UNIT II
RCM PROCESS
Module 4
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
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FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Module Preview:
Introduction
Introduction
FMECA References Review and Summary
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Module Objective: Introduction
1. Introduce the concept of Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). 2. Define the following FMECA terms:
Function Functional Failure Failure Mode Failure Effect Failure Detection Severity Classification Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
3. Identify FMECA reference materials
RCM Process
PLANNING AND PREPARATION
1. Identify Team and responsibilities 2. Identify analysis items 3. Prioritize Items 4. Identify and document Review Process 5. Orientation/Training 6. Ground Rules and Assumptions
FMECA
Results
Analysis Approac h/ RCM Plan
ANALYSIS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Equipment Kick-off Meeting Initial Data Gathering Hardware Partition Function Functional Failure Failure Mode Failure Effects Failure Consequences Task Evaluation Task Selection
FMECA
Maintenance Requirements
IMPLEMENT RESULTS
1. 2. Package Maintenance Task Implement Other Actions
Maintenance Program
SUSTAIN
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Emergent Issues Age Exploration Hardware Changes Trend/degrader analysis Document Reviews
Data
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Definition: FMECA Process used to determine the functions, functional failures, and failure modes of equipment; and the associated effects, severity, and frequency of each failure modes:
Steps involve identifying... Functions Functional Failures Failure Modes Failure Effects Severity of Failure effects Frequency of occurrence as they apply to the equipment under analysis in its operating context
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms:
Hydraulic Pump Assembly
FMECA
Provides hydraulic fluid at a pressure of 3000 psi +/- 200 psi
FUNCTION What the user expects the asset or system to do within a required standard of performance.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functions: FMECA
Consider all functions of an item Describe functions in terms of specific limits when possible State functions in terms of what the item is needed for, not its capability Do not combine functions Function descriptions should include a verb, object, and applicable limits
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA All equipment has primary and secondary functions FMECA for RCM analysis should identify ALL primary AND secondary functions. Typical Secondary Functions: Identifying Functions:
Control Warning or status indication Environmental protection Physical support or attachment Safety or protective functions Fluid Containment Comfort and Aesthetics
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functions: Function sources: Maintenance Manual description/theory of operation Operating Manuals Other tech data providing system descriptions FMECA
Common Errors: Missing secondary functions Listing functions of lower level hardware items
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functions: FMECA
NAVAIR 00-25-403 RCM adds a categorization process to function identification called significant function identification
Intended to: 1) eliminate analysis of inconsequential functions 2) Ensure all significant functions are identified
Not technically part of the FMECA process
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functions: FMECA
A SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION is one whose failure will have adverse effect on the end item with respect to: Safety Environmental Health Operations
Economics
SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION (SF) IDENTFCATION
FUNCTION FUNCTION
DOES THE LOSS OF FUNCTION HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON SAFETY OR ENVIRONMENT? NO
DOES THE LOSS OF FUNCTION HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON OPERATIONS? NO DOES THE LOSS OF FUNCTION HAVE AN ADVERSE ECONOMIC IMPACT? NO IS THE FUNCTION PROTECTED BY AN EXISTING PM TASK? NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
5 Fly-ins
NON-SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION
SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functions: FMECA
Class Exercise
Objective: List the functions of a Coffee Maker
Function Exercise:
COFFEE MAKER
1
Analyze at this level
BREWING SYSTEM 1A
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 1B
FILTRATION SUBSYSTEM 1A2
PWR SWITCH SUBSYSTEM 1B1
CLOCK PROGRAMMER SUBSYSTEM 1B2
WATER RESERVOIR SUBSYSTEM 1A1
CARAFE SUBSYSTEM 1A3
WATER HEATING SUBSYSTEM 1B3
HOT PLATE SUBSYSTEM 1B4 3 Fly Ins
Function Exercise:
Remember Secondary Functions: Control Warning or status indication Environmental protection Physical support or attachment Safety or protective functions Fluid Containment Comfort and Aesthetics
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Functions
1. Brew 1 to 12 cups of coffee
2. Maintain coffee at 120f 5f 3. Automatically start brewing process within 15 minutes of time specified by user 4. Automatically shut down coffee maker 4 hours after brew cycle is completed
5. Contain coffee in carafe
6. Contain 1 carafe of water in reservoir 7. Provides safe handling of hot coffee
