INDEX

BASIC CONCEPTSS .............................................................................................. 2

FACTORS .................................................................................................................. 2
INTERNAL FACTORS........................................................................................... 2
EXTERNAL FACTORSS .......................................................................................... 3
Reformist Ideologues..................................................................................... 6
A. Don José Javier Leandro Baquíjano y Carrillo.............................................. 6
B. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza....................................................................... 7
. The Convictorio of San Carlo......................................................................... 7
C. Hipólito Unanue................................................................................................ 8
THE SOCIETY OF LOVERS OF THE COUNTRY......................................................................... 8

The Peruvian MercuryO .......................................................................................... 9

SEPARATIST IDEOLOGUES.................................................................................... 9
A. Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán...................................................................... 9
. Letter to the American Spaniards............................................................. 9
B. Francisco de Miranda.................................................................................... 11
. The Mirand Projecta .............................................................................. 11
C. José de la Riva Agüero and Sánchez Boquete................................................. 12
Mr. José Faustino Sánchez Carrión.................................................................... 13
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 14

1
REFORMIST AND SEPARATIST THINKING OF
PERU IN THE 17TH CENTURY

BASIC CONCEPTS
Reformism SEPARATISM
Reformism is a type of movement. Separatism is an ideology that
social or political that generally aims to promote the disunity of one or several
to make gradual changes to certain parts of an entity.
improving a system, project, or society. The separatist movements consist of
These changes generally refer to social movements of a character
only certain aspects, sometimes political, that aspire to autonomy
necessary or fundamental, more than regarding a political institution under the
the totality, what sets it apart so much from the fact that a specific group is regulated
positions hypothetical as citizens. The reasons for the
reactionaries. separation can be regional,
. The awareness of singularity: ethnic linguistic, cultural
due to exclusion. It developed in religious, economic, political or the
the Peruvian and American creoles a combination of some of these.
American nationalism The forerunners are men who with
. The criticism of bad governance: his ideas set the course of the
Made by the reformists. These criticisms independence. the principle they were
they increased due to the implementation of moderate reformists, then they moved to
the Bourbon reforms. these censures a more radical attitude and would then be
they were directed at the separatist officials
but not to the king.
These criticisms arose in the context of
the spread of Enlightenment ideas
The Society of Country Lovers
For example: the 'Enlightened Reformism'
from the Bourbons, we see projects that
they seek to transform systems in order to
improve them while maintaining certain
central elements.

FACTORS (Marín Chávez, 2010)

INTERNAL FACTORS
. Politically, Spain was beginning to be governed by the French dynasty.
Bourbons) who aimed to rehabilitate the metropolis, without success. The process accelerated.

material and moral decay. The opportunity to question the system was given.
colonial, then an autonomous consciousness of liberation was developing

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national, who aspired for a fundamental change in the organization of the
society.
. In economic terms, a mercantilist regime prevailed that sought to accumulate gold.
and silver. With this mindset, exploitation was encouraged, which was detrimental to the
indigenous population due to inhumane mistreatment in the mining mita arose in them
the feeling of Liberation. By virtue of the commercial monopoly that was established.
Spain and its colonies through unique ports; the most favored with this
the system was the emerging creole bourgeoisie. On the other hand, the indigenous masses

they faced increasing exploitation, the rise in tax and the abuses
merchant distributions. Discontent was widespread, the creoles themselves
they understood their duty to intervene in the solution of an overwhelming situation.
The idea of shaking off oppression was gaining more followers every day.
. In social terms, there was growth in the mestizo and creole population. The creoles
they were marginalized from holding high public government positions. A sense arose in them

the idea of homeland, having a continental meaning before being restricted to

through the separatist struggle, to its national meaning, or the taking of 'consciousness'
about the creoles and mestizos who made the independence process possible.

