Architecture is an art for all to

learn because all are concerned

with it.
-John Ruskin

ARCHITECTURE
Both the process and the product
ofplanning,designing, and constructingbuildings
and other physical structures.

ARCHITECTURE
Architectural works are often perceived as cultural
symbols and asworks of art. Historical civilizations are
often identified with their surviving architectural
achievements.

ARCHITECTURE
Art

Science

Latin "architectura"
Greek, "arkitekton "master builder

Architecture is the mastery, correct and

magnificent play of masses brought
together in light
Le Corbusier

Architecture is
Art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of
structures. It is often referred t as MOTHER OF THE ARTS
because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in
relation to other fields of art.
[Sanchez, Abad, Jao. Introduction to Humanities. 2002]

Architecture is

It is also by its definition functional. One of the

primary purposes of architecture is to fulfil a need that
led to its creation. Since the needs of different periods
in history varied, different architectural styles and
characters evolved.

"Architecture" can mean:

A general term to describe buildings and other physical
structures.
The art and science ofdesigningbuildingsand
(some)nonbuilding structures.
The style of design and method of construction
ofbuildingsand other physical structures.
The knowledge of art, science & technology and humanity.

"Architecture" can mean:

The practice of thearchitect, where architecture means
offering or rendering professional services in connection with
the design and construction of buildings, or built
environments.
The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level
(urban design,landscape architecture) to the micro-level
(construction details and furniture).

Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture are called

the FINE ARTS. They appeal to the eye as music
does to the ear. But architecture is not judged by
visual appeal alone. Buildings affect all of the
human senses sound, smell, touch, taste, and
vision.

The practice of architecture involves both the conception of an idea and

its ultimate expression in building materials.
(G. Salvan)
The act of creating Architecture is a problem
solving or design process
(F.D.K. Ching)

The practice of Architecture also encompasses the

pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures,
including scheduling, cost estimation and construction
administration. Documentation produced by architects,
typically drawings, plans and technical specifications,
defines thestructure and/orbehaviorof a building or other
kind ofsystemthat is to be or has been constructed.

Architect
A person who practices Architecture
A professional - practices architecture and is
Registered and Licensed

Architecture also exists without necessary

assistance from an architect; and architects
sometimes create buildings which are not architecture.
(Norval White)
Architecture is developed by ordinary people, for ordinary
people; therefore it should be easily comprehensible to all.
(Steen Eller Rasmussen)

It became apparent to us that architecture is generally assumed to be a

highly specialized system with a set of prescribed technical goals rather
than a sensual social art responsive to real human desires and feelings.
This limitation is most frighteningly manifested in the reliance on twodimensional diagrams that lay more stresses on the quantifiable features
of building organization than on the polychromatic and threedimensional qualities of the whole architectural experience.
-Kent Bloomer & Charles Moore

Theories and principles

Applied
in
Architecture

Architecture depends on order, arrangement, eurhythmy,

symmetry, propriety, and economy. All of these must be
built with due reference to durability, convenience, and
beauty.

Architecture is a complex subject. It will help our

understanding to consider separately the four elements or
aspects that constitute it. These are:
I. Human Condition
II. The Architectural Reality
III. The Architectural Form
IV. The Architectural Meaning

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture isDe

architectura, by the Roman architectVitruviusin the early 1st century
AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three
principles of:

Firmitas
Firmness
Utilitascommonly known by the original translation
Commodity
Venust
Delight
as

STYLE
MATERIALS
PLAN
Style
must
accommodate
and
express
the
function
of
used of
in a building.
building and
which
used
Is Materials
the beginning
It is the
the methods
foundation
uponare
which
the
structure. It them
must are
alsoamong
address
the
future,
providing to
in
assembling
the
factors
contributing
the scheme of the structure rests. It relates various units to
or
adaptabilitystyle.
and the
capacityoftomaterials
survive the
loss
of
architectural
Availability
is
an
important
one another and the most important element of a volume.
its original
function.
It
must
also
be
able
to
provide
for
factor in architecture. Durability and beauty are factors
functions which are unknown
at the
moment
ofof materials.
considered
in
the
choice
We should proceed from within to without.
construction.