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms:
Hydraulic Pump Assembly
FMECA
Fails to provide hydraulic fluid at a pressure of 3000 psi +/- 200 psi
FUNCTIONAL FAILURE The inability of an item to perform a specific function within specified limits.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Functional Failures: FMECA Note that functional failure may not be a complete loss of the function Separate functional failures should be listed where the effects of less than total loss of the function are different from total loss Ensure functional failure addresses the function as defined Common Errors: - Confusion with failure modes of hardware - Confusion with potential failures
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying FMECA Terms: FMECA
Class Exercise
Objective: Identify and list the coffee makers Functional Failures
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Functional Failures
FUNCTION 1 Brew 1 to 12 cups of coffee
FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A - Fails to brew coffee
FUNCTION 2 - Maintain coffee temperature at 120f 5 f
FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A Doesn't keep coffee warm(< 100f) FUNCTIONAL FAILURE B Heats Coffee too hot (>125 f) FUNCTIONAL FAILURE C Partial warm coffee (>100f but < than 115f)
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Functional Failures
FUNCTION 3 - Automatically brew coffee within 15 minutes of time specified by user
FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A - Does not brew coffee at all FUNCTIONAL FAILURE B - Brews coffee more than 15 minutes earlier than specified FUNCTIONAL FAILURE C - Brews coffee more than 15 minutes after time specified by user
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms:
Worn Impeller Scored Bearing Bent Linkage
FMECA
FAILURE MODE A specific physical condition that causes a particular functional failure.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Modes: FMECA
When possible list failure cause or mechanism, ex. cracked spar due to fatigue List all failure modes that are reasonable. Be as descriptive as possible Do not combine failure modes where failure effects, rates, or possible failure management solutions may be different Methods to identify significant failures vary by project.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Modes: FMECA
Failure mode sources: Existing PM Tasks Operating/Maintenance Manuals Operator/Maintainer Input Prior FMECA, RCM or other analyses Failure Databases (Age Exploration) Engineer/SME input 3M/CMMS data***
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Modes: Common Errors: FMECA
Over dependence on CMMS or other nonspecific failure data Lack of specificity in the failure mechanism, (broken) or of the failed part/location Worrying about identifying all failures vice the important ones Confusing potential failures (e.g. cracks), induced damage, or secondary damage from failure causes Failure to apply common sense or analyst/SME knowledge to data
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms:
AIRCRAFT 1 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 1B
FMECA
END ITEM
SYSTEM 1C
SYSTEM Impeller worn 1A (FM) SUBSYSTEM 1B1
NEXT HIGHER ITEM UNDER ANALYSIS SUB-ASSY
SUBSYSTEM 1B2
HYD PUMP ASSY 1B3
SUBSYSTEM 1B4
MOTOR 1B3A
GEAR BOX 1B3B
CENT PUMP 1B3C
HYD PUMP 1B3D
PRESSURE REG 1B3E
The result of a failure mode and its functional failure on surrounding items, the functional capability of the end item, and hazards to personnel and environment.
FAILURE EFFECT
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Effects:
When listing effects: List most severe effects Should be reasonable Qualify less likely effects with terms such as possible or potential
Include restorative actions, as appropriate Consider compensating provisions Effects should be identified at point of functional failure
FMECA
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Effects: FMECA
When properly identified: Makes the rest of the analysis much easier
Effects must address functional failure but should also consider secondary damage
Hidden failures must assume the condition that makes them evident has occurred Effects must be clearly related to operational scenarios
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Effects: FMECA
Pay attention to level of effects:
Local: effect on the failed part: Loss of Impeller effectiveness.
Next higher: effect on the function of the system/subsystem being analyzed, often synonymous with functional failure: Loss of Hydraulic Sys #1 pressure. End: what the failure means to the asset: Loss of mission.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Failure Effects Sources: Sources: Operating Manuals Maintenance Manuals Operator/maintainer/engineer input Troubleshooting charts SME/Analyst knowledge Accident/Incident/Hazard reports Failure/Engineering Investigations Test reports FMECA
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Failure Effects Errors FMECA
Common errors: Assuming PM in place Incorrect levels Ignoring secondary damage Improper treatment of hidden failures
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying FMECA Terms: FMECA
Class Exercise
Objective: Identify and list the Coffee Makers
Failure Modes Failure Effects Extra Credit Describe how operating context impacts failure effects (Residential vs Commercial Use)
Failure Modes/Effects next ...
