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Optogenetics: Light-Controlled Brain Circuits

This document discusses optogenetics, which uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It introduces channelrhodopsin, a light-sensitive ion channel from algae that can be introduced into neurons to activate them with light. Viruses are often used to deliver these light-sensitive proteins to neurons. Optogenetics allows exploration of neural circuits and potential treatment of neurological disorders by controlling neuronal activity with light stimulation in precise spatial and temporal patterns. While promising for understanding the brain and developing new treatments, optogenetics faces challenges of developing better targeting and stimulation methods and has not yet been tested in humans.

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Athira Das
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392 views24 pages

Optogenetics: Light-Controlled Brain Circuits

This document discusses optogenetics, which uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It introduces channelrhodopsin, a light-sensitive ion channel from algae that can be introduced into neurons to activate them with light. Viruses are often used to deliver these light-sensitive proteins to neurons. Optogenetics allows exploration of neural circuits and potential treatment of neurological disorders by controlling neuronal activity with light stimulation in precise spatial and temporal patterns. While promising for understanding the brain and developing new treatments, optogenetics faces challenges of developing better targeting and stimulation methods and has not yet been tested in humans.

Uploaded by

Athira Das
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OPTOGENETICS

GUIDE: Dr. JESSY JOHN

Presented by, ATHIRA DAS EB-11

Controlling brain circuits with light

BRAIN: A computer made of infinite heterogeneous parts

Current methods of stimulation

Coming to nature!
Photoreceptors from green algae.

Introducing channelrhodopsin-2 to neurons

OPTOGENETICS
Genetic photosensitization and optical stimulation of neuron cells. Accidental and promising invention. Explore complex brain circuits and neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as epilepsy and parkinsons disease. Method of the year 2010 by nature methods.

Three key challenges creating better forms of photosensitization agents.(Chemical genetics) developing genetic tools to target specific cells. developing optoelectronic stimulation systems.

STEPS TO OPTOGENETICS

Introduction of opsins.
Channelrhoropsin from green algae Chlamydomonas reinharditii as Na+ pump
ChR1 and ChR2 ChR2 for wavelength 470 nm blue light.

Halorhodopsin fron archea Natronomonas pharaonis as Cl- pump


NpHR for wavelength 580nm yellow light.

Introduction of virus to neurons


Transgenic animals Bacterial artificial chromosomes are inserted to embryo. Uniform level of expression and distribution.

Viral vectors Most popular Viruses incoporate DNA into the host cell genome as a part of their natural life cycle. Can be implemented in humans. 45 weeks needed

Changes in neural network

Light stimulation parameters


Continuous stimulation Pulsed stimulation

Optogenetic sensors
Voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins Genetically encoded calcium indicators Chloride sensors pH sensors Neurotransmitter release sensors

HARDWARE FOR LIGHT DELIVERY A multiwave guide array

APPLICATIONS
Cell culture, Network analysis. Mapping of the brain and behaviour. Recovery of vision. For treatment of neurological and psyshatric illness. Light induced rescue of breathing afterspinal chord injury.

STILL
Its not a non invasive technique. Not yet experimented in humans. A budding technology.

FUTURE SCOPES
Better understanding of the complex neural circuits. Various neurological diseases can be cured. Can give an idea about the encoding of images in neural networks. Can avoid the use of prosthetics. Neuronal network can be programmed to do specific tasks!

CONCLUSION
Technology of future. Can say good bye to complex neurological diseases. Can solve the mysteries of human brain. Yet to be experimented in humans!

REFERENCE
Replacement M. Mehdi Doroudchi*, Kenneth P. Greenberg*, Anthony N. Zorzo William W. Hauswirth+, Clifton G. Fonstad+, Alan Horsager+, Edward S. Boyden+ , 2011Towards Optogenetic Sensory ,33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Boston, Massachusetts USA, August 30 September. [Link] Peter Hegemann & Andreas Mglich, Channelrhodopsin engineering and exploration of new optogenetic tools, Nature Methods8,3942 ,(2011).

Nature|vol 465|6 May 2010.


Nir Grossman*, Konstantin Nikolic, Christofer Toumazou, Fellow, IEEE, and Patrick Degenaar, Modeling Study of the Light Stimulation of a NeuronCell With Channelrhodopsin-2 Mutants, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 58, NO. 6, JUNE 2011

Jessica A Cardin, Marie Carln, Konstantinos Meletis3, Ulf Knoblich, Feng Zhang, Karl Deisseroth, Li-Huei Tsai & Christopher I Moore,
Targeted optogenetic stimulation and recording of neurons in vivo using cell-type-specific expression of Channelrhodopsin-2,2010 nature publishing group.

QUESTIONS??

THANK YOU

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