Introduction on

ACMV

Ms. Y.F. NGAN Jolie

Mr. C.L. CHO
Date : 20 June 2008
(A.M. session)

Content
First part introduction on ACMV

Basic knowledge
Major Regulations (HKSAR) and Practices
ACMV system (HD) and equipment
Design (HD) and considerations
Performance-based building energy code
Tube cleaning system / Heat recovery

Break
Second part photo sharing

Photos of actual ACMV installation

Possible future development

Q&A

ACMV in HD
Air-Conditioning and Mechanical
Ventilation or sometimes written as
ACMV
Commonly known as HVAC, which is
Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning
or HVACR where R stand for Refrigeration
It is one of the major Building Services
Installations (other Building Services
Installations such as Lift, Electrical, Fire
Services, Water supply, etc.)

Why
Provide a safe, healthy and comfortable
indoor environment for occupant

Temperature : 25.5C
Relative humidity : 55%
Air velocity at occupied zone : 0.25m/s
Air flow pattern
Concentration of indoor air pollutants
Etc.

Provide a proper environment for activities,

equipment storage and plant operation
(e.g. air temperature, humidity, wind
speed, etc.)

Basic knowledge
(1)

Units, properties of air and water, heat transfer,

fluid dynamics, psychometrics, Indoor Air
Quality (IAQ) standard, thermal comfort, etc.
Systems (central, standalone, air-cooled, watercooled, Constant Air Volume - CAV, Variable Air
Volume - VAV, Variable Refrigerant Volume VRV, direct return, reverse return, etc.)
Cooling load estimation, heat transfer
Equipment selection (chiller, pump, Primary Air
Unit - PAU, Air Handling Unit - AHU, Fan Coil
Unit, Fan, motor, etc.)

Basic knowledge (2)

Zoning arrangement (perimeter zone,
interior zone, air balancing, water
balancing, etc.)
Ductwork, pipework, thermal insulation,
water treatment, noise and vibration
control, filters, air quality, etc.
Energy efficiency, Instrumentation and
direct digital control (DDC)
Installation, testing and commissioning,
operation and maintenance

Major Regulations in HK
Building (Ventilating Systems) Regulations
Building (Energy Efficiency) Regulations
Fire Services Ordinances and its Regulations
Electricity Ordinances and its Regulations
Noise and Air Pollution Control Ordinance
Ozone Layer Protection Ordinance
Public Health & Municipal Services Ordinance
Water Works Regulations
Other relevant Ordinances and Regulations

Major Design Code of

Practices
Various Technical Memorandums and Code
of Practices from BD, EMSD, EPD, FSD, etc.,
HD Design Manuals, Specifications and
Departmental guidelines
Major design handbooks / guidelines from
ASHRAE, BS Standard, CIBSE, etc.
Other relevant local and international
design guides / handbooks, etc.
Manufacturer's recommendation and
catalogues

ACMV systems
(HD)
Central chilled water air conditioning system
Standalone air conditioning system
Mechanical ventilation system

Central chilled Water

system
Typically consists of air-cooled / water

cooled packaged chillers, circulation

pump, cooling towers, fan coil units, airhandling units, ductworks, chilled water
and drain pipes, thermal insulation, fans,
grilles, louvers and diffusers, electric
motors, automatic control and
instrumentation system, acoustic
treatment and water treatment systems,
associated electrical installation, etc.
Mainly for large commercial centre, office
building, etc.

Air Handing Unit (AHU)

Air Handing Unit (AHU)

Air Handing Unit (AHU)

Standalone Air-conditioning
system

Typically includes outdoor and indoor airconditioning units, ductworks, refrigerant

and drain pipes, thermal insulation, fans,
air grilles, electric motors and
equipment, automatic control and
instrumentation system associated
electrical installation, etc.
Mainly for individual premises without
central air-conditioning or for Backup
purpose such as: convenience store

Standalone Air-conditioning
units

Mechanical Ventilation system

Typically comprises fans, ductworks,
grilles, electric motors and equipment,
automatic control, acoustic treatment,
instrumentation system, associated
electrical installation, etc.
Mainly for Tunnel, Public Transport
Interchange, Carpark, Smoke extraction,
Staircase pressurization, Plant rooms,
Toilets, Kitchen, etc.