Architectural Design
The process of developing an idea to a point at which solution of the
problem at hand.
Design must concern itself with both the practical and the aesthetic. If
the resulting structure is to be satisfactory, the two must always be
combined and not separated.

Art is solving problems that cannot be formulated before they

have been solved. The shaping of the question
is part of the answer.
(Piet Hein)
Design is above all a wilful act, a purposeful endeavour.
(Ching)

Color
The hue, intensity, and total value of a forms surface;
Inherent or applied color caused by spectrum hues;
The attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form fro its
environment
Green

Yellow

Red

Orange

Psychology of colors

Brown

Blue

Purple

Gray

White

Color Usage

Can be used functionally; can be used to maximize/minimize size

of objects; can be used to express architectural form

Architecture
[Link]
Form primary identifying characteristic of a volume; determined
by shape and interrelationships of planes that describe
boundaries of the volume
Primary Elements: point. line. plane. Volume
Properties: shape. size. color. texture. position. orientation. visual
inertia

Architecture
[Link]
Form identifies SPACE
Any three dimensional form naturally articulates the volume of
space surrounding it and generates a field of influence/territory
which it claims as its own.
Spatial Relationships: Space within a space. Interlocking space.
Adjacent space. Spaces linked by common
space

Architecture
[Link]
Oder. through Proportion and Scale
Proportion. Proper or harmonious relation of one part to another or
to a whole
Scale. Size of something compared to a reference standard or to
the size of something else
Theories of Proportion: Golden Section. Classical Orders.
Renaissance Theories. Modulor. Ken. Anthropometry. Scale

Periods and styles

in architecture

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Byzantine

Greek

Pre-Historic

Near East

Roman

Early
Christian

Romanesque

Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:

Revival

Islamic

20th C:

Modern

The Historical Timeline of Architecture

(Winand Klassen History of Western Architecture)

Pre-Historic
Ancient
Mesopotamian/West-Asiatic
Egyptians
Aegean and Greek
Etruscan and Roman
Medieval
Early Christian
Byzantine
Romanesque

The Beginnings of Architecture

Prehistoric Architecture

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Pre-Historic Architecture

Beginnings of architecture must be

placed within the
Neolithic Age and the New Stone Age
(8000-3000 BC)
Neolithic
Revolution
Industrial
of our
Brought
about=perhaps
theRevolution
most significant
transformation of the human condition age
and
made possible the achievements that followed
Transition from food gathering to food production
--- including Architecture

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Venus of Willendorf one of the earliest

pieces of Scupture found in Central
Europe (30, 000 25, 000 BC)

Cave Paintings of Altimara, Spain

and Lascaux, France (15, 00010, 000 BC)

ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE

Timeline of the Architecture History

PREHISTORIC

Settlement of Jericho (8, 000 7, 000 BC)

One of the earliest settlements we know of
through excavation
Located on a plateau in the Jordan River Valley

Excavations of the Jericho

ROCOCO

Aerial view of Jericho

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Settlement at Catal Huyuk (6500-5700 BC)

An early settlement in Anatolia (Turkey) around
7000 BC
Excavated between 1961-1963
Largest Neolithic city with 13 hectares of land
for a population of about 10, 000 people

Catal Huyuk
xcavations
at the Catal Huyuk Site

PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Megalithic Architecture
3500 BCE man has developed a form of
architecture based on megaliths probably intended
for burial ritual
Megalith large standing stone; an enormous
stone usually standing upright or forming a part of
a prehistoric structure
Carnac, Brittany, France where the largest
number of megaliths can be found. More than
3000 are found there dating back to the period
between 5000-10000 BC

PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Megalithic Architecture
3 Main Types of Megalithic Structure
MENHIR
DOLMEN
STONES ARRANGED IN CIRCLE / CROMLECH

Megalithic Architecture

PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE

Timeline of the Architecture History

MENHIR
- A huge stone standing vertically in the ground
- Such stones are usually standing in the middle of a
filed or arranged in rows
- Widely distributed across Asia, Africa and Europe,
but most numerous in Western Europe

BAROQUE
Menhirs
at Avebury, Wiltshire, UK
ROCOCO

oney Dolmen near Ardara in County Donegal, Ireland Pentre Ifan dolmen, Wales

PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Megalithic Architecture

DOLMEN
Prehistoric structure thought to have been used
a tomb or altar that consist of a large horizontal
slab of stone supported by two or more vertical
slabs

