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Lecture 2-Thermal Strain

Thermal expansion occurs when the temperature of a material changes, causing it to expand or contract. The amount of expansion or contraction depends on the temperature change, the original length, and the material's coefficient of thermal expansion. If expansion is constrained, thermal stresses develop within the material. Compound bars made of different materials joined together can also develop stresses from differential thermal expansion effects.

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787 views

Lecture 2-Thermal Strain

Thermal expansion occurs when the temperature of a material changes, causing it to expand or contract. The amount of expansion or contraction depends on the temperature change, the original length, and the material's coefficient of thermal expansion. If expansion is constrained, thermal stresses develop within the material. Compound bars made of different materials joined together can also develop stresses from differential thermal expansion effects.

Uploaded by

Giovani2703
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermal Strain

When the temperature of a


component is increased or
decreased the material
respectively expands or
contracts.
Thermal Expansion, (or the increase in
length) for most materials, results
from an increase in temperature.
The extent of the expansion (∆ L)
depends on the temperature change

(∆ T), the length of the part (L0), and


the coefficient of thermal expansion
∆ L
of the = α Linvolved.
material 0 ∆ T (linear
expansion)
Typical values of coefficient of
linear expansion
Carbon Steel 12 x 10-6 /0C

Aluminium 24 x 10-6 /0C


Copper 17 x 10-6 /0C
Cast Iron 10 x 10-6 /0C
Brass 16 x 10-6 /0C
Bronze 18 x 10-6 /0C
Thermal Strain
The thermal strain (εT) is given
by:

εT = ∆ L / L0

εT = α ∆ T

If this expansion or contraction is not


resisted in any way then the processes
take place free of stress.
If the changes in dimensions
are restricted, then stresses
termed temperature stresses
will be set up within the
material.
Thermal Stress

The thermal
stress (FT) is
given by:

FT = εE
where
E – Elastic
modulus
(a)Bar of initial length L;
(b)Elongation ∆ L due to
heat;
(c)Thermal stress in
For Large temperature changes,
both α and E vary with
temperature.

We shall assume that the


temperature changes are
sufficiently small for α and E to be
considered as constants.
Both the thermal strain α ∆ T and
the elastic strain F/E may exist
together. The total strain is the
sum of the two:

α ∆ T + F/E
Thermal Stress
In (c), when the bar
is subjected to
change in
temperature, the
total strain is zero,
i.e. the elastic strain
must be equal and (a)Bar of initial length L;
opposite to the (b)Elongation ∆ L due to
heat;
thermal strain, thus
(c)Thermal stress in
Differential thermal expansion
Results whenever there is a
temperature difference or gradient from
point to point in metals. The differential
occurs because most metals expand
with increasing temperature. If the
increase (or decrease) in temperature is
different in different sections of a
material, the sections will have
expanded to a different extent.
Differential thermal expansion

In this case, the compressive and


tensile stresses can result in the
bending of the part, as shown below:
Compound Bars
In certain applications it is necessary to
use a combination of elements or bars
made from different materials, each
material performing a different
function, such as electric cables.
Example:
In overhead electric cables, for example,
it is often convenient to carry the current
in a set of copper wires surrounding steel
wires, the latter being designed to
support the weight of the cable over large
spans.
When an external load W is applied to
such a compound bar it is shared
between the individual component
materials in proportions depending on
When two or more members are rigidly
fixed together so that they share the same
load and extend or compress the same
amount, the members form a compound
bar.

The stresses in each member are


calculated using the following:

1.The total load is the sum of the loads


taken by each member.
2.The total load taken by each member is
given by the product of its stress and its
area.
3.The extension or contraction is the same
Each member carries a portion of
the total load W proportional to its
EA/L value.
Force in member 1 :

If all members are of equal length


the stress of one member (F1) is
given by:
Stress in member 1:
If the compound bar is subjected to a temperature rise each material
will attempt to expand by different amount.

Hea
t
If the compound bar is subjected to
a temperature rise each material
will attempt to expand by different
amount.
The two materials are now rigidly joined as
a compound bar and subjected to the same
temperature rise, each material will attempt
to expand to its free length position but
each will be affected by the movement of
the other.

The higher coefficient of expansion material


(brass) will therefore seek to pull the steel
up to its free length position and conversely
the lower coefficient of expansion material
(steel) will try to hold the brass back to its
free length position.

The result is an effective compression of the


brass from its free length position and an
The tensile force applied to the short
member by the long member is equal in
magnitude to the compressive force
applied to the long member by the short
member.

Tensile force in steel = compressive force


in brass
σsteel Asteel = σbrass Abrass

These are two equations with two


unknowns which can be solved
simultaneously to obtain σsteel and σbrass .

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