EXTERNAL FACTORS
A. IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
The Enlightenment
The term 'Enlightenment' refers to an intellectual movement that emerged in the century
XVIII. Structural changes in society are preceded by changes
intellectual or ideological; under the political guise of feudal society
develop a new conception of the world.
The Enlightenment occurs from the mid-18th century in Europe. With the
the Enlightenment movement critiques the prevailing reality and new ideas emerge
concepts: individual freedom, political rights, equality, democracy and
citizen participation; beliefs and institutions were underestimated
existing through thought and writings. In short, the ideologists criticized
to the absolute government, the great social inequalities, the obstacles
commercial and industrial, religion, and they underestimated the Middle Ages.
The traditional conception claimed that man on his own and by his own reason
nothing could be done in the world, while the rationalists (enlightened) of
The eighteenth century held the opposite view. The Enlightenment gave man confidence in
himself, and stimulated his rebellion against the traditional State and the Church.
Finally, this intellectual movement crystallizes all its viewpoints in
a work called the Encyclopedia (its author was Denis Diderot) that

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became a true institution. The contents of the Encyclopedia and the
the thoughts of the Enlightenment philosophers totally influenced the
development of revolutionary processes, reforms, the birth of the world
liberal and parliamentary from the late 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

B. REVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCE
a. Independence of the Thirteen English Colonies (1776)
The ideas of the Enlightenment, and specifically the postulate of sovereignty of the
people did not remain in simple reflections in the books of philosophers
like Rousseau and Montesquieu but inspired the processes
revolutionaries who lived in America and Europe in the mid-century that goes
from 1770 to 1820, called the era of revolutions.
The first upheaval occurred in the thirteen British colonies of
North America, which would become the United States, and in which
Declaration of Independence, Jefferson highlights as good
unrenounceable the freedom of individuals and peoples. In the same endeavor,
In 1789 in France, the bourgeoisie ousts the aristocracy from the
centers of power.
. Declaration of Independence Act
A committee presided over by Thomas Jefferson and composed of
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert
Livingstone was in charge of drafting the document.
independence supporter. The so-called 'Declaration of Independence'
it was approved in Philadelphia (4/7/1776). With this act they expressed
the right to emancipation and the right to choose the form of
government.
b. The French Revolution
overthrew an unjust social order, a despotic political system and a
economy based on inequality and privilege. It begins with the taking
from the Bastille on July 14, 1789, an old fortress of Paris, prison
of the State and symbol of absolutism and despotism of the monarchs. The
the people of Paris attacked and destroyed it
In France, Louis XVI dismissed Necker, his Minister of Finance, who was
very popular for having attempted to include the most privileged as well
pay taxes.
The King was fearful of the people's reaction to that measure and, for
he began to concentrate troops in the vicinity of Paris with the

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the object of dissolving the Constituent Assembly that was made up of
the representatives of the three estates (nobility, clergy, and commoners). Those

events stirred a great popular excitement, and, on July 14, 1789,

a furious mob of people stormed the Bastille, a prison
what was the symbol of royal tyranny.
In rural areas simultaneously, the peasants took
castles and lands of the feudal lords and proceeded to burn their
property titles. In Versailles, King Louis XVI, his wife, and their children.
they were taken prisoner. Later they were tried and sentenced to
to die in the guillotine.
The French Revolution, predominantly bourgeois, raised the
principles of equality, fraternity, and liberty, and triumphed against the monarchy
in the same Europe, cradle of colonialism. That news caused deep
transformation in the consciousness and actions of the Creoles in America
Latina.
The French Revolution influenced mainly with the 'Declaration of the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This declaration pointed out

Moreover, only the Nation should command and always through the law,
for being the expression of the will of the people, and the Nation, seat of the
sovereignty. The Constitution is the greatest support of the peoples.
In America, the declaration of the 'Rights of Man' was known,
thanks to the Colombian patriot Antonio Nariño, who translated and distributed it
in America clandestinely, for which he was arrested and sent to
Spain.

