Engineering Circuit Analysis
CH8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
8.2 Use of Symmetry
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
- Most of the functions of a circuit are periodic functions
- They can be decomposed into infinite number of sine and
cosine functions that are harmonically related.
- A complete responds of a forcing function =
sup erpositon
Partial response to each harmonics.
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
Harmonies: Give a cosine function v1 t 2 cos w0t
w
f:
f 0
2
1 2
T:
T
f w0
- w0 : fundamental frequency ( v1 t is the fundamental wave form)
- Harmonics have frequencies
w0 ,
Freq. of the 1st
harmonics
(=fund. freq)
2 w0 ,
3w0 ,
Freq. of the 2nd
harmonics
4 w0 ,
Freq. of the 3rd
harmonics
Freq. of the 4th
harmonics
vn t an cos nw0t
Amplitude of the nth harmonics
(amplitude of the fundamental wave form)
Freq. of the nth
harmonics
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
Example
Fundamental: v1 = 2cosw0t
v3a = cos3w0t
v3b = 1.5cos3w0t
v3c = sin3w0t
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
- Fourier series of a periodic function
Given a periodic function f ( t ) : f ( t ) = f ( t + T )
f t can be represented by the infinite series as
f t a 0 a1 cos w0t a2 cos 2w0t
b1 sin w0t b2 sin 2 w0t
a 0 an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t
n 1
a0 ?
an ?
bn ?
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
Example 12.1
Vm cos 5t , 0.1 t 0.1
0, 0.1 t 0.3
Given a periodic function V t
It is knowing
Vm
a0
Vm
a1
2
n 1
n
2Vm cos 2
an
1 n2
It can be seen 0 5 , we can evaluate
b0 0
2Vm
2Vm
2Vm
a
0
a
a3 0
5
a2
4
6
15
35
3
Vm Vm
2Vm
2Vm
V t
cos 5t
cos10t
cos 20t
2
3
15
2V
m cos 30t
35
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
-Review of some trigonometry integral observations
(a)
(c)
(d)
sin nw0tdt 0
(b)
cos nw0tdt 0
1 T
sin kw0t cos nw0tdt sin k n w0t sin k n w0t dt 0
2 0
sin kw0t sin nw0tdt
(e)
sin kw0t cos nw0tdt
1 T
1 T
cos k n w0t cos k n w0t dt cos k n w0t cos k n w0t dt
2 0
2 0
T , if k n
T , if k n
2
2
0, if k n
0, if k n
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
-Evaluations of a0 , an , bn
f t dt
a0
a 0 dt
a
n 1
cos nw0t bn sin nw0t dt
Based on (a) (b)
T
a
0
n 1
cos nw0t bn sin nw0t dt 0
1
a0
T
( a0 is also called the DC component of f t )
f t dt
T
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
an
f t cos kw tdt
T
Based on (c)
b
n 1
n 1
a
n 1
cos nw0t cos kw0tdt
sin nw0t cos kw0tdt
sin nw0t cos kw0tdt 0
When k=n
a 0 cos kw0tdt 0
Based on (e)
a 0 cos kw0tdt
Based on (b)
an cos nw0t cos kw0tdt
n 1
2 T
an f t cos nw0tdt
T 0
T
an
2
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
bn
f t sin kw tdt
T
Based on (c)
n 1
a
n 1
cos nw0t sin kw0tdt
sin nw0t sin kw0tdt
a 0 sin kw0tdt 0
n 1
cos nw0t sin kw0tdt 0
When k=n
Based on (d)
a 0 sin kw0tdt
Based on (a)
bn sin nw0t sin kw0tdt
n 1
2 T
bn f t sin nw0tdt
T 0
T
bn
2
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.1 Fourier Series
Harmonic
amplitude
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
v7
vn an2 bn2
f (Hz )
f 0 2 f 03 f 0 4 f 05 f 0 6 f 0 7 f 0
Phase spectrum
an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t an2 bn2 cos nw0t n
bn
n tan
an
1
f 0 2f 0 3f 0 4f 0 5f 0 6f 0 7f 0
f (Hz )
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
- Depending on the symmetry (odd or even), the Fourier series can
be further simplified.
Even Symmetry
f t f t
Observation: rotate the function curve along f t axis, the curve
t
will overlap with the curve on the other halff of
.
Example : f t cos wt
Odd Symmetry
f t f t
Observation: rotate the function curve along the t axis, then along
the f t axis, the curve will overlap with the curve on the other
half .
f t sin wt
Example :
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
Symmetry Algebra
(a) odd func. =odd func. even func.
Example:
sin 2t
= sin t cos t
2
(b) even func. =odd func. odd func.
Example: 1 - cos 2t
= sin t sin t
2
(c) even func. =even func. even func.
Example: cos 2t + 1
= cos t cos t
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
(d) even func. =const. + even func. (No odd func.)
2
2
Example: cos 2t = 2 cos t - 1 = 1 - 2 sin t
(e) odd func. =odd func.
Example:
sin ( t + ) = sin t cos + cos t sin
odd func.
odd func.
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
Apply the symmetry algebra to analyze the Fourier series.
f t a 0 an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t
n 1
If
f t is an even function b 0
n
f t a 0 an cos nw0t
If
n 1
f t is an odd function an 0
a0 0
f t bn sin nw0t
n 1
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
Half-wave symmetry
T
T
f(t) = -f(t ) or f(t) = -f(t + )
2
2
Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis
8.2 Use of Symmetry
Fourier series:
4T
f t cos nw0tdt
an T
0
0
4T
f t sin nw0tdt
bn T
0
0
n is odd
n is even
n is odd
n is even
