Epithelium
Dr Pankaj Maheria
Hist-ology
Histology
Histology (compound of the Greek words:
"tissue", and - logia)
Is a branch of Medical sciences that studies tissues
and how they are arranged into organs
Tissue: A Definition
Is a group of cells and cell
products that arise from the same
region of the embryo and work
together to perform a specific
structural or physiological role
in an organ.
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Categories of Tissue
EpithelialTissue
ConnectiveTissue
MuscularTissue
NervousTissue
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Epithelium
:You should aim to
Recognize the presence of an epithelium and
.understand its defining characteristics
Distinguish the different morphological types
. of epithelium
Relate morphology to function where
. possible
Epithelial tissue
Specialized layers that line the internal and
.cover the external surface of body
Epithelial Tissues
StructuralClassification
Cell Layers
Cell Shapes
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Simple
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Simple
Stratified
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According to shape
Squamous
Cuboidal
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Columnar
General features of Epithelial Tissues
1. Very small amounts of intercellular substance, cells may be
joined by cell junctions.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
2. The cells are usually arranged in one or more
layer.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
3. The epithelium has a free surface is resting which
is either exposed to air or fluid.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
4. It is lower surface is resting on a basement
membrane.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
5. Epithelium is an avascular tissue (not penetrated
by blood vessels).
How can it get nutrition?!
It receives its nourishment by diffusion of metabolites through the
basal lamina and lamina propria.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
6. The epithelial cells are penetrated by nerve fibers.
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
7. It has high regeneration ability.
Alimentary canal
Skin
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General Features of Epithelial Tissues
8. Epithelium develops from any of the three
embryonic layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm,
Endoderm).
Endoderm = endothelium
Mesoderm = mesothelium
Ectoderm = epithelium
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General Functions
Transcellular transport
Diffusion
Carrier protein mediated
Vesicle mediated
Absorption
Secretiopn
Selective permeability
Protection
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Simple Epithelium
One Layered Cell Epithelium
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Simple epithelia
Surface epithelia consist of a single layer
Found at interfaces involved in selective
diffusion, absorption and /or secretion
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Simple squamous epithelium
Squamous: scales of fish
Flattened, irregularly shaped cells forming a
continuous surface
Pavemented epithelium
Found lining surface involved in passive
.transport (Diffusion) of either gases or fluids
Forms delicate lining of pleural, pericardial
and peritoneal cavities
Flat plates with bulging nuclei
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
It is a pavement epithelium that is made of one
layer of flattened scale-like cells, with flat
nuclei and very small amount of cytoplasm.
1 cell
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Sites and Function of Simple Squamous
Lining the lung alveoli to allow gas
exchange, they are called
Pneumocytes .
Lining the serous cavities to give
smooth surface and prevent
friction during movement ; it is
called Mesothelium.
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Sites and Function of Simple Squamous
Lining the blood
vessels to provide
smooth lining, where
called Endothelium.
From the parietal layer
of Bowman's capsule
to facilitate diffusion
and filtration.
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
It is made of one layer of cells, where the height
of each cell is equal to its width.
The nuclei are rounded and centrally located.
On surface view actually polygonal
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Sites of simple Cuboidal
Thyroid follicles.
Pancreatic acini, exocrine part.
Secretory units of salivary glands.
Proximal and distal tubules of
kidney.
Pigment layer of retina
Germinal layers of ovary
cells
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
It is made of one layer, where the height of its
.cells exceeds their width
Nuclei are elongated and may located in the
.lower one-half of the cells
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
The simple columnar epithelium could ciliated
. or non-ciliated
Ciliated found in uterine tube .1
Non-ciliated may be secretory (stomach), or .2
absorptive with brush border as in small
.intestine and gall bladder
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
The nuclei of this epithelium appear in irregular layers giving the false
impression of being stratified.
In this type of epithelium, all the cells rest on the basement
membrane.
Some tall cells reach the free surface, and others, short basal cells
do not reach the free surface.
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium
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:This Epithelium might be
a. Ciliated : present in
.upper respiratory tract
b. With stereocilia : lining the large ducts of
salivary glands, epididymis , vas deferens and
.membranous part of the male urethra
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Stratified Epithelium
. Multilayered and thick (2 or more layers)
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Classified according to the shape of surface cells:
even though the underlying cells may be of different shape
Basal cells stem cells
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Several layers of cells
Highly resistant to irritation
:types 2
Keratinized (in touch with a dry
environment)
Non-keratinized (in touch with a wet
environment)
Locations
Mouth (non-keratinized)
Esophagus (non-keratinized)
Vagina (non-keratinized)
Skin (keratinized)
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Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized
(moist) Epithelium
Found in the oral cavity (a oral scraping can be used to
collect cells for DNA analysis)
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Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium
This epithelium is found in the skin.
It is resistant to abrasions and irritants of a
dry (land) environment.
NOTE THE OUTER LAYER OF KERATIN
(ARROWS).
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Two layers of cells
Most prominent location is
in large ducts of glands
(salivary glands, etc.)
A singe, large duct
(L = lumen)
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Two layers of cells
basal cuboidal
superficial columnar
:Located in
Conjunctiva of the eye
Male urethra
Some larger excretory
ducts (ex:
submandibular
salivary gland)
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Urothelium
(transtional epithelium)
Characteristics
Stratified
Apical cells bulge
slightly into lumen
Some cells binuceated
URINARY SYSTEM!
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Transitional epithelium is found in
.the urinary system
Dome-shaped when
relaxed, flattened
when stretched
Apical cell surface
stains slightly more
deeply pink (actin
filaments)
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Structure Function Correlation
(all types have several cell layers)
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Protection against dry environments
Lines dry surfaces exposed to continuous
trauma
Stratified squamous moist epithelium
No protection against dry environments
Lines wet surfaces exposed to trauma
Transitional Epithelium
Highly elastic
Lines surfaces exposed to continuous
distension
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Applied histology
Carcinoma
Immotile cilia syndrome (kartagener
syndrome)
Bullous pemphigoid
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Quiz!
!
Can You Identify the Classes of
Epithelium?
D
A
B
C
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.Thank you
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