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Reduction: Categorical Syllogisms and Eduction

This document discusses reduction, which is the process of changing a valid categorical syllogism into the first figure. The first figure is considered the scientific or perfect figure. It provides instructions for reducing syllogisms in the imperfect figures (2, 3, 4) by considering the initial letters of the moods (B, C, D, F) and using other consonants (A, E, D, L, N, S, P, I, O, R, T) as guides. It outlines different methods for reduction - S for simple conversion, P for per accidens conversion, M for mutation, and C for indirect reduction/contradiction. It provides examples of reducing syllogisms

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29 views17 pages

Reduction: Categorical Syllogisms and Eduction

This document discusses reduction, which is the process of changing a valid categorical syllogism into the first figure. The first figure is considered the scientific or perfect figure. It provides instructions for reducing syllogisms in the imperfect figures (2, 3, 4) by considering the initial letters of the moods (B, C, D, F) and using other consonants (A, E, D, L, N, S, P, I, O, R, T) as guides. It outlines different methods for reduction - S for simple conversion, P for per accidens conversion, M for mutation, and C for indirect reduction/contradiction. It provides examples of reducing syllogisms

Uploaded by

Alone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

REDUCTION

Categorical syllogisms
and Eduction

What is
Reduction?

The process of changing the


(valid) categorical syllogism
into the FIRST FIGURE

FIRST FIGURE is the


scientific or perfect figure

How to do
reduction?
To reduce the imperfect

figures (2, 3, 4):


Consider that all 19 moods
begin with the letters B, C,
D, and F.

Celaren
Barbara
t
Darii
Ferio

2
3

How to do
reduction?

The syllogism in the


imperfect figures can only be
reduced to FIGURE 1 that has
the same initial
The other consonants are
beneficial in changing the
imperfect figures to Figure 1:
They can be a guide for
reduction

How to do
reduction?
A, E, D, L, N, S, P,
Correspon
I ,O

ds to the
type of
propositio
n for the
major
premise,
minor
premise,
and

R,
T
Placed to

complete
the mood
(dont
really
mean
anything)

M,
C
Key

letters:
Will
indicate
which
process to
use

Methods
to
use
S
Simpl
e
conve
rsion

The vowel
preceding it will
undergo simple
conversion

Example

No successful persons are lazy;


(E)
But some college graduates are lazy;
(I)
:. Not all college graduates are
(O)
successful.
FESTIN
S after E indicates that the major
O
premise (E-prop)
simple conversion

must

undergo

FERIO
No lazy persons are successful;
(E)
But some college graduates are lazy;
(I)
:. Not all college graduates are
(O)
successful.

Methods to use

P
The vowel
Per
preceding it will
accide use conversion
per
accidents
ntsAccidental conversion is only

(accidental
applicable to A-props
conversion)

But an I-prop can be


converted to reduce it into
Figure 1

Example

All logicians are deep thinkers;


(A)
All logicians are intelligent persons;
(A)
:. Some intelligent persons are deep (I)
thinkers.
DARAP
P indicates that the minor premise
TI
(A-prop) must undergo accidental
conversion

DARII

All logicians are deep thinkers;


(A)
Some intelligent persons are logicians;
(I)
:. Some intelligent persons are deep (I)
thinkers.

Methods to use
MMutati
on

Mutation should
occur between the
major and minor
premises (which
affects the
conclusion)

Example

Some students are studious persons;


(I)
All studious persons are successful;
(A)
:. Some successful persons are
(I)
students.
DIMARI
M indicates that major premise
S
should be changed into the minor
premise and V/V;
DARII
There will be a conversion on the
conclusion
All
studious persons are successful;

(A)
Some students are studious persons;
(I)
:. Some students are successful
(I)

individuals.

Methods
to use
C
Indirect
Reductio
n
(Contradi
ction)

Applies only to
BAROCO and
BOCARDO
Contradictory
of the original
conclusion

Example
Not all Filipinos are rebels;
(O)
But all Filipinos are freedom fighters;(A)
:. Not all freedom fighters are rebels. (O)
BOCAR
C indicates using contradiction for
DO
the two O-props and substitute one
for the other

BARBA
RA
All freedom fighters are rebels;
(A)
(A)
All Filipinos are freedom fighters;
(A)
:. All Filipinos are rebels.

Reduce the
following

No teacher is unprofessional.
1
Some politicians are unprofessional.
:. Not all politicians are teachers.

Not all Christians are Catholics.


2
All Christians are believers of Christ.
:. Not all believers of Christ are Catholi

More drills!

All cheaters are sinners;


1
No sinners are saints;
:. No saints are cheaters.

Some achievers are articulate people;


2
All articulate people are scholars;
:. Some scholars are achievers.

All plants are trees;


3
All plants are living things;
:. Some living things are trees.

REDUCTION
Categorical syllogisms
and Eduction

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