MMF42007 Komposit (PIL)

Dr. Ir. Anne Zulfia MSc

Pengenalan Material
Komposit
The world of materials
Steels
Cast irons
Al-alloys

Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
Alumina PA (Nylon)
Si-Carbide
Polymers,
Ceramics,
GFRP elastomers
glasses CFRP Butyl rubber
Soda-glass Neoprene
Pyrex Composites
KFRP
Plywood

Polymer foams Woods

Metal foams
Natural
Foams materials
Ceramic foams
Natural fibres:
Glass foams Hemp, Flax,
Cotton
Pengertian Komposit
Komposit merupakan kombinasi dari dua
material atau lebih yang memiliki fasa yang
berbeda menjadi suatu material baru yang
memiliki properti lebih baik dari keduanya.
Jika kombinasi ini terjadi dalam skala
makroskopis maka disebut sebagai komposit.
Jika kombinasi ini terjadi secara mikoroskopis
(molekular level) maka disebut sebagai alloy
atau paduan.
Composites

Composites are formed from two or more types

of materials. Examples include polymer/ceramic
and metal/ceramic composites.
Composites are used because overall properties
of the composites are superior to those of the
individual components. For example:
polymer/ceramic composites have a greater
modulus than the polymer component, but aren't
as brittle as ceramics.
Composite materials
Introduction
Definition: a material composed of 2 or more
constituents
Reinforcement phase (e.g., Fibers)
Binder phase (e.g., compliant matrix)

Advantages
High strength and stiffness
Low weight ratio
Material can be designed in addition to the structure
Two types of composites are:
Fiber Reinforced Particle Reinforced
Composites Composites
Particle reinforced composites support higher tensile,
compressive and shear stresses.

Figure 1. Examples for particle-reinforced composites.

(Spheroidized steel and automobile
The following are some of the reasons why
composites are selected for certain
applications:

High strength to weight ratio (low density high tensile

strength)

High creep resistance

High tensile strength at elevated temperatures

High toughness
Examples of Composites
Natural
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite
Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically distinct
Definitions
Composites often have only two phases
Matrix phase
continuous - surrounds other phase
Dispersed phase
discontinuous phase

Matrix (light)
Dispersed phase (dark)
Objectives
Definitions in composite materials
dispersed phase, matrix
Structure of composites
particle-reinforced
fiber reinforced
structural composites
Introduction
Engineering applications often require unusual
combinations of properties
esp. aerospace, underwater, and transportation
cant be achieved with a single material
e.g. - aerospace requires strong, stiff, light, and
abrasion resistant material
most strong, stiff materials are dense and
heavy
most light materials are not abrasion resistant
Solution is in composite materials
Examples of Composites
Natural
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite
Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically distinct
Classification of Artificial
Composites
Composites

Particulate Fiber Structural

Large Dispersion Laminates Sandwich

Particle Strengthened Panels
Continuous Discontinuous

Aligned Random
Properties of Composites
Dependent on:
constituent phases
relative amounts
geometry of dispersed phase
shape of particles
particle size
particle distribution
particle orientation
Composite Parameters

For a given matrix/dispersed phase

system:
Concentration
Size
Shape
Distribution
Orientation
Parameters

Distribution Concentration Orientation

Shape Size
Classification of Artificial
Composites
Composites

Particulate Fiber Structural

Large Dispersion Laminates Sandwich

Particle Strengthened Panels
Continuous Discontinuous

Aligned Random
Partikel sebagai penguat
(Particulate composites)
Large particle
Interaksi antara partikel dan matrik terjadi tidak dalam
skala atomik atau molekular
Partikel seharusnya berukuran kecil dan terdistribusi
merata
Contoh dari large particle composit: cement dengan
sand atau gravel, cement sebagai matriks dan sand
sebagai partikel
Light Phase Matrix (Cobalt)

Dark Phase-Particulate (WC

Particle-Reinforced
Composites
Divided into two classes
(based on strengthening mechanism)
Large particle
interaction between particles and matrix
are not on the atomic or molecular level
particle/matrix interface strength is critical
Dispersion strengthened
0.01-0.1 mm particles
inhibit dislocation motion
Large Particle Composites
Examples:
Some polymers with added fillers are
really large particle composites
Concrete (cement with sand or gravel)
cement is matrix, sand is particulate
CERMET Cutting Tool

Light phase - Matrix (Cobalt)

Dark phase- Particulate (WC)