Fans

Pilot Scheme for Wider Use of

Fresh Water in Evaporative
Cooling
Scheme launched at June 2000 and

now extended to May 2008

More energy efficient than the
conventional air-cooled air-conditioning
scheme by 14% to 35%
Estimated saving of electricity will be
1,360 millions kWh
Total reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions will be 950,000 tonne per
year by the year 2020
Refer to EMSD web-site for the most
updated information

Water-cooled
schemes
District Cooling
Scheme

Central Seawater
Scheme

Cooling Tower
Scheme

Legionnaire disease (cooling

tower)
Legionnaires' disease is a lung infection
(pneumonia) caused by a bacterium named
Legionella pneumophila. They are natural
inhabitants of water and can be detected in
rivers, lakes, and streams.
Cooling towers have long been thought to
be a major source for Legionella, but new
data suggest that this is an
OVEREMPHASIZED mode of transmission.
Detail information can be obtained from
[Link] or EMSD web-site.

Prevention of Legionnaire
disease

Minimum separation Requirement

Cooling Tower Plume Abatement

Cooling Tower Plume Abatement

Cooling Tower Plume Abatement

Bleed-off calculation of Cooling

Tower

Automatic bleed-off control of Cooling

Tower

Schematic of Chilled piping system (1

of 2)

Schematic of Chilled piping system (2

of 2)

Chiller plant layout (1)

Chiller plant layout (2)

Hybrid ventilation system

Hybrid ventilation mode

Schematic of Glazed ventilator

BMS Schematic

Control Schematic of Chiller

Plant

Control Schematic of Air handing

units

A/C layout plan

Design and considerations

(1)
Building profile, Building material, orientation,
usage, occupancy, zoning arrangement
HD ACMV design guidelines

DCG-E-CC, DBSG

Equipment selection

numbers, size, operating hrs., availability, etc.

System selection

consider the use of water-cooled system, free-cooling or

heat recovery system (economizer / heat wheel) to
optimize the use of energy

Location and sizing of major equipments

Chiller, Circulation Pump, Cooling Tower, L.V.

switchboard cubicle, AHU, PAU, Fan, intake or exhaust
louvers, ductwork and pipework, control panel, etc.

Design and considerations

(2)

Control strategies to achieve maximum

efficiency and well utilization of energy

Building management system (BMS)

Direct digital control (DDC)
Demand control ventilation (DCV)

Builders work

such as water point, drain point, access panel,

static and dynamic loading of equipment, etc.

Acoustic treatment
Associated electrical provisions
Fire safety

VAC control, FS provisions and building

compartmentation

HD Design parameters (refer to

DBSG)

Cooling load estimation

Heat gain through windows, walls and
roof (solar heat and transmission heat)
Building Orientation (E, S, W, N, SE, SW,
NE, NW)
Heat gain through partitions and floor
Heat gain from internal appliances
Heat gain from occupant (metabolic rate
under different activities)
Infiltration and other possible heat load
Manual calculation or computer program
Peak load / Block load

Cooling load estimation

forms
AIR-CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION

PRO JECT :

Hing Wah Estate Phase 1 (A/C System Detail)

LOC ATIO N :

Archde ( Main Entrance ) at Level 1

File Name :
Date :

Prepare By :

Room Identification and Room Dimension

Zone

Room T ype.

Height (m)

Floor Area (m?

Void Area (m?

Volume (m?

a101p

z22p

arcv2

5.5

472.9

102.1

3,162.5

Fresh Air and O ccupancys Estimation

The Biggest one will be selected

2.32

Additional Person :
Total No. of Occupancys :

T OB31

Summe r Design Condition

Room ID.

Occupancy Rate (m?person) :

04-Jul-05

Dry Bulb ( )

Wet Bulb ( )

R.H. (%)

O.A. T emp.