Swinside, England

PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE

Timeline of the Architecture History

Megalithic Architecture

STONES ARRANGED IN CIRCLE / CROMLECH

-Believed to be an ancient stone burial chamber
-Best example is the Stonehenge

Stonehenge at the Salisbury Plains, Southern England

BAROQUE
The Stonehenge
from above
ROCOCO

ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

PREHISTORIC

TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE

Dominant tomb type
Corridor inside leading to an underground
chamber

Passageway inside a Tumulus

Ancient Architecture

West Asiatic Architecture

Architecture of the Ancient Near East

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Mesopotamia
Flourished in the fertile river valleys and deltas of the
Euphrates and Tigris
Cradle of Civilization
Akkadians
Sumerians
Assyrians
Babylonians

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of the Ancient Near East

Persia
Achaemenid Architectural heritage began with
the expansion of the empire around 550 B.C.E
under Cyrus the Great

Architectural Character

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

General Characteristics:
Traditions of clay in Mesopotamia and traditions of
wood in Persia
Mesopotamia massive and arcuated (true arch with
radiating voussoirs)
Persia
columnar

System of Construction:
Mesopotamia arch and vault, sometimes domical
Persia
columnar and trabeated

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architectural Character

Buildings :

Massive, towered fortifications

Temple Complexes (ziggurats)

Palaces (Assyria, Persia)
Tombs (Persia)

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architectural
Character

Murals

Colossal winged-bull

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architectural
Character

Columns

Interiors

Persepolis

Apadana, Persepolis

Palace of ashurbanipal sennacherib

Gate of Nations

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

Tomb of Artaxerxes

Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad

Ruins of the White Temple of Anu, Uruk

Babylon

Model of a Sumerian Ziggurat

Ishtar Gate

Egyptian Architecture

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Architecture of the civilization that flourished along

the Nile River from before 3000 BC until its
annexation by Rome in 30 BC
Characterized by the axial planning of massive
masonry tombs and temples, use of trabeated
construction with precise stonework, and the
decoration of battered walls with pictographic
carvings in relief
The preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife
dominated the building of funerary monuments and
temples

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Chief Character:
Simplicity, solidity, and grandeur or monumentality,
obtained by broad masses of unbroken walling
Principal Buildings:
Temples and Pyramids

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Columns

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Walls and Roofs

Openings

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Ornaments

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Obelisk

Avenue of Sphinxes

The Great Sphinx of Giza

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Dwellings

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Mastaba

Pylon, Edfu Temple

Temple of Abu Simbel

Step Pyramid of Zoser

Bent Pyramid of Senefru

Great Pyramids of Giza

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Der

El-Bahari

Greek Architecture

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Classical Greece

Early Period

Aegean and Mycenaean Architecture

Notable for structures rough and massive in
character

ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

PRE-HISTORIC

Palace of King Minos, Knossos

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

The Lion Gate of Mycenae

Architecture of Classical Greece

Hellenic Period

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Classical GREEK Architecture

The recognized style of the Greek Architecture
Characterized by simplicity and purity of line, perfection
of proportions, and refinement of detail
Dignity and grandeur in spite of smallness in scale
Columnar and trabeated
Practiced refinements to correct optical illusions entasis

O
R
D
E
R
S
Of
C
L
L
A
S
I
C
A
L

G
R
E
E
K
A
R
C
H
I
T
E
C
T
U
R
E

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Classical Greece

Plans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Classical Greece

The GREEK
Theatre

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Classical Greece

Mouldings

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of Classical Greece

Ornaments

PARTHENON, Acropolis, Athens

Acropolis, Athens

Stoa of Attalos

Agora
(Town Square/Market Place)

Stadium at Delphi

Bouleuterion
Council Hall
of Miletus

Roman Architecture

Architecture of the Romans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Early Influence Etruscans

Earliest civilization around Rome
Brought Eastern and Greek culture to the region
Introduced the Tuscan order which became popular
with the Romans

Architecture of the Romans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Etruscan Temple

