SOLUTIONS:
COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
Ebullioscopy
Cryoscopy
Outline
Ebulliosco Cryoscopy Applicatio
py ns
Boiling Point
• The temperature
at which
the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes
equal to its atmospheric pressure
Variation of Vapour Pressures with
Temperature
M N Atmospheric
P O
• Vapour pressure pressure
increases with T
• Vapour pressure Ps1 P
of solution is
lower than that Ps2 Q
of pure solvent
• Boiling point of re
Pu vent
l
solution is So tio
l u
So
HIGHER than l utio
n
So1
that of solvent n2
T T1 T2
Ebullioscopy: Elevation of Boiling Point
• Solution
M N Atmospheric
having more P O
pressure
solute low
vapour Ps1 P
pressure
Ps2
high BP Q
• Solution2 boils
re
Pu vent
at higher So
l
tio
l u
temperature So
l utio
n
So1
than Solution1 n2
T T1 T2
Ebullioscopy: Elevation of
Boiling Point
For similar
•
triangles, N
M O
P M NO
P
Ps1 P
Ps2 Q
Q
TT1T2
Ebullioscopy: Elevation of
Boiling Point
• From Raoult’s Law,
• For pure solvent, & M do not change at its
BP
• =
• [K, proportionality constant]
• [Kb, molal elevation constant]
Ebullioscopy: Elevation of
Boiling Point
Molal elevation constant depends on the
•
nature of solvent i.e. its BP and the enthalpy
of vaporization,
R, universal gas constant; Tb, BP of the
solvent (in kelvin); , enthalpy of
vaporization of solvent in calories per gram
Molal Elevation Constatnts
Solvent BP (C) Kb (K kg mol–1)
Water 100 0.52
Ethanol 78.4 1.15
Benzene 80 2.70
Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 5.02
Phase Diagram
Phase Diagram
Freezing Point
• The temperature
at which
vapour pressure of its liquid is equal to the
vapour pressure of its solid
Variation of Vapour Pressures with
Temperature
• Vapour pressure Pure
Solvent
increases with T
M Solutio
• Vapour pressure P n1
I
of solution is
D L
Solutio
P
SO
lower than that Ps1 N n2
of pure solvent Q
Ps2
• Freezing point O
of solution is LIQUID
LOWER than
that of solvent
T2 T1 T
• Solution
having more
solute low
vapour
pressure
LOW FP
• Solution2
boils at
LOWER
temperatur
• For similar
triangles,
Cryoscopy: Depression of
Freezing Point
Molal depression constant depends on the
•
nature of solvent i.e. its FP/MP and the
enthalpy of fusion,
R, universal gas constant; Tf, FP/MP of the
solvent (in kelvin); , enthalpy of fusion of
solvent in calories per gram
Molal Depression Constatnts
Solvent FP/MP (C) Kb (K kg mol–1)
Water 0 1.86
Ethanol –114 1.99
Benzene 5.5 5.12
Carbon tetrachloride –22.8 29.80
Critical Point