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Failure Modes and Effects
FUNCTION 1- Brew 1 to 12 cups of coffee FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A Fails to brew coffee
FAILURE MODE 1 - Clogged heating chamber tubing due to excessive calcium build-up. FAILURE EFFECT - No coffee FAILURE MODE 2 - Shorted wiring due to frayed insulation. FAILURE EFFECT - Possible fire FAILURE MODE 3 - Open On/Off switch due to corrosion. FAILURE EFFECT - No coffee
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Failure Modes and Effects
FUNCTION 2 - Maintain coffee temperature at 120f 5f. FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A - Fails to heat coffee (< 100f)
FAILURE MODE 1 Broken power supply wire to heating element connection. FAILURE EFFECT - Cold coffee FAILURE MODE 2 Heating plate thermostat internal failure. FAILURE EFFECT - Cold coffee FUNCTIONAL FAILURE B - Heats coffee to hot (>125 f) FAILURE MODE 1 Corroded heating plate thermostat. FAILURE EFFECT - Possible damage to coffee maker. Possible fire.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Failure Modes and Effects
FUNCTION 2 - Maintain coffee at 120f 5f. (continued)
FUNCTIONAL FAILURE C - Partially warm coffee (>100f but < than 115f) FAILURE MODE 1 - Corroded heating plate thermostat. FAILURE EFFECT Lukewarm coffee
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Failure Modes and Effects
FUNCTION 3 - Automatically brew coffee within 15 minutes of time specified by user FUNCTIONAL FAILURE A - Does not brew coffee at all FAILURE MODE 1 - Inoperative Clock due to internal failure FAILURE EFFECT - No coffee FUNCTIONAL FAILURE B - Brews coffee more than 15 minutes earlier than specified FAILURE MODE 1 - Clock operation too fast due to internal failure FAILURE EFFECT - Old, bitter coffee
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Coffee Maker Failure Modes and Effects
FUNCTION 3 - Automatically brew coffee within 15 minutes of time specified by user FUNCTIONAL FAILURE C - Brews coffee more than 15 minutes after time specified by user FAILURE MODE 1 - Slow clock operation due to internal failure FAILURE EFFECT - No coffee until more than 15 minutes after time specified
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Identifying Failure Modes: FMECA
A note on human error failure modes: RCM may be used to address human error Example: Operator forgot to add water to coffee pot Solution: Post checklist by coffee pot However Care should be taken not to overcompensate for human error where other processes (human factors engineering) or common sense should preside
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: FMECA
Failure Detection Visual alarms Audible alarms Gauges/Indicators Operating characteristics
Identifying Failure Modes Voltage checks Continuity checks Visual inspections PHM systems FAILURE DETECTION Describes method(s) by which functional failures are detected and failure modes are identified.
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Failure Detection FMECA
Address both operator and maintainer For operator: detection of FUNCTIONAL FAILURE (or effects) For maintainer: detection of FAILURE MODE
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Failure Detection FMECA
Sources: Operator/maintainer interviews Maintenance/Operators Manuals Troubleshooting charts Accident/Incident/Hazard reports Failure/Engineering Investigations Test reports Common Errors: Not addressing both operator and maintainer Listing specific PM
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: FMECA
SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION A category assigned to a failure mode based on the impacts if its potential effects. Categories are defined by the organization performing the analysis Categories for the same failure mode may be different in different operating phases or scenarios
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: SEVERITY CATEGORY Category I Catastrophic FMECA
Aircraft example: Death, Permanent Disability, destruction of equipment/system, damage in excess of $1M, significant breach of environmental regulation. Critical equipment example: Death, Permanent Disability, destruction of equipment/system, damage in excess of $1M, significant breach of environmental regulation, Down-time > 2 days
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: SEVERITY CATEGORY Category I Catastrophic FMECA
Category II
Critical
Aircraft example: Personal Injury, Damage more than $100K but less than $1M, Inability to perform a critical mission Critical equipment example: Personal Injury, Damage more than $100K but less than $1M, Downtime more than 24 hours but less than two days
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: FMECA
SEVERITY CATEGORY
Category I Category II Category III Catastrophic Critical Marginal
Aircraft example: Damage more than $1K but less than $100K, Degraded ability to perform a critical mission Critical Equipment example: Damage more than $1K but less than $100K, Down-time more than 8 hours but less than 24 hours
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: FMECA
SEVERITY CATEGORY
Category I Category II Category III Catastrophic Critical Marginal
Category IV
Minor
Aircraft example: Damage less than $1K, Unscheduled Maintenance or Repair Equipment example: Damage less than $1K, Down-time less than 8 hours
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Terms: FMECA
MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURE (MTBF) Basic measure of reliability for an item.