C. THE CRISIS OF THE SPANISH MONARCHY

. Revolutionary France suffers the declaration of war by Spain that
It was governed by King Charles IV. The Spanish army is defeated.
by the French and signed the Treaty of Basel in 1795 and France
later, with the colony of Santo Domingo.
. Spain signs a treaty with France, aimed against England who
quickly declares war on them. England defeats the Spaniards in
Saint Vincent and bombards Cádiz.
. In France, Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed First Consul of the
Republic. Then in the year 1801 the Franco-Spanish troops
in the port. This event would bring great consequences for
Spain was turned into a tributary province of France.

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Bonapartist, Napoleon turns France into an empire
proclaiming himself emperor (1804)

Ideologists

At the end of the 18th century, Creole thought begins to adopt a more radical stance.
they understood that it would be impossible to achieve their rights and freedoms while they depended

from Spain, such is the case that influenced by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, under
the influence of enlightened despotism, the creoles began to radicalize their criticisms because of
The reformist posture shifted to a separatist trend. (Marín Chávez, 2010)

Ideologists appear in America who, with their ideas, actions, and writings, will go
Molding the spirit and preparing the consciences for the break with the Metropolis.

REFORMIST IDEOLOGUES
Reformist Precursors refers to the intellectuals of the 18th century and the beginning of the
XIX that raised critiques against the colonial regime, without demanding independence.
They believed that Peruvians could achieve more rights, progress, and well-being without
need to break with the Spanish Empire. (GÓMEZ, 2010)

A. Don José Javier Leandro Baquíjano y Carrillo (1751 - 1817) Count of Vista
Florida
He was a Creole and the second child in his family; upon the death of the firstborn, he inherits the

fortune and the noble title of her father. She studied Theology at the seminary of
Saint Toribio (Lima) and graduated as a jurist at San Marcos. Linked to
powerful economic and social groups of the Viceroyalty became a lawyer of the
Court of the Consulate and the Cabildo of Lima as well as professor of San
Marcos. In 1781 the University chose him to deliver the customary
welcome speech to the viceroy Agustín de Jauregui, these speeches are
they were characterized by being a flattery full of servile phrases to the Monarchy
Spanish.
The famous speech by Baquíjano was characterized by being the exact opposite of this.
accustomed royal praise and even more so gained importance when given in times
in which the repression against the Túpac Amaru was taking place. With this speech
Baquíjano earns enmities and the Spanish government did not grant him any
rise in their profession in 15 years.

These are some paragraphs from his speech at an official event that broke the
schemes for the reception of a Viceroy:

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The glory and immortality, most excellent sir, that solid reward of
hero ... does not lean or support on
the public praises and inscriptions that dedicate and pay tribute to the dependency
and the fear.
The bloody policy advises that the outrage must come to an end, but not its
punishment that forgiveness authorizes the
offense, which is weakness to yield to pity. Takes pleasure in seeing the Indian subdued.
to struggle with the horrors of his
Good luck. But you despise those parties.
The good itself ceases to be so if it is established and founded against the vote and opinion of the
public ... improve the people
contra su voluntad ha sido siempre el especioso pretexto de la tiranía ... un
town is a spring that, forced
more than it suffers its elasticity, it bursts destroying the reckless hand
that oppresses and subjugates it.

Baquíjano risked a lot with this act of moral courage. He traveled to Spain, but upon
return the absolutism in 1814
he was pursued, confined in Seville, alone and forgotten, he died in 1818.

B. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (1750-1825)

Chachapoyan priest, known as 'Bacon of Peru', 'Master of the founders'.
Author of the work 'Defense of the Public Letter,' studied Theology and Law in
San Marcos was the Rector of the San Carlos Convictory since 1780. He resigned.
by the intervention of the viceroy Pezuela. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza was
provisional president of the First Constituent Congress.

. The Convictorio of San Carlo

The Carolino Convictorio represents a notable change in the process of
colonial education. It was a center of pedagogical renewal and
ideological work carried out by the Chachapoyan hero Toribio Rodríguez
from Mendoza. Its appearance coincides with the estrangement of the
Jesuits, the extinction of the traditional Colleges of San Martín
and San Felipe and the failure of the university reform of San Marcos,
headed by Baquíjano and Carrillo. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza
he directed the Convictorio from 1786 to 1817.
The reformist Plan of San Carlos (1787) was drafted by Rodríguez de
Mendoza and was assisted by Mariano de Rivero y Araníbar.
It consists of an introduction and nine chapters, in addition to three.