18.0

#NAME?

80%

Room Temp.

24.0

#NAME?

Total Fresh Air

L/ Person

Air Change

Fixed Fresh Air

(m?s)

204

5.0

0.0

0.00

1.02

55%

Design Criteria
Wall Group

Peak Month

Peak Time

Diversity

17:00

1.0

Summer Cooling Load Condition

Solar He at Gain (Glass)
Glass

Area

Exposure

(m?

SC

SHGF

Conduction Heat Gain (Glass)

x

CLF

Heat Gain

U Factor

(kW)

(kW/m? )

+ Glasscorr )

( CLTD

Tech nical Data Setting

Heat Gain
(kW)

N
NE

Density

1.200

Cp air

1.020

hfg

2500

* Ret. Fan

* Sup. Fan

SE

** Leave T .

2.00

0.65

0.204

0.50

0.13

0.0056

10.10

0.11

SW

10.00

0.65

0.496

0.66

2.13

0.0056

10.10

0.57

Sat. Level %

NW
Horizon/Skylight

Solar/Conduction Heat Gain (Glass) kW :

2.3

0.7

Conduction He at Gain (Wall)

Wall

Area

U Factor

Exposure

(m?

(kW/m? )

x (CLTDwall x K + LM x K

+ Wallcorr . or

Heat Gain

+ Roofcorr x f )

(kW)

Type

NE
0.00233

13.00

-0.756

2.10

0.02

1.50

0.00233

9.00

-1.995

2.10

0.03

Area (m?

SW

6.80

0.00233

9.00

-0.756

2.10

0.16

U F(kW/m ?) :

6.00

0.00233

8.00

-0.500

2.10

0.13

CLT D

3.50

0.00233

7.00

-0.116

2.10

0.07

LM

Roof

575.00

0.00234

22.00

0.000

2.10

32.43

Conduction Heat Gain (Wall) kW :

32.8
Lights

Power

Appliance

Infilration

(Person)

(No. or kW)

(kW)

(No. or kW)

(m?s)

575.00
0.030
1.00

15.30

17.25

Se nsible He at Gain (kW) :

Unit Rate

0.085

Factor

1.00

Latent Heat Gain (kW) :

17.34

Floor/Ground

SkyLight

Glass

GTH

Area/GTH

Roofcorr .
[Link] ( kW ) :
Remark

People

1.00

Ceiling

1.92
Roof

Internal Heat Gain

0.075

2.44
#NAME?

9.00

Type

NW

204.00

#NAME?

Coil Capacity

91.30

[Link] (kW) :
0.60

CLF

h / kg air
Sup. Air Flow

0.00234

T . Diff. ( )

E
SE

Unit Rate

#NAME?

Partition

Area (m?
U F(kW/m ?)f

Quantity or Area

Room SHF

Miscellaneous Heat Gain

95%

Calculated Result

0.00
Fresh Air Heat Gain

Air Q uantity

Se nsible He at Gain

Late nt Heat Gain

Total

Required

Addition

Factor

FASH

Factor

FALH

FATH

(m?s)

(m?s)

(kW/m?s)

(kW)

(kW/m?s)

(kW)

(kW)

1.02

0.00

-7.34

-7.49

#NAME?

#NAME?

Psychrometric Chart (Draw Through Type)

Description

Dry Bulb

We t Bulb

Enthalpy

Dew Point

1. O.A. Temp. Conditions

18.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

2. Return Air Conditions

24.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

3. Air Entering Conditions

21.5

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

4. Air Leaving Conditions

0.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

5. Supply Air Conditions

0.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

6. Resultant Room Conditions

24.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

7. Room Conditions

24.0

#NAME?

#NAME?

#NAME?

