Common Stock Valuation
Chapter 10 Jones, Investments: Analysis and Management
Fundamental Analysis
Present value approach
Capitalization of expected income Intrinsic value based on the discounted value of the expected stream of cash flows
Multiple of earnings approach
Valuation relative to a financial performance measure Justified P/E ratio
Present Value Approach
Intrinsic value of a security is
Cash Flows Value of security t (1 k) t 1
n
Estimated intrinsic value compared to the current market price
What if market price is different than estimated intrinsic value?
Required Inputs
Discount rate
Required rate of return: minimum expected rate to induce purchase The opportunity cost of dollars used for investment
Expected cash flows
Stream of dividends or other cash payouts over the life of the investment
Required Inputs
Expected cash flows
Dividends paid out of earnings
Earnings important in valuing stocks
Retained earnings enhance future earnings and ultimately dividends
Retained earnings imply growth and future dividends Produces similar results as current dividends in valuation of common shares
Dividend Discount Model
Current value of a share of stock is the discounted value of all future dividends
D1 D2 D Pcs ... 1 2 (1 k cs ) (1 k cs ) (1 k cs ) Dt t t 1 (1 k cs )
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Dividend Discount Model
Problems:
Need infinite stream of dividends Dividend stream is uncertain
Must estimate future dividends
Dividends may be expected to grow over time
Must model expected growth rate of dividends and need not be constant
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Dividend Discount Model
Assume no growth in dividends
Fixed dollar amount of dividends reduces the security to a perpetuity
D0 P0 k cs
Similar to preferred stock because dividend remains unchanged
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Dividend Discount Model
Assume a constant growth in dividends
Dividends expected to grow at a constant rate, g, over time D1
P0
kg
D1 is the expected dividend at end of the first period D1 =D0 (1+g)
Dividend Discount Model
Implications of constant growth
Stock prices grow at the same rate as the dividends Stock total returns grow at the required rate of return
Growth rate in price plus growth rate in dividends equals k, the required rate of return
A lower required return or a higher expected growth in dividends raises prices
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Dividend Discount Model
Multiple growth rates: two or more expected growth rates in dividends
Ultimately, growth rate must equal that of the economy as a whole Assume growth at a rapid rate for n periods followed by steady growth
P0
D0 (1 g1 ) (1 k)
t
t 1
Dn (1 gc ) 1 n k - g (1 k )
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Dividend Discount Model
Multiple growth rates
First present value covers the period of super-normal (or sub-normal) growth Second present value covers the period of stable growth
Expected price uses constant-growth model as of the end of super- (sub-) normal period Value at n must be discounted to time period zero 12
Example: Valuing equity with growth of 30% for 3 years, then a long-run constant growth of 6%
k=16%
1
5.20
2
g = 30%
3
g = 6%
4
9.315
g = 30% g = 30%
D0 = 4.00 4.48 5.02 5.63 59.68 74.81 = P0
6.76
8.788
P3 = 9.315 .10
What About Capital Gains?
Is the dividend discount model only capable of handling dividends?
Capital gains are also important
Price received in future reflects expectations of dividends from that point forward
Discounting dividends or a combination of dividends and price produces same results 14
Intrinsic Value
Fair value based on the capitalization of income process
The objective of fundamental analysis
If intrinsic value >(<) current market price, hold or purchase (avoid or sell) because the asset is undervalued (overvalued)
Decision will always involve estimates
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P/E Ratio or Earnings Multiplier Approach
Alternative approach often used by security analysts P/E ratio is the strength with which investors value earnings as expressed in stock price
Divide the current market price of the stock by the latest 12-month earnings Price paid for each $1 of earnings
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P/E Ratio Approach
To estimate share value Po estimated earnings
justified P/E ratio E1 Po /E1
P/E ratio can be derived from D1 D1/E1 Po or Po /E1 k-g k-g
Indicates the factors that affect the estimated P/E ratio
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P/E Ratio Approach
The higher the payout ratio, the higher the justified P/E
Payout ratio is the proportion of earnings that are paid out as dividends
The higher the expected growth rate, g, the higher the justified P/E The higher the required rate of return, k, the lower the justified P/E 18
Understanding the P/E Ratio
Can firms increase payout ratio to increase market price?
Will future growth prospects be affected?
Does rapid growth affect the riskiness of earnings?
Will the required return be affected? Are some growth factors more desirable than others?
P/E ratios reflect expected growth and 19 risk
P/E Ratios and Interest Rates
A P/E ratio reflects investor optimism and pessimism
Related to the required rate of return
As interest rates increase, required rates of return on all securities generally increase P/E ratios and interest rates are inversely related
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Which Approach Is Best?
Best estimate is probably the present value of the (estimated) dividends
Can future dividends be estimated with accuracy? Investors like to focus on capital gains not dividends
P/E multiplier remains popular for its ease in use and the objections to the 21 dividend discount model
Which Approach Is Best?
Complementary approaches?
P/E ratio can be derived from the constant-growth version of the dividend discount model Dividends are paid out of earnings Using both increases the likelihood of obtaining reasonable results
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Dealing with uncertain future is always subject to error
Other Valuation Techniques
Price-to-book value ratio Ratio of share price to stockholder equity as measured on the balance sheet Price paid for each $1 of equity Price-to-sales ratio Ratio of companys market value (price times number of shares) divided by sales Market valuation of a firms revenues Economic Value Added Difference between operating profits and cost of capital
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