Unit 12: Electricity and Magnetism 2
Lecture dates:
1. 1 Jul 800-900
Earth Bar magnet
G = 5 x10-5 T 100 G= 0.01 T
Sunspots
MRI
1000 G=0.1 T
2000 G=0.2 T
T : Tesla
1.1 Magnetic Fields
The hybrid magnet (45 T!)
The Concept of Magnetic field
What is a magnetic field? (symbol: B ) A region that exerts magnetic force on magnets and other magnetic materials when placed in it.
Nikola Tesla
An electron moving in a magnetic field
Properties of magnets
Magnetic poles are of 2 kinds i.e. N & S Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other Poles always occur in equal and opposite pairs Freely suspended magnets, will rest parallel to the magnetic N-S of the earth where the magnets N pole points to the geographical north and S points geographical south of the earth.
Ways of describing magnetic fields
We usually talk about magnetic fields having North and South poles. This is a way of describing the direction of the magnetic field (represented by lines, it tends to flow out of the North pole and into the South pole). Iron fillings tend to line up along the magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field strength (B )
The number of field lines per unit crosssection area indicates the strength of the field. Thus considering a bar magnet, the poles have stronger strength than the middle part. (note: more lines meet at the poles)
The magnetic field strength is also called the magnetic flux density (intensity) It can also be defined as the force acting per unit length on conductor which carries unit current. i.e B = F/I L The SI unit is Newton per ampere per metre : N / (A m) or tesla, T
Where do magnetic fields come from in bar magnets?
Where do magnetic fields N come from?
Magnetic fields originate from moving charges! Everyday objects like lodestone (iron oxide) produce their own spontaneous fields due to the electrons orbiting the nuclei in atoms. The tiny magnetic fields from these atoms add up to give a large net magnetic field. Why cant we use these to produce large fields?
S Orbiting electrons make each atom like a little magnet.
-The net magnetic field is usually small -Also, there are other effects which reduce the net size of the magnetic field, such as domain formation.
Domain formation in permanent magnets
Electromagnets
What we really want is magnetic fields that we can turn on and off Oersted showed how electric currents can create magnetic fields greater than the Earths field (can deflect a compass!) Electromagnets use electric fields to create magnetic fields! A current carrying wire produces its own magnetic field. With the application of an electric field, we can create a magnetic field.
No current, no magnetic field
Add a current, compass needle deflects created a magnetic field!
1.2 Force on a moving charge
A magnetic field surrounds electric currents. It produces a force on moving electric charges nearby (such as electrons, protons, etc.) F=(charge)*(velocity of e)*(magnetic field) i.e F = q v B , where v and B are at right angle Units of magnetic field: 1 Tesla (T) = 1 N/(C/s); note C/s is Ampere
If v and B are at an angle with each other then force is given by: F = qvB sin .(1)
1.3 Force on a currentcarrying conductor
All around a current-carrying wire, the field pattern consist of circles concentric with the wire.
Which way is the field pointing?
Magnetism is a complicated force! We can use a right hand rule to determine which way the field lines point. Thumb in direction of the current, I, fingers curl in the B direction.
The direction of B at any point is tangent to the circle at that point. from, B = F/I L Thus F = B IL , if B and I are at with each other then, F = B IL sin ..(2)
1.4 Magnetic fields due to currents flowing in
a) Circular loop If the loop has a radius r and carries a current I , then the flux density for one coil is given by; B = ( I )/2r ; is a constant called the permeability of free space (4107 NA2.)
If the loop has N turns then;
B = ( NI )/2r .(3)
b) a long straight wire
At a perpendicular distance, d , from a very long straight wire carrying current I, the flux density is;
B = ( I )/2 d ..(4)
C) very long solenoid
if the solenoid has N turns, length L and current I then the flux density near the centre of the solenoid is ;
B = (N I )/L (5) B = nI , where n = N/L
Or
Group Assignment/Project
Look up for one problem each involving equations 1,2,3,4 and 5 In groups of 5 persons, solve the problems and use powerpoint to present the solutions in the next class. Groups must solve different problems. Submit the solutions (hard & soft copy) to me after the presentation.