Summary of He at Gain
Area

Fresh Air

Supply Air

Solar Heat

FASH

FAT H

RSH

RTH

GSH

Data for estimation

(Refer to DBSG)

Psychometric Chart
A chart made up at a specific atmosphere
condition (pressure) indicating the
properties of air such as dry bulb, wet
bulb, humidity ratio, enthalpy, sensible
heat ratio, dew point, vapour pressure,
specific volume, etc.,
Used for the calculation on airconditioning process

Psychometric Chart

Tools for sizing Ductwork

and pipework

1. Calculation by empirical formula (manual or computer)

2. Special tools or graphs (as shown above)
3. Computer programs

MV Design and
Considerations
Heat load and fresh air requirement
Volume of confined space, zoning
arrangement, fire compartment
Air change rate (usually, per hour)
Louver and damper size & location, air flow
pattern (avoid short-circuiting) & directions
(low level intake and high level exhaust)
Variable air volume control by (timer, multigas sensor, DDC, DCV, temperature,
occupancy, concentration of indoor air
pollutants, etc.)
Fan selection (type, pressure, flow, etc.)

Air change rate

(extracted from CIBSE guide - for reference only)

Fan and fan curve

Plot system curve to find

out the duty point

Typ
e of
Fan

Acceptable noise level

(Noise Control Ordinances - EPD)

Noise measurement

(refer to EPD)

Determination of Acceptable Noise Level

Measure the noise under investigation
Apply suitable corrections and calculate
the Corrected Noise Level

Sound level
meter

Air measurement

Whirling hydrometer
Measure dry bulb and
wet bulb temperature
(humidity)

Hot Wire Anemometer

Measure air velocity,
air flow rate and air
temperature

Other major requirements

Static and dynamic loading (Chiller, pump, etc.) and
space for delivery and future maintenance
Plant room location, size, clear headroom, finishing
and other services
Main pipe and duct routing
Position of Grille, Diffuser & Louver (fresh air intake
or exhaust, supply or return, indoor or outdoor,
material, mounting level, size and construction, etc.)
Water point, drain point, access panel, fire damper,
etc.
Power consumption and lighting level
Appropriate FS provisions (F.E., AFA system)
Acoustic treatment (refer to EPDs recommendations)

Coordination with others

Various Local Government Departments
Client
Architect
Structural Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Fire Services Engineer
Plumbing & Drainage Engineer
Maintenance Engineer / BMS Engineer
Main Contractor
Various sub-contractors

Performance-based
Building Energy Code (PB-BEC)
for Buildings in Hong Kong
Based on
Total Building Energy Budget Approach

What is PB-BEC
Caters for the interaction of various components
- Total building energy
Energy to provide ACMV
Energy to provide lighting
Renewable energy
Daylight optimization

Heat gain through building envelope

Solar infiltration through window/skylight
Heat load from Occupant, Lighting, User equipment, fresh air
AC equip to offset heat load

PB-BEC Advantages
Encourages

High efficiency equip. e.g. high COP

chiller, high eff. Motor, T5 lighting, heat
recovery
Innovative BS Installations e.g. enhanced
control, renewable energy,
high quality lighting comfort,
indirect lighting

Sensor

PB-BEC - Background
PB-BEC a worldwide trend
In use in US, Canada, UK, Switzerland, Sweden,
Norway, Australia, New Zealand etc., being considered
in Singapore
WTO and APEC requirements on performance-based
standard to remove trade barrier

OTTV Review in 1999 identified:

Light pollution problem of reflective glass - low Shading
Coefficient (SC) and high Visible Light Reflectance (VLR)
Need to consider Daylight credit from glass with high VLT
Desirability to move on to a more comprehensive control
covering all building components & interrelation e.g.
building total energy budget approach

PB-BEC - Background
Way Forward in OTTV Review

PB-BEC - Development
Current BECs paving the way
OTTV - Basic requirement
Current EMSD BECs good engineering practices
serve as BS Basic requirements in PB-BEC

PB-BEC Computer Simulation

Input

Simulation

Total Building Energy,

Breakdown,
Interpretation of results

Weather Library

Building Description
Building configuration
Thermal zones
Internal loads
Occupancy
System Description
System types and sizes
Supply and return fans
Control and schedules
Outside air requirements
Plant Description
Equipment types & sizes
Performance characteristics
Auxiliary equipment
Load assignment
Fuel types