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of the Romans

Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Roman Architecture
Gave special importance to the internal space
intended for worship
Integral view of the art combining beauty and
sumptousity with utility and practical sense
Interest in public works and engineering
Monumental and Colossal to show Roman power
Characterized by the use of post-and-lintel
construction, arch and vault construction, and the
use of domes

Architecture of the Romans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Engineering Achievements
Arch
Dome
Concrete

Vault
Aqueduct
Bridges

Paved Roads

Architecture of the Romans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Arch

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Architecture of the Romans

Roman Orders

Architecture of the Romans

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Vault

ONT DU GARD: ROMAN AQUEDUCT (SOUTHERN FRANCE)

PONS: ROMAN BRIDGE (CHAVES

Roman Forum
(equivalent of the Greek Agora)

Roman Circus

The Coliseum, Rome

Roman Theatre

BASILICA ULPIA: ELEVATION DRAWING

Roman Thermae

Pantheon, Rome

ARCH OF TITUS, ROME

Insulae
(Roman House)

Domus
(Housing for the Upper Class)

Medieval
Architecture

Early Christian Architecture

Early Christian
Architecture
SIMPLICITY
IN DESIGN, COARSENES IN EXECUTION

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
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MEDIEVAL
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Plain and simple exterior; richness in the interior

Gives the feeling of horizontality
Trussed, arcuated, columnar and trabeated
Buildings:

Basilican Churches, baptisteries

Plans followed the basilican model for the new churches

The period where the bell tower or campanile dates from

Early Christian Architecture

PRE-HISTORIC
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Mosaics

Early Christian
Architecture

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Basilican Church
Erected over the burial place of the saint to whom
the church was dedicated to
Usually oriented to face east; later medieval
churches are oriented to the west

Early Christian
Architecture

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Baptisteries
Used only for sacrament of baptism,
on festivals of Easter, Pentecost and
Epiphany
Large separate building from
church, sometimes adjoined atrium

Santa Sabina, Rome (c. 422-432)

Santa Costanza, Rome (c. 345)

Old Saint Peters, Rome (c. 330

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem (

Byzantine
Architecture

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Byzantine
SIMPLICITY
AND RICHNESS
Architecture
Gives a feeling of verticality
Simplicity of the exterior treatment and
richness in the interior
Fusion of the domical construction of the east
with the classic columnar style of the west
Buildings: Churches and Monasteries
Columnar and trabeated, arch and vault,
domical

PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Byzantine Architecture

Church Plans

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Byzantine Architecture

Pendentive

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Byzantine Architecture

Ornaments

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

St. Mark, Venice

Romanesque
Architecture

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Romanesque
Roman-like
Architecture
Sober and dignified, and picturesque
Buildings: Churches, Monasteries, Castles
Arch an vault using semicircular arches
Plans based on the Roman Basilica with the
addition of the transept and prolongation of the
sanctuary
= WELL DEFINED LATIN CROSS
Towers were prominent features

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Romanesque Architecture

Vault

Openings

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Romanesque Architecture

Ornamen
ts

Wall

Romanesque Architecture

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Santiago de Compostela

Plans

Pistoia Cathedral (Central

Pisa Cathedral (North Italy)

St. Zeno Maggiore, Verona (North Italy)

Monreale Cathedral (South

Italy)

Angouleme Cathedral

(Southern

St. Michael, Hildesheim (Northern

Germany)

Gothic
Architecture

Gothic
Architecture
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Lofty and Aspiring

Structural Honesty

(Arch and Vault Construction)

Economy in the use of materials

Special Features: Pointed Arch
Gargoyles
Buttresses (flying buttress)
Stained Glass
Pinnacles
Towers and Spires
Buildings:

Cathedrals

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Flying Buttress

Pointed Arch

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Vaults

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Ornaments

Westminster Abbey (English

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris (French

Antwerp
Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral (German Gothic)

Milan Cathedral (Italian

Modern
Architecture

Renaissance
Architecture

Renaissance
Architecture

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Renaissance means rebirth

from Italian rinascita
the rebirth of the Classical Style
Purists artists who were very strict following the
classical style and allowed no modifications
Filippo Brunelleschi considered the father of
Renaissance
Florence, Italy place where the Renaissance originated

