The last part of the seed is the seed core. The
core of the seed is the core part of the seed
which is surrounded by the seed coat. Seed
core consists of:
a. Institution (embryo) Institutions are
prospective new individuals who will grow
from seeds in favorable environmental
conditions. In this institution there are
candidate roots (radicula), leaf institutions
(cotyledons), stem institutions (cauliculus),
and white institutions (albumen).
b. Root candidates (radicula) . Prospective roots
originating from seeds are called the roots of the
institution. In dicotyledonous plants, these roots
will continue to grow until they form taproots.
c. Leaves institutions (cotyledons) . Leaves
institution is the first leaf to grow at the time of
germination after the root release of the
institution. The function of the leaves of this
institution is as a place to store food, as a tool for
photosynthesis, and as a food-sucking tool from
the pistil of institutions for institutions.
d. Batang institute (cauliculus) Based on its
position, the stem of the institution can be
divided into two, namely the stem section of
the institution located on the leaf of the
institution (internodium epicotylum) and the
stem section of the institution which is
located under the leaf institution (internodium
hypocotylum).
e. White institutions are the seeds section, which consists
of a network that provides food reserves for the
institution. Seeing the origin of the network which is a
stockpile of backup food substances can be
distinguished by white institutions in:
1. White institutions inside (endospermium), if the
food hoarding network is scattered over cells
originating from the birth of secondary institutions
which then after being fruited by one of the sperm
nuclei then splits into these food hoarders.
2. White external institutions (perispermium), if this
part originates from the outside seeds of the body,
either from nuselus or from the ovule membrane.
Lembaga
Lembaga are candidates for new plants, which will later
grow into new plants. Institutions in seeds have
shown the main body parts of the plant, namely:
1. The root of an institution or prospective root
(radicula), which usually then continues to grow into
taproots. The root of this institution is the tip facing
the seed hole and at the seed germination, the root
will penetrate the seed shell and out through the
hole.
2. Leaves institutions (cotyledo), are the first leaves to
grow. The function of leaves of institutions can have
different functions. a. As a place to store food b. As a
place for assimilation c. As a food vacuum for
institutions from white institutions
3. Stem institutions (cauliculus), often can be
divided into two parts, namely:
a. Stem segments on the leaves of the institution
(Internodium epycotylum)
b. Stem under the leaf of the institution
(Internodium hypocotylum) The stem of the
institution along with prospective leaves is part
of the institution called the peak institution
(plumula). Candidates for the leaves are already
clear, some are not yet, so what is called plumula
is often only a point of growing stems of
institutions. If the root of the institution on the
grass has a sheath, then the seeds of the plant
shoot the institution also has a sheath called the
institution's sarong (coleoptilum)
The number of leaves of the institution on seeds is
one of the important ingredients in holding a
classification of seed plants:
1. Plants whose seeds have an institution with a
single leaf, also called a single seed plant
(Monocotyledoneae)
2. Plants whose seeds have institutions with two
leaf institutions, also called split seed plants
(Dicotyledoneae) 3. Plants whose seeds have
institutions with more than two leaves of the
institution, can only be found in naked seed
plants (Gymnosperms)
Sprouts
Is a young plant, which grows directly from
the seeds. Plantula already has major
organs, namely, roots, stems, and leaves.
During the process of adding embryos in
seeds, use food substances in the food
reserves.
Seed germination can be divided
into two types:
- Above ground germination (epigaeis), ie if
germination due to the formation of stem
segments under the leaves of the
institution is then lifted up, appearing
above the ground. For example in green
beans (Phaseolus radiatus L.)
- Underground germination (hypogaeis), if
the leaves of the institution remain inside
the seed coat, and remain in the soil as
found in kapri beans (Pisum sativum L.)
Gymnosperms
Open seeds are called because the seeds
are not covered by fruit flesh. Generally
has a thick leaf structure, many branches,
leaf caps form conifers / cones. Don't have
real flowers yet. Generative reproduction
occurs once fertilization (single
fertilization) which produces zygot. The
time between pollination and fertilization
is relatively long.
Gymnosperms are divided into several groups, namely:
- Cycadophyta / Cycadales, stems not branched,
compound leaves arranged as crowns on the tops of
trees. Example: Cycas rumpii (hajj fern).
- Pinophyta / Coniferales, has a cone-shaped leaf hood, a
reproduction device in the form of strobilus (in males
and females), needle-shaped leaves. Examples: Aghatis
alba (resin), Cupressus sp, Araucaria sp, Juniperus sp,
Pinus merkusii
- Gnetophyta / Gnetales, the stem has many branches,
single leaves face to face, unisexual flowers. For
example: Gnetum gnemon (mlinjo)
- Ginkophyta, a tree with short shoots, peg / fan-shaped
leaves and leaflets. It is a native plant in China.
Open seed plants produce heterospores, in the form of
megaspora and microspores. Microspores develop into
microgametophytes (male gametophytes) containing pollen.
While the megaspora develops into megagametofit (female
gametophyte).
In the ovule (megaspora) there is a pollen chamber and a
seed burrow structure (microfil) that replaces the function
of flowers as female reproductive organs. After the pollen is
released, the pollen grains will become sperm. When
pollinating pollen will stick to the ovule, then the sperm
moves towards the egg through the pollen reed.
And if fertilization occurs, the zygote is formed which
develops into an embryo and seed, if the seeds fall in the
right place, the seeds will grow and develop into new
plants. Pollination of open seed plants (gymnosperms) is
assisted by wind intermediaries (Anemokori).
Angiosperms
Called closed seeds because the seeds are
wrapped in fruit flesh. Having reproductive
organs in the form of perfect flowers
(benangsari, pistil, ovary, ovule, crown, petals,
and stalks). Generative reproduction
undergoes twice fertilization (double
fertilization) which produces zygot
(generative nucleus / sperm with ovum) and
endosperm (generative nucleus / sperm
fertilization with secondary institutions).
Angiosperms are divided into 2 classes,
namely:
1) Class of Monokotiledonae (Seeds in one
piece) Generally in the form of herbaceous
plants a year or a year, have cotyledons single /
one piece, branches are not branched /
branched slightly and do not have cambium,
the carrier file is arranged irregularly
(scattered), collateral type is closed, leaf bone
is curved / parallel, has fiber roots, flowers
have parts with multiples of 3, irregular flower
shapes, and nondescript colors.
Consists of several families:
- Liliaceae, for example: Lilium sp (lilia), Alium cepa
(large onion), Alium sativum (garlic), Alium
ascolonicum (red onion).
- Palmae (palm family), For example: Cocos
nucifera (coconut), Phoenix sp (date palm)
Gramina (grass family), For example: Oryza sativa
(rice), Zea mays (Corn), grass, bamboo, and so on.
- Orchidaceae (orchid family), For example:
Cattleya sp, Dendrobium sp, Arundina sp,
Epidendrum sp,Vanilia planifolia (vanilla).
2) Dikotiledonae Class (Seeds with two pieces) Generally in
the form of perennial plants (woody), have double
cotyledons / two pieces, generally branching stems, have
cambium, transport files arranged regularly (side by side),
open collateral type, leaf bone runny / pinnate, have
taproot, flowers have parts with multiples of 4 or 5,
irregular flower shapes, and generally have striking colors
Consists of several families, namely:
- Caryophyllaceae, for example: Dianthus chinensis.
Magnoliaceae, for example: Magnolia grandiflora (white
cempaka).
- Rosaseae, For example: Rosa hybrida (flower maqar)
Leguminoceae, for example: Leucena glauca (lamtoro),
Parkia specinosa (petai), Tamarindus indica (acid)
- Malvaceae, for example: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (hibiscus),
Glossipium obtusifolium (cotton).
Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction is a method of
reproduction without melting male and female
gametes. The nature of vegetative reproduction is
to produce offspring that are identical (the same
nature) with their parents.
A. Natural Vegetative Reproduction:
- Shoots are new individuals that appear in the
lower stem. Examples: banana trees and some
types of palm.
- Rhizoma or rhizome root is a stem that grows
flat in the soil. Examples: ginger, galangal,
sansivera, flower beads, turmeric, and reeds.
- Geragih is a stem that grows above the ground.
Examples: strawberry, strawberry, and gotu kola plant.
- Root tuber is swelling in the roots because of changes
in function and as a food reserve. Examples: Dahlias,
carrots and turnips.
- Stem Bulbs are swelling of the stem due to changes in
function and as food reserves. Example: sweet potatoes
and potatoes.
- Layer bulbs are modified stems and leaves which show
a multilayered structure. Example: Shallots, onions and
lilies.
- Adventitious shoots are shoots that appear in addition
to the stem. Example: root = breadfruit, pine, and
leaves of cocor bebek
Generative reproduction
1. Pollination (Pollination)
Pollination is the fall / attachment of pollen /
stamens to the stigma. Types of Pollination:
1) Based on the origin of pollen
- Autogami (alone) = pollen comes from the same
flower (one flower).
- Geitonogami (neighbor) = pollen comes from
other flowers but still one individual.
- Alogami (cross) = pollen comes from other
individuals but is still in one type.
- - Hybridization (hybrid) = pollen comes from
other types.
2) Based on factors that help / intermediary:
- Anemogamy, which is pollination with the
help of wind. Characteristics of flowers: dry,
soft pollen, many, do not have a flower crown.
- Hydrogami, which is pollination with the help
of water.
- Anthropogamy, which is pollination with
human help.
- - Zoidiogami, which is pollination with the
help of animals. Here is a type of pollination
that is assisted by animals
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