Large Particle Composites
Desired Characteristics
Particles should be approximately
equiaxed
Particles should be small and evenly
distributed
Volume fraction dependent on desired
properties
Volume Fraction in Large
Particle Composites
Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume
fraction
Rule of mixtures equation
E- elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, p-
particulate Ec Em Vm E pVp
upper bound Em E p
Ec
Ep Vm EmVp
lower bound
Rule of Mixtures
Actual
Values
Upper bound

E - particulate
*
*

E- matrix
** **
*
Lower bound

conc. of particulates
Large-Particle Composite
Materials
All three material types
metals, ceramics, and polymers
CERMET (ceramic-metal composite)
cemented carbide (WC, TiC embedded in Cu
or Ni)
cutting tools (ceramic hard particles to cut, but
a ductile metal matrix to withstand stresses)
large volume fractions are used (up to 90%!)
Large Particle Composites
Concrete
Concrete is not cement)
Concrete is the composite of cement and an
aggregate (fine sand or coarse gravel)
Reinforced concrete
a composite (large particle composite) - with a
matrix which is a composite
steel rods, wires, bars (rebar, sometimes
stretched elastically while concrete dries to
put system in compression)
Dispersion Strengthened
Composites
Metals and metal alloys
hardened by uniform dispersion of fine particles of a very
hard material (usually ceramic)

Strengthening occurs through the

interactions of dislocations and the
particulates
Examples
Thoria in Ni
Al/Al2O3 sintered aluminum powder SAP
GP zones in Al
Classification of Artificial
Composites
Composites

Particulate Fiber Structural

Large Dispersion Laminates Sandwich

Particle Strengthened Panels
Continuous Discontinuous

Aligned Random
Fiber sebagai reinforced
Fiber yang digunakan harus:
Mempunyai diameter yang lebih kecil dari
diameter bulknya (matriksnya) namun
harus lebih kuat dari bulknya
Harus mempunyai tensile strength yang
tinggi
Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber
berfungsi sebagai :
Penjepit fiber
Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan permukaan
Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah
timbulnya perambatan crack dari suatu fiber ke
fiber lain
Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana eksternal
stress yang diaplikasikan ke komposit,
ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan ke fiber.
Matriks yang digunakan harus :
Ductility tinggi
Memiliki modulus elastisitans lebih rendah
daripada fiber
Mempunyai ikatan yang bagus antara
matriks dan fiber
Biasanya secara umum yang digunakan
adalah polimer dan logam
a. Short(discontinuous) fiber reinforced composites

Aligned Random

b. Continuous fiber (long fiber) reinforced composites

Fiber yang biasa digunakan
antara lain :
Fibers Glass
Sangat umun digunakan, fiber yang murah adalah
glass fiber yang sering digunakan untuk
reinforcement dalam matrik polimer
Komposisi umum adalah 50 60 % SiO2 dan
paduan lain yaitu Al, Ca, Mg, Na, dll.
Moisture dapat mengurangi kekuatan dari glass
fiber
Glass fiber sangat rentan mengalami static fatik
Biasanya digunakan untuk: piping, tanks, boats,
alat-alat olah raga
Sifat-Sifatnya
Densitynya cukup rendah ( sekitar 2.55 g/cc)
Tensile strengthnya cukup tinggi (sekitar 1.8
GPa)
Biasanya stiffnessnya rendah (70GPa)
Stabilitas dimensinya baik
Resisten terhadap panas
Resisten terhadap dingin
Tahan korosi
Keuntungan :
Biaya murah
Tahan korosi
Biayanya relative lebih rendah dari komposit
lainnya
Kerugian
Kekuatannya relative rendah
Elongasi tinggi
Keuatan dan beratnya sedang (moderate)
Jenis-jenisnya antara lain :
E-Glass - electrical, cheaper
S-Glass - high strength
Fibers - Aramid (kevlar, Twaron)
Biasanya digunakan untuk : Armor,
protective clothing, industrial, sporting
goods
Keuntungan :kekutannya cukup tinggi, dan
lebih ductile dari carbon
Carbon Fibers
Densitaskarbon cukup ringan yaitu sekitar 2.3
g/cc
Struktur grafit yang digunakan untuk membuat
fiber berbentuk seperti kristal intan.
Karakteristik komposit dengan serat karbon :
ringan;
kekuatan yang sangat tinggi;
kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) tinggi.
Diproduksi dari poliakrilonitril (PAN), melalui tiga
tahap proses :
Stabilisasi = peregangan dan oksidasi;
Karbonisasi= pemanasan untuk mengurangi O, H,
N;
Grafitisasi = meningkatkan modulus elastisitas.
Flat flakes sebagai penguat (Flake composites)