Renaissance
Architecture
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Architectural Character:

- Employment of the classic Roman orders

- Dignity and Formality achieved through symmetry
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
- Skylines characterized by horizontal cornices and ballustrades
EGYPTIAN

PRE-HISTORIC

GREEK
ROMAN

*Columnar and trabeated, arch and vault, domical

MEDIEVAL

EARLY
CHRISTIAN

Buildings:
Churches, Palaces, Mansions
GOTHIC

BYZANTINE
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Renaissance Architecture
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Principal Phases of the Renaissance Period

1. Renaissance / Quattrocento (Early Renaissance).
1400-1500
2. High Renaissance Golden Era. 1500-1525
3. Mannerism. 1520-1600

Renaissance Architecture
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Distinct Features

Renaissance Architecture
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Notable Renaissance Architects

Filippo Brunelleschi
Leon Battista Alberti
Donato Bramante
Raphael
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola Michaelangelo
Bernini
Pietro Lombardo
Andrea Palladio
English Renaissance
Architects
Sir Christopher Wren
Iigo Jones

Dome of the Santa Maria del

Fiore
By Filippo Brunelleschi
Foundling Hospital by

Santa Maria Novella,

Florence
by AlbertiSant Andrea, Mantua by

Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio,

Rome, Italy

Renaissance Architecture
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Architects commisioned for the Saint Peters

Basiica
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Donato Bramante (1505-1514)

Raphael Sanzio (1514-1520)
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1520-1546)
Michaelangelo Bounarroti (1547-1564)
Giacomo della Porta (1573-1602)
Carlo Maderno (1603-1629)
Gianlorenzo Bernini (1629-1680)

The Saint Peters Basilica

Sistine Chapel

Palazzo Medici
by MICHELOZZO DIBARTOLOMMEO

Palazzoda
TeSangallo
by Giuliothe
Romano
Palazzo Farnese by Antonio

Villa Capra La Rotunda,

Vicenza

San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy

Baroque Architecture
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(Late Renaissance)

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Timeline of the Architecture History

The revolt against the formal rules and standard

proportions of the Renaissance followers of Vitruvius
Freedom in plan design and ornamentation
Interiors with exaggerated detail of carved ornament
Features: Twisted Columns
Curved and Broken Pediments
Huge, Wavy Scrolls

Baroque Architecture
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Timeline of the Architecture History

Rococo Style
More delicate and intimate version of Baroque originating
in France
Features: Scrolls
Cupids
Cartouche

Chteau de Maisons by Franois

Mansart

Santa Susanna
Santiago
de la Compostela
by Carlo Maderno.

Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza

by Francesco Borromini.

Contemporary
Architecture

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Architectural Styles in Continental

Europe
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MODERN
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18TH19TH C.
REVIVAL

CONTEMPORA

Timeline of the Architecture History

(18th-19th Century)

Classic Revival
Gothic Revival
Eclectism

e Crystal Palace by Sir Joseph Paxton

Paris Opera House

byofCharles
Garnier
Palace
Studies,
LEcole des Beaux Arts by Felix Dub
Library of St. Genevieve
by
Sagrada
Henri
Labrouste
Familia
by
Antonio
Gaudi
Sacre Coeur by Paul Abadie

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Arts and Crafts and Related Movements

- Began in England around 1860 and continued into
the first decade of the 20th century and shared
many of the ideas of Art Nouveau
- A craft-based alternative
- Emphasized local traditions and materials and was
inspired by vernacular design

The Red House

by Philip Webb William Morris

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Art Nouveau
- Flourished in Europe between 1890 and 1910
- Artists and designers transformed modern industrial
materials such as iron and glass into graceful, curving
form
- Designers interested in architecture as a form of stylistic
expression rather than as structural system

Tassel House /Hotel Tassel

by Victor Horta

Casa Batll
by Antonio Gaudi

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Timeline of the Architecture History

An overarching movement and period in architectural

history during the 20th Century
Modernism (Modern Architecture)
- Broadly characterized by simplification of form and
subtraction of ornament from the structure and
theme of the building
- After the artistic Innovations in Europe and the US
increased in a rapid succession of movements of
isms
- Lasted through the first half of the 20th Century
- Rejects old, traditional ideas and styles in art an
design
- Reveals rather than conceal the inner structure of the