Average time between failure occurrences during a specified period with no preventive measures in place
Usually: Total operating time in given period divided by number of failures that have occurred Inverse of the failure rate Adjustment required if PM is already in-place
Used in RCM for prioritizing failure modes, performing cost analysis and Failure Finding Task Interval Calculations
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Calculating MTBF: FMECA
CALCULATING MTBF (Method 1)
Total operating time/number of failures (mature populations in a specified time period) When no failures have occurred use a conservative estimate Evaluate like and similar equipment Consider possibility of failure in short period of time
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Calculating MTBF: FMECA
Sources: CMMS data
Third party repair records
Supply usage data Artisan/Maintainer anecdotal estimates
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Calculating MTBF: FMECA
Method 1 Cautions: Need data specific to item Understand difference between potential failures and functional failures Note: MTBF based on potential failures may need adjustment Adjustments may be required to establish MTBF where PM is already in place Make sure time period chosen is representative (steady-state) Assumes constant failure rate of the population May require periodic monitoring/update
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Calculating MTBF: FMECA
CALCULATING MTBF (Method 2)
Use Design or predicted values Data sources: Design/vendor specs Like and similar equipment Analytical/handbook predictions Caution: Often inaccurate Verify with real data if possible Adjust with conservatism where necessary Monitor/Update when field data becomes available
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Calculating MTBF: FMECA
CALCULATING MTBF (Method 3)
Statistical Modeling methods Beyond scope of this course Requires specialized training and knowledge May be most accurate if properly performed
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Criticality
Combination of Severity and Frequency (MTBF) Hazard Risk Index (HRI)
FMECA
Risk Priority Number (RPN)
FREQUENCY FREQUENT (A) PROBABLE (B) OCCASIONAL (C) REMOTE (D) IMPROBABLE (E) > 1 per 10,000 > 1 per 100,000 > 1 per 1,000,000 < 1 per 1,000,000 > 1 per 1,000 SEVERITY
Hours Hours Hours Hours
Hours
CATASTROPHIC (I)
Death or Permanent disability
Significant Environmental breach Damage > $1M, Downtime>2 days Destruction of system/equipment
1 HIGH
2 HIGH
4 HIGH
8 MED
12 ACCEPT
Personal Injury Damage >$100K and < $1M Loss of availability > 24 hrs and < 7 days
CRITICAL (II)
3 HIGH
5 HIGH
6 MED
10 LOW
15 ACCEPT
MARGINAL (III) Damage >$10K and < $100K
Loss of availability > 4 hrs and < 24 hrs
7 MED
9 MED
11 LOW
14 ACCEPT
17 ACCEPT
MINOR (IV)
Damage <$10K Loss of availability < 4 hrs
13 ACCEPT
16 ACCEPT
18 ACCEPT
19 ACCEPT
20 ACCEPT
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
FMECA Summary: FMECA
Item What it is Functions What you want item to do Functional Failures How it fails to do it Failure Modes Why it fails to do it Failure Effects What happens Severity of Failure How bad it is Failure Frequency How often it happens Criticality Severity + Frequency
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Guidance:
References
NAVAIR 00-25-403: Guidelines for the Naval Aviation RCM process SAE JA1012: Society of Automotive Engineers Guide to RCM Standard RAC-HDBK-1120: FMECA - Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis MIL-STD-1629A: Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis MIL-HDBK-217: Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment. MIL-STD-882D: Standard Practice For System Safety NAVAIRINST 5100.11: Research and Engineering Review of Risk Process and Procedures for Processing Grounding Bulletins
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Sources: References
Useful Data Sources For Identifying FMECA Information are: Maintenance/Operators Manuals Troubleshooting Guides/Charts Drawings Operators/Maintainers/Engineers/OEM Tech Reps Work Orders/CMMS or other failure data Block Diagrams/Schematics Existing PM Tasks Accident/Incident/Hazard reports Engineering/Failure Investigations/Test reports
FAILURE MODE, EFFECTS, AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
Review and summary
Module Objective
Provided an understanding of the Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA).
Introduction
Learning Objectives
FMECA
Definition of a FMEA Purpose of a FMECA Definitions & Identification Process
References
End of Module
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RCM Decision Logic