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warnings of the plan, made by José de Rezabal y Ugarte, protector
school official.
The introduction states that very few educational methods are
concretely adaptable to the daily use of the facilities. Its authors
they have forgotten their youthful experience or just want to brag about their wisdom

and propose authors outside the comprehensive reach of the learners.

As positive elements, Compendiums are recommended, which attract the
student interest and prevent their premature annoyance or boredom.
This can learn the most important things from each subject without falling into

superficiality or mechanical repetition and to try an understanding in

depth. On the other hand, the learners form an optimal concept
of their teachers and mutual trust and sympathy arises.
Using the analogy of the farmer, consider that the teacher prepares his
students cultivating in them the seed of science with the procedure
practical to use its Compendiums. Applauds the maxim of Rollin,
when he states that Universities and Colleges instead of striving
in bringing forth great representatives of culture, "which is the work of years"
it points its students to a safe path of culturalization that gives them
opportunity to choose the path that best suits their inclinations.
C. Hipólito Unanue
He studied Medicine at the University of San Marcos, of which he was also
Professor. Contributed to the formation of the Society of Lovers of the Country and
he published several articles in the Mercurio Peruano under the pseudonym 'Ariosto'.
He studied the monuments of ancient Peru; scientific description of the
plants, etc. He founded the Anatomical Amphitheater (1792), the Botanical Garden of Lima and

the Royal College of Medicine of San Fernando (1808). It was named

chief cosmographer and protomedic.
He was accused of conspiring against the King (Fernandino Conspiracy).
He represented Viceroy Pezuela in the Miraflores conversations and signed the
Act of Independence (1821). He was the Minister of Finance for San Martín and of
Government and Foreign Relations with Bolívar.

THE SOCIETY LOVERS OF THE COUNTRY

It originated in the Philharmonic Academy, founded by José Rossi and Rubí in

From within that Academy arose the Society around 1791.

8
On October 19, 1792, the Royal Decree was issued that recognized and protected
the 'Society of Lovers of the Country' approved its first Constitutions with the Viceroy

Gil de Taboada y Lemos. His journalistic organ was the Peruvian Mercury, where
revealed a national spirit and the Peruvian reality.
It was made up of Creoles such as Hipólito Unanue, José Baquíjano, Juan de
Egaña, Diego Cisneros, Vicente Morales Duárez who represented us in the
Cortes of Cádiz and was elected president. The first president of the Society
Lovers was José Baquíjano.
THE PERUVIAN MERCURY
It was a newspaper that was published for five years, capturing in its articles
from patriotic love, the desires for reform, and Enlightenment thought to
scientific studies related to climate and medicine, as well as
countless essays directed at the entire Peruvian society.
Its function was, like that of many other publications, to link to the
intellectuals with the people, whom they were to guide in the search for knowledge
through the use of reason. In its pages, consciousness was developed
national, the awareness of being Peruvian -and not Spanish-. The love for the land where
it had been born had its origin in knowing her deeply, in knowing the
richness of its mestizo population and its resources.

SEPARATIST IDEOLOGUES
They are called Separatist Precursors to the ideologues of the late 18th century and
early 19th century, which raised the need to fight for Independence from the
Peru, breaking the chains that bound it to the Spanish Empire. (GÓMEZ, 2010)

A. Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán (1748 - 1798)

Creole born in Pampacolca - Arequipa and belonged to the Jesuit order.
Expelled at the age of 20 from the Peruvian Viceroyalty by order of King Charles III,
during the government of Viceroy Amat and Juniet, expelled with all his order by
be intolerant of the new changes of enlightened despotism. Travel through
Europe where influenced by the liberal ideas that dominate the old world
decide to link them to American reality. On the third centenary commemoration
from the 'discovery' of America writes 'Letter to American Spaniards'
between 1787 - 1792 written in French. It was disseminated by Miranda the following year
the death of Vizcardo in 1801 and was only translated into Spanish by the
same Miranda.
. Carta a los Españoles Americanos(Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán)