Guggenheim Museum, New York

by Frank Lloyd Wright

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Age of Machines
Expressionism and Rationalism
-emerged in Germany after WWII
Expressionism
-after the war, architects grew less enchanted with the
with the machine and sought a design ideal that would
express emotion and the essence of life

Einstein Tower / Einsteinturm

byErich Mendelsohn

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Age of Machines
Expressionism and Rationalism
-emerged in Germany after WWII
Rationalism
- Architects called for designs of great clarity that paid
strict attention to function and made use of modern
materials and technologies

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Timeline of the Architecture History

De Stijl
- European architects began to strip away the heavy
masonry of Wrights buildings to reveal the purity of his
flowing plans, typically in modern glass structures with
interlocking volumes
- Dutch painter Peit Mondrain and designers Theo van
Doesburg and Gerrit Rietveld were the chief exponents
of De Stijl

Rietveld Schrder House

byGerrit Rietveld

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Art Deco
- Combined the exuberance of expressionism with the
clean functional lines of rationalism
- Streamlined art deco architecture mimicked the sleek
design of ocean liners, but also drew on the decorative
qualities of Art Nouveau and the following forms of
expressionism

Chrysler Building
byWilliam Van Alen

Metropolitan Theatre, Manila

byJuan M. Arellano

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Timeline of the Architecture History

International Style
- Emphasis more on architectural style, form and
aesthetics than the social aspects of themodern
movementas emphasised in Europe
- Characterized by rectilinear forms; light, taut plane
surfaces completely stripped of applied ornamentation
and decoration; open interior spaces; visually
weightless quality
- Materials: glass and steel, in combination with usually
less visible reinforced concrete

Villa Savoye
byLe Corbusier

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Constructivism
-

A form of modern architecturethat flourished in

theSoviet Unionin the 1920s and early 1930s
Combined advanced technology and engineering
with an avowedly Communist social purpose

Narkomtiazhprom
By Vesnin Brothers

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Totalitarian
-

type of architecture created bytotalitarianstates.

typically designed to be imposing and large in
size to portray a sense of power, majesty, and
virility.
Drew on simplified Neo-Classicism, and sculpture
based on C19 realism and Classicism for massive
oversized State monuments

Palace of the Soviets

By Boris Iofan and Vladimir
Shchuko

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Skyscraper
Tall, multistoried building, usually designed for office or
commercial use.
Are of metal frame construction in which a stable
system of structural members supports curtain walls,
floors, and roof
First skyscrapers were built in Chicago and New York in
the 1880s
Essential to the development of skyscrapers was the
invention of the lift by US engineer Elisha Otish

Origins

Home Insurance Building

Masonic Temple Building

New York Giants

American Surety Building

Empire State Building

Post World War

World Trade Center, New York

Sears Tower, Chicago

John Hancock Center,

Chicago

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Post Modernism
- late-20th-century movement that was a departure
frommodernism
- heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and
reference" to architecture in response to the formalism
of the International Styleof modernism
- typically marked by revival of historical elements and
techniques
- also been described asneo-eclectic
- Less is more to "Less is a bore"

Sony Tower
by Philip Johnson and John

Vanna Venturi
House

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Structuralism
-

a movement - evolved around the middle of the 20th

century
a reaction to CIAM-Functionalismwhich had led to a
lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the
identity of the inhabitants and urban forms
In a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th
century
elements of culturemust be understood in terms of
their relationship to a larger,overarching
systemorstructure

Kimbell Art Museum

by Louis Kahn

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Timeline of the Architecture History

High Tech
- Also known asLate ModernismorStructural
Expressionism
- Emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of hightech industry and technology into building design
- This category serves as a bridge between modernism
andpost-modernism
- Buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well
as the inside, but with visual emphasis placed on the
internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure

Centre Georges Pompidou

by Renzo Piano

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Timeline of the Architecture History

Deconstructivism
- a development ofpostmodern architecturethat
began in the late 1980s influenced by the theory
of "Deconstruction
- characterized by fragmentation, an interest in
manipulating a structure's surface, skin, nonrectilinearshapes which appear to distort and
dislocateelements of architecture, such as
structure andenvelope
- visual appearance of buildings is characterized by
unpredictability and controlled chaos

UFA Cinema Center

by Coop Himmelblau

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

by Frank Gehry

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PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Organic Architecture
- Chief proponent is Frank Lloyd Wright
- Follows a principle that a building should be
developed out of its natural sorroundings
- Philosophy of architecture which promotes
harmony between human habitation and the
natural world through design approaches so
sympathetic and well integrated with its site, that
buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become
part of a unified, interrelated composition.

Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater)

byFrank Lloyd Wright

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Architecture
in the Modern World
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PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Metabolism
- Post-war Japanese movement that fused ideas about
architectural megastructures with those of organic
biological growth
- Contends that buildings and cities should be designed
in the same organic way that life grows and changes
by repeating metabolism
- Envisioned the complete transformation of Japan into
resilient spatial and organizational patterns adaptable
to change

Marine
City Tower
Nakagin
Capsule
byKikutake
Kiyonori
byKisho Kurokawa

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Architecture
in the Modern World
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PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT
WEST-ASIATIC
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN

MEDIEVAL
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC

MODERN
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO

Timeline of the Architecture History

Brutalism
-

Flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s

Originates from the Frenchbton brut,or "raw
concrete
Typically massive in character,fortress-like, with a
predominance of exposedconcreteconstruction

Habitat 67 (Habitat)
by Moshe Safdie

Islamic, and Asian,

Architecture

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Islamic Architecture
- Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with
no architectural tradition
- Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different
circumstances
Character:
- Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic
and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration
rather than a focal element
- Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation)
- Centered upon God
- Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards Mecca

Dome of the Rock,

Jerusalem

Taj Mahal,
India
Jama Masjid

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Indian Architecture
Strong influence of religion: Islam. Hinduism. Buddhism
Characterized by multiplication of motifs and profuse carved
ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous
Building Types: Stambhas or Laths
Mandira
Viharas
Chaityas
Stupas
Mausoleums

Brahmeswara Temple

Great Stupa in Sanchi

Red Fort

Ellora Caves

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Chinese Architecture
Character:
- Use of timber as principal building material
- Color plays vital part in their structures
- Use of pantiles or S-tiles for roofing
- Emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry
- Use of Siheyuan (courtyard)
- Religious and ethical influences: Confucianism. Taoism. Buddhism
Building Types
: Pagoda Pai-Lou
Temples Palaces and Houses

Forbidden
City

Great Wall of China

Puning Temple
Fogung Temple Pagoda

Great Red
Gate

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Japanese Architecture
Use of wood and tiled or thatched roof
Building elevated slightly off the ground
A realistic response to the natural environment
Buildings traditionally unpainted
Use of fusuma (sliding door) instead of walls
Absence of mouldings
Roof are the most visually impressive feature w/ oversized slightlycurved eaves
- Traditional houses designed for people seated on the floor
Building Types: Pagoda
Temples
Palace
Tea House
Bath House
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Ninomaru Palace

Japanese Tea House or Chashitsu

Byodo-in Temple
Kinkaku-ji (Temple of the Golden Pavilion)

Himeji Castle (White Heron Castle)

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Architecture in the Philippines

Famous Filipino
- Shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and faunaArchitects
around it
- Developed and evolved trough the various periodsJuan
of colonization
Arellano
Examples:
Tomas Mapua
Cave Dwellings
Antonio Toledo
4 Periods
Tree Houses
Juan Nakpil Pre-Colonial Period
Lean-Tos
Pablo Antonio
Spanish Period
Bahay Kubo
Fernando Ocampo
American Period
Bahay na Bato
Andres Luna y San
Post-war and
Spanish Churches
Pedro
Modern
Civic and Government Buildings Leandro Locsin
Felipe Mendoza
Francisco Maosa

Manila Cathedral

Ifugao
TausugHouse
House (baysinug)
Miag-ao Church, Iloilo
Torogan
San
Agustin Church
Leyte
Capitol
Building
by
Antonio
Manila
Central
Post
Office
by JuanToledo
Arellano
Cultural
Center
of the
Philippines
Badjao
Quiapo Church by Juan Nakpil Houseboat

END