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Sampling Values and Its Reconstruction

This document discusses sampling and reconstruction of signals. It introduces the sampling theorem, which states that a bandlimited signal can be uniquely reconstructed from samples taken at the Nyquist rate if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal. The document covers impulse train sampling, natural sampling using pulses, and sampling using a zero-order hold. It also discusses reconstruction using a low-pass filter or a reconstruction filter designed based on the sampling method.

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Baji Babu
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33 views20 pages

Sampling Values and Its Reconstruction

This document discusses sampling and reconstruction of signals. It introduces the sampling theorem, which states that a bandlimited signal can be uniquely reconstructed from samples taken at the Nyquist rate if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal. The document covers impulse train sampling, natural sampling using pulses, and sampling using a zero-order hold. It also discusses reconstruction using a low-pass filter or a reconstruction filter designed based on the sampling method.

Uploaded by

Baji Babu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sampling values and its

Reconstruction
Sampling Theorem
Reconstruction of a Signal

Continuous sampling
Signal
Continuous
Signal

Discrete
Signal

D/A

Code

Digital
Signal

DSP

x3 t
x2 t
x1 t
-T

2T

x1 nT x2 nT x3 nT
x1 t x2 t x3 t

1.1 The Sampling Theorem


Impulse-Train Sampling

xp t

x t

p t

x t

x 0

t nT

x T x 2T

-3T -2T

-T

2T

3T

4T

Sampling
p(t)

xp(t)

x(t)

x p (t ) x(t ) p (t )
1
X p ( j )
[ X ( j ) * P ( j )]
2

where

p(t ) T (t )

(t nT )

Time domain:

x p (t ) x(t ) T (t )

x(nT ) (t nT )

Frequency domain:
x (t ) F X ( j )
1
p(t ) ak
T
F .S.

p(t ) P ( j )
F

( Periodic signal )

2a ( k ) ( k )

s
F
x p (t ) X p ( j )
2

1
X ( ks ) X ( ks )

T k
k

X p ( j ) X ( j ) * P ( j )

s 2M

Sampling Theorem:
Let x t be a band-limited signal with X j 0 ,
M
then x t is uniquely determined by its samples x nT , n 0,1,
if

s 2 M

where

2
s
T

2M : Nyquisy Rate
( Minimum distortionless sampling frequency )

M : Nyquist Frequency
( Maximum distortionless sampled signal frequency )
Excise: 7.3, 7.4

The reconstruction of the signal

p t
x t

t nT

xp t

x t

H j

x nT S

xr t

H j
c

M c s M

H t nT

1.2 Natural Sampling

p t
x t

P t nT
xp t

H j

xr t

H j
c

M c s M

xr t x t P t nT h t
n

Difficult:
1 ILPF is unpractical;
2 narrow, large-amplitude pulses are difficult to generate
and transmit.

1.3 Sampling with a Zero-Order Hold


x t
x t

xp t

-3T -2T

x t

-T

x 0

Zero-Order
Hold

x T x 2T

2T

3T

4T

x0 t

p t
x t

t nT

1 h0 t

xp t

x0 t

Zero-Order Hold

x0 t x p t h0 t
H o ( j ) e

j T 2

x nT h t nT

2 sin(T 2)

p t

t nT

xp t

x t

Zero-Order
Hold
p t
x t

Impulse-Train
Sampling

Reconstruction
Filter
h0 t

x0 t

hr t

xr t

t nT

xr t x t

xp t

LPF

x t

e jT 2 H ( j )
H r ( j )
2 sin(T 2)
M c s M

H r ( j )

e jT 2 H ( j )
2 sin(T 2)

2 Reconstruction
Band-limited interpolation

p t

t nT
xp t

x t

xr ( t ) x p ( t ) * h ( t )

H j
h (t )

M c s M

T sin(c t )
t

x(nT ) (t nT ) * h(t )

xr t

H j

x(nT )h(t nT )

T sin[c t nT ]
x ( nT )
t nT
n

Original CT Signal

After sampling

After passing LPF

The LPF
smoothes out
shape and fill
in the gaps

Zero-order hold p t
x t
Original CT Signal

After sampling

After passing
zero-order hold

t nT

xp t

h0 t

x0 t

hr t

xr t

Zero-Order Hold

H o ( j ) e

j T 2

2 sin(T 2)
H ( j )

jT 2

e
H ( j )
H r ( j )
2 sin(T 2)

Zero-Order Hold
Recover Filter

Excise: 7.5, 7.7

Summary
Sampling Theorem
Sampling and Reconstruction of Signal

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