Fillers sebagai penguat (Filler composites)

Structurtal Composite
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Technologically, the most important type of
composite
Characterized in terms of specific strength
or specific modulus = strength (or E) per
weight
usually want to maximize specific strength
and modulus
Subclasses:
Short fiber and continuous fiber lengths
Fiber Phase
Requirements for the fiber
The small diameter fiber must be much
stronger than the bulk material
High tensile strength
Different classifications
whiskers (single crystal - large aspect ratio)
fibers (polycrystalline or amorphous)
wires (large diameters - usually metal)
Matrix Phase
Function
Binds fibers together
Acts as a medium through which
externally applied stress is transmitted
and distributed to the fibers
Protects fiber from surface damage
Separates fibers and prevents a crack
from one fiber from propagating through
another
Matrix Phase
Requirements
Ductile
Lower E than for fiber
Bonding forces between fiber and
matrix must be high
otherwise fiber will just pull-out of matrix
Generally, only polymers and metals are
used as matrix material (they are
ductile)
Influence of Fiber Length
Mechanical properties depend on:
mechanical properties of the fiber
how much load the matrix can transmit to the
fiber
depends on the interfacial bond between the fiber
and the matrix

Critical fiber length - depends on

fiber diameter, fiber tensile strength
fiber/matrix bond strength
Influence of Fiber Length
Critical fiber length -
lc
Continuous fibers l >>
15 lc
Short fibers are anything
lc = sfd/2tc
shorter 15 lc

No
where Reinforcement

d = fiber diameter
tc = fiber-matrix bond
strength
sf = fiber yield strength
Influence of Fiber Orientation
Fiber parameters
arrangement with respect to each other
distribution
concentration
Fiber orientation
parallel to each other
totally random
some combination
Influence of Fiber Orientation

Stage I - elastic deformation with intermediate

Stage II - matrix yields
Failure - Non-catastrophic. When fibers fracture, you now have new fiber
length and matrix is still present
Aligned Fibers
When fibers are aligned
properties of material are highly anisotropic
modulus in direction of alignment is a function
of the volume fraction of the E of the fiber and
matrix
modulus perpendicular to direction of
alignment is considerably less (the fibers do
not contribute)
Randomly Oriented Fibers
Properties are isotropic
not dependent on direction
Ultimate tensile strength is less than for
aligned fibers
May be desirable to sacrifice strength for
the isotropic nature of the composite
Fiberglass Reinforced
Composites
Glass is a common reinforcement
it is easily drawn into fibers
it is cheap and readily available
it is easy to process into composites
it can produce very strong, very light
composites (high specific strength)
it is usually chemically inert (does not
degrade in harsh environments)
Elastic Behavior Derivation
(Longitudinal Loading)

Consider longitudinal loading of continuous fibers, with good fiber/matrix bonding.

under these conditions matrix strain = fiber strain (isostrain condition).
em = ef = ec
The total load on the composite, Fc, is then equal to loads carried by the matrix and
the fibers
Fc = Fm + Ff
Substituting for the stresses
scAc = smAm + sfAf
Rearranging
sc = sm Am/Ac + sf Af /Ac
were Am /Ac and Af /Ac are the area fractions of matrix and fibers, respectively. If the
fiber length are all equal than then these terms are equivalent to the volume
fractions
Vf = Af /Ac & Vm = Am /Ac Can also show ratio of load
sc = sm Vm + sf V carried by fiber and matrix:

Ec EmVm Ef Vf
Using the isostrain constraint and Hookes Law, s = eE Ff/Fm = EfVf/EmVm
Fc = Ff + Fm
Elastic Behavior Derivation
(Transverse Loading)

Consider transverse loading of continuous fibers, with good fiber/matrix

bonding. under these conditions matrix strain = fiber strain (isostress
condition).
sm = sf = sc = s
The total strain of the composite is given by
ec = em Vm = ef Vf
Using Hookes Law e = s/E and the isostress constraint
s/Ec = (s/Em) Vm + (s/Ef) Vf
Dividing by s, Algebraically this becomes