9
Brothers and compatriots. The imminence of the fourth century of the
establishment of our ancestors in the new world, is a
extremely remarkable occurrence, so that it ceases to interest us
attention. The discovery of such a large part of the Earth is and
it will always be, for mankind, the most memorable event
of its annals. But for us who are its inhabitants, and for
our descendants, is an object of the greatest importance. The
new world is our present situation, to determine ourselves, by
she, to take the necessary measures for the conservation of our rights
own, and of our successors.
Although our three-century history here, relative to the causes and
effects more worthy of our attention, be so uniform and so noticeable
which could be reduced to these four words, ingratitude, injustice,
servitude and desolation; it is advisable, however, that we consider it
here with a little bit of slowness.
When our ancestors retreated to a vast distance from
his homeland, renouncing not only food but also to the
civil protection that belonged to them there, and that could not reach them at such
great distances, they exposed themselves at their own expense, to procure a
new subsistence, with the greatest hardships, and with the greatest
dangers. The great event that crowned the efforts of the conquerors
from America, they seemed to grant them a right, which although it was not the most
just, it was the least, better than what the ancient Goths had
Spain, to appropriate the fruit of its value and its labors. But the
natural inclination to their native country led them to make the most
generous tribute to its immense acquisitions, unable to doubt
that such an important free service no longer deserved them a
recognition provided, according to the custom of that century, of
to reward those who had contributed to extending the domains of the
nation.
Although these legitimate hopes have been frustrated, their
descendants and those of the other Spaniards who have successively
moved to America, although we know no other homeland than this one in the
on which our existence and that of our posterity is founded, we have
however respected, preserved, and warmly loved the attachment of
our parents to their first homeland. To her we have sacrificed wealth
infinities of every kind, our sweat poured out, and spilled by it
with pleasure our blood. Guided by a blind enthusiasm, we have not
considering that so much effort in favor of a country that is foreign to us,
to whom we owe nothing, from whom we do not depend, and of whom we have nothing
we can wait, it is a cruel betrayal against the one where we are
born, and that supplies us with the necessary food for us and
our children; and that our reverence for affectionate feelings
from our parents for their first homeland, is the most decisive proof of
the preference we owe to ours. Everything we have bestowed
to Spain has thus been usurped over us and our children;
being so much our simplicity, that we have allowed ourselves to be chained with

10
Some iron that if we don't break in time, we have no other resource left.
that of patiently enduring this ignominious slavery.
If our current condition were unavoidable, it would be a sad thing.
act of compassion to hide it from your eyes; but having in our
may your most assured remedy, let us uncover this horrific picture to
consider it in the light of truth. It teaches us that any law that
opposes the universal good of those for whom it is made; it is an act
of tyranny, and that demanding its observance is to enforce slavery, that
a law aimed at directly destroying the foundations of the
the prosperity of a people would be a monstrosity superior to all
expression. It is also evident that a people, from whom one is stripped of
personal freedom and the disposition of one's assets, when all the
other nations, in similar circumstances, place their greatest interest
in extending them, one would find oneself in a state of slavery, greater than that which
Can impose an enemy in the intoxication of victory.
Assuming these indisputable principles, let's see how they adapt to
our reciprocal situation with Spain. An immense empire, some
treasures that exceed all imagination, a glory and a power superior
to all that antiquity knew, here are our titles to
thanks, and to the most distinguished protection of Spain and its
government. But our reward has been such that the severest justice,
they would only have imposed such punishment on us if we had been offenders
of the greatest crimes. Spain banishes us from all over the world
ancient, separating ourselves from a society to which we are united with the
closer ties; adding to this unprecedented usurpation of
our personal freedom, the other equally important one is property
of our goods...
B. Francisco de Miranda (1750 - 1816)
Creole born in Caracas, he was an officer in the Spanish army. Upon leaving the ranks