Dry/Wet bulb temp

Wind speed, Cloud factor

Output:

LOAD
ANALYSIS

BUILDING
LOAD

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

SYSTEM
ENERGY

PLANT
ANALYSIS

PLANT
ENERGY

PB-BEC Computer Simulation (Contd)

Input of building characteristics

Orientation
No. of floors
Floor height
Areas: wall / floor / window
External shading
Thermal properties: wall / roof / window
(absorptance, U-value, Shading Coefficient)
Operation hours
Lighting power density
User equipment power density
Fresh air requirement
Infiltration
Thermal zoning

PB-BEC Computer Simulation (Contd)

Input of system characteristics

Primary system: chillers, condensers, pumps

Secondary: FCU / VAV / AHU
Fans: supply, return & extract
Auxiliary plant: boiler, heat pump, waste heat
recovery etc.
Efficiency of equipment, including part load
Control & operating conditions
Load assignment
Daylight control of lighting
Fuel type
Renewable energy

PB-BEC Computer Simulation (Contd)

Load calculation & analysis

System analysis
Plant analysis
Interaction of load, system and
plant

8760 hours calculation

PB-BEC Computer Simulation (Contd)

Output of simulation

Input summary
- walls constructions, wall / faade dimensions, faade U-values & shading coefficients
- thermal zones, occupancy etc.

System summary
- systems configurations: types of chillers, pumps, condensers & fans and sizes etc.
- chilled water temperatures, supply & return air temperatures etc.

Total building energy

- breakdown into systems: chiller, pump, fan, lighting, SHW, users equipment etc.
Annual system load distribution

Comparison between Design Building and Reference

Building, different design options, and fine-tuning of design to

achieve compliance and most suitable option

Automatic tube cleaning

system

Filtration system of Cooling Tower

Filtration system of Cooling Tower

Filtration system of Cooling Tower

Heat recovery system

AHU with Rotary heat recovery

Rotary heat recovery

Principal
Rotary heat recovery are installed across
hot and cold air ducts.
As it rotates, the extended surface is
heated by the hot air stream.
Rotation passes through the cold air duct,
the wheel cools down, thereby
transferring heat.

Psychrometric chart process for Heat recovery

wheel

Principal of Heat pipe system

Heat pipe system with cooling

coil

10 minutes break
Photos of Major
ACMV equipment

77

Air-cooled packaged chiller

Water-cooled packaged
chiller
(Centrifugal type)

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower

Cooling Tower water treatment

system

Cooling Tower water treatment

system

Pump with insulation

and cladding

Water treatment system

Maintain acceptable water quality of the chilled water distribution system

Feed and expansion tank

Air handling unit

Primary air unit

Fan coil unit

Outdoor unit

Axial fan

Public Transport interchange

Axial fan with working

platform

Centrifugal fan

Silencer

Acoustic louver

Ductwork with insulation

Ductwork with insulation

Ductwork with insulation and cladding

VAV box and linear diffuser

Nozzle

Carpark ventilating
fan

Jet

Vehicle exhaust system

(inside RCP)

Associated electrical
installation (for water chiller)

Associated electrical
installation
(for chilled water pump)

Further information and

reference
Internet checking for accuracy ?
Professional institutions
Professional organizations and Universities
Journals, Periodic and International
standards
Manufacturer specifications and
recommendations (catalogues)

/ (
)

Possible future development

Indoor air quality (IAQ) standard such as
concentration level of indoor air pollutants
:- asbestos, carbon monoxide,
formaldehyde, lead, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, particulate, radon, sulfur dioxide,
carbon dioxide, bacteria, etc.
Effective use of ENERGY such as :- heat
recovery system, free cooling system,
economizer, variable volume control, BMS,
DCV, motion sensor, energy audit, etc.
Environmentally friendly system

Summary
Basic ACMV knowledge
ACMV design and considerations
HD approach and concern
ACMV equipment
Photos of actual installation

Thank you very much

!
Any question
?

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