EmEf
Ec
Ef Vm EmVf
Volume Fraction in Fiber
Composites
Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume
fraction of fibers
Rule of mixtures equation (again)
E - elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, f- fiber
upper bound

(iso-strain) Ec EmVm E fV f
lower bound
EmE f
(iso-stress)
Ec
E fVm EmV f
Rule of Mixtures
(iso-strain)

Ec EmVm E fV f
Upper bound

*
*
** ** EmE f
Ec
*

E fVm EmV f
Lower bound
(iso-stress)
E - fiber
E- matrix

conc. of fibers

Actual
Values
Example
Calculate the composite modulus for
polyester reinforced with 60 vol% E-glass
under iso-strain conditions.
Epolyester = 6.9 x 103 MPa
EE-glass = 72.4 x 10 3 MPa

Ec = (0.4)(6.9x103 MPa) + (0.6)(72.4x103 MPa)

= 46.2 x 103 MPa
In Class Example
A continuous and aligned glass reinforced composite consists
of 40 vol% glass fiber having E = 69 GPa and a polyester
resin matrix, that when hardened, has E = 3.4 GPa.

a) Compute modulus of elasticity under longitudinal and transverse

loading.

b) If the cross-sectional area is 250 mm2 and a stress of 50 MPa is applied

longitudinally, compute magnitude of load carried by each the fiber and
matrix phases.

c) Determine strain on each phase in c

Other Composite Properties
In general, the rule of mixtures (for
upper
and lower bounds) can be used for
any
property Xc - thermal conductivity,
density, electrical conductivityetc.

Xc = XmVm + XfVf
Xc = XmXf/(VmXf + VfVm)
Tensile Strength
In longitudinal
direction, the
tensile strength is
given by the
equation below if
we assume the
fibers will fail
before the matrix:

s*c = smVm + sfVf

Discontinuous Fibers
Aligned
s*c = s*fVf(1-lc/2l) + smVm for l > lc
s*c = (ltc/d)Vf + smVm for l < lc
Random
Ec = KEfVf + EmVm where K ~ 0.1 to
0.6

3/8

1/5
Fiber and Matrix Phases
Fibers
whiskers: flawless, large l/d ratio, very strong
fiber
wires
Matrix
polymer or metal-matrix: used for their ductility
bind fibers, transmits load to fibers
matrix should be more ductile, fiber should have higher E
matrix protects fibers from surface damage (cracks)
matrix prevents cracks propagating from one fiber to the next which could
cause catastrophic failure.

ceramics-matrix: used to increase fracture

toughness of ceramic
Essential that Fiber-Matrix bond be strong
Fiber and Matrix Phases
Polymer-Matrix Composites
Fibers
Glass Fiber - fiberglass
Carbon fiber - graphitic and amorphous C
Aramid fiber - Kevlar, highly linear polymer chain
Matrix
polyester and vinyl esters - fiberglass
epoxies - aerospace applications, stronger,
resistant to moisture
polyimides - high temperature
high temperature thermoplastics - PEEK, PPS,
PEI, aerospace
Metal Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
Metal-Matrix Composites

Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Employed to increase the fracture toughness of the ceramic
Example: Transformation toughened zirconia
Other Composites
Carbon-Carbon Composites
carbon fiber in pyrolyzed carbon matrix
high tensile strength and modulus at high temperature (2000C)
low coefficient of thermal expansion
high thermal conductivities
low thermal shock potential
Applications include; rocket motors, friction materials in aircraft,
advanced turbine engine components, ablative shields for reentry
vehicles
Hybrid composites
two or more different kinds of fibers.
Classification of Artificial
Composites
Composites

Particulate Fiber Structural

Large Dispersion Laminates Sandwich

Particle Strengthened Panels
Continuous Discontinuous

Aligned Random
Structural Composites
Definition
composed of both homogeneous and
composite materials
properties depend on constituent materials
and on geometrical design of the elements
Types
laminar composites
sandwich panels
Laminar Composites
Two dimensional sheets or
panels with a preferred high-
strength direction
Q. What is a natural example of
this?
A. Wood
Q. What is a man made example
A. Plywood - Layers are stacked
and subsequently bonded together
so that the high strength direction
varies
Plywood

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Sandwich Panels
Two strong outer sheets (called faces)
separated by a layer of less dense
material or core (which has lower E and
lower strength)
Core
separates faces
resists deformation perpendicular to the
faces
often honeycomb structures
Used in roofs, walls, wings
Sandwich Panel
Structurtal Composite