Department
SDM INSTITUTE OFofTECHNOLOGY,
ISE, SDMIT, Ujire
Ujire - 574240
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MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING
DEEKSHITH RAO
14 May 2019 Assistant Professor , Department of information science and Engineering
Syllabus
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Meaning and nature of directing.
Leadership styles.
Motivation Theories.
Communication - Meaning and importance .
coordination, meaning & importance and Techniques of
Coordination.
Meaning and steps in controlling .
Essentials of a sound control system .
Methods of establishing control.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Meaning and nature of directing.
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Directing is the interpersonal aspect of managing by
which subordinates are led to understand and
contribute effectively and efficiently to the
attainment of enterprise objectives.
The direction has two major activities namely
1.Giving orders to employees.
2.Leading and motivating them to accomplish the
goals.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Definition of direction
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“ Directing is the interpersonal aspect of managing by
which subordinates are led to understand and
contribute effectively to the attainment of enterprise
objectives.”
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Principles of Direction
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Harmony of objectives.
Unit direction of command
Efficiency
Direct supervision
Effective communication
Effective control
Follow -through
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Leadership
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It is defined as
“ Influence, that is, the art or process of influencing
people so that they will strive willingly and
enthusiastically towards the achievement of group
goals”
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Leadership Styles
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Traits approach
Behavioral approach
Contingency approach
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Traits Approach
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Traitis a basically a character and early notions
about leadership dealt with personal abilities.
It was believed that some people have leadership
qualities by birth or god’s gift.
The traits that associate with leadership are
identified as:
Mental and physical energy.
Emotional stability.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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Knowledge of human relations
Empathy
Objectivity
Personal motivation
Communication skills
Teaching ability
Social skills
Technical competence
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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Friendliness and affection
Integrity and faith
Intelligence.
Note: The quality of being honest and having strong
moral principles
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Behavioral Approach
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Style based on authority.
Linkert’s four systems of management.
The managerial grid.
Leadership involving a variety of styles.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Style based on authority.
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1.Autocratic leader
2.Democratic or Participative Leader
3.Free-Rein Leader
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Comparision of leadership styles
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Factor Autocratic Participative Free-rein
Decision maker Leader only Leader in Subordinates only
consultation with
subordinates
Discipline Obey the leader Cooperative Self-imposed
Delegation of Rare Good Complete
authority
Responsibility Leader Leader& Individuals
Subordinates
Initiatives By leader By team Only by
individuals
Communication One way and Both ways Free flow
downward
Motivation Punishments Rewards Self motivated
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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Factor Autocratic Participative Free-rein
Hierarchy of Physiological and Mixed Self attenuation
needs safety
Focus Task oriented People oriented people
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Linkert’s four systems of management
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System1: “exploitative-authoritative”
System2: “benevolent authoritative”(rewards& some
fear & punishment)
System3: “Consultative” (substantial confidence)
System4:”Participative type”(Complete confidence)
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Managerial grid
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To define leadership styles is the managerial grid
developed by Robert Blake.
X-axis – “Concern for production”
Quality of policy decisions
Procedures
Creativeness
Staff services
Work efficiency etc..
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Managerial grid
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Y-axis – “Concern for people”
Personal commitment
Maintenance of self esteem etc..
Leadership involving a variety of styles.
Autocratic to democratic
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Contingency approach to leadership
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The best style of leadership is one that combines
both autocratic and democratic.
There is no one best style of leadership under all
condition.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Motivation Theories
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Maslow’s theory of motivation
Theory X and theory Y
Immaturity – Maturity theory
Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Maslow’s theory of motivation
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Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Theory X and theory Y
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Douglas Mc Gregor proposed this theory
Theory X assumed that most people are not willing
to assume responsibility. They do not like to work
and they like to be directed.
Basing his analysis on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs,
he concluded that the theory X is wrong. Therefore
he developed another theory this is called theory-Y
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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This assumed that people are not lazy by nature. The
work is as natural as play and people can work
naturally if motivated properly.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Immaturity – Maturity theory
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This theory was developed by chris Argyrious of the
Harward University.
According to him, a person will develop from
immaturity to maturity in the following seven stages.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Immaturity – Maturity theory
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Maturity Theory Immaturity Theory
Active Passive
Independence Dependence
Capable of behaving in many ways Behave in a few ways
Deeper and stronger interest Erratic shallow interests
Long time perspective Short time perspective
Equal or super ordinate position Subordinate position
Awareness and control over self Lack of awareness of self
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Motivation-Hygiene Theory
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This theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg
People can be divided into two categories
dissatisfied and satisfied.
When people are satisfied they are concerned with
work itself he called this as motivation factor.
While when they were dissatisfied, they were
concerned about the environment in which they
were working. He called this as hygiene factor.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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Hygiene Factors Motivating Factors
Environment The job it self
Policies and administration Achievement
Supervision Recognition for accomplishment
Working Conditions Challenging conditions
Inter-Personal relations Increased responsibility
Money, status, and security Growth and development
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Communication
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Communication is the process of transmitting ideas
or thoughts from one person to another, for the
purpose of creating understanding in the thinking of
the person receiving the ideas or information.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Systems of communication
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According to organizational structure
1. Formal
2. Informal
According to direction of expression
1. Downward
2. Upward
3. Horizontal
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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According to the way of expression
1. Oral or verbal
2. Written
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Barriers to successful communication
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More levels in organization structure through which
an information has to pass.
Long and instructured channels of communication.
Heavy work loads at certain level of organization.
Prestige and superiority complex.
Sender unable to symbolize the information
correctly.
Receiver ignoring conflicting information.
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Coordination
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“Coordination is regarded as the essence of
managerialship for the achievement of harmony of
individual effort towards the accomplishment of
group goals as the purpose of management. Each of
the managerial function is an exercise in
coordination”
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Characteristics of coordination
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Not a separate function of management
Managerial responsibility
Unity of action
Coordination is part of all levels of organization
It is relevant to group efforts.
Continuous and dynamic process.
System concept
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Importance of coordination
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Unity in diversity
Specialization
Team work
Large number of employees
Empire building
Functional differences
Recognition of goals
Communication
Interdependency
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Techniques of coordination
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Effective chain of command or hierarchy
Harmonious rules , policies and procedures
Clearly defined objectives
Coordination through liaison officer
Effective communication
Sound organizational structure
Coordination through committees
Incentives
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Controlling
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Definition:
“Control is checking current performance against
predetermined standards in the plans with a view to
ensure adequate progress and satisfactory
performance”
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Steps in controlling
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Establishing standards
Measuring and comparing actual results against
standards
Taking corrective action
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Essentials of a Sound Control System
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Feedback
Objective
Suitability
Prompt reporting
Forward looking:(how future actions will conforms to
plan)
Flexible
Economical
Effective and operational
Motivation
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
Methods of Establishing Control
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Personal Observation
Budgeting
Cost accounting and cost control
Break-Even analysis
Standard Costing
Return on investment(ROI)
Responsibility accounting
Management audit
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
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Internal audit
External audit
Statistical control reports
Gantt milestone chart
Production control
Programme Evaluation and Review Techniques(PERT)
Critical Path Method(CPM)
Department of ISE, SDMIT, Ujire 14 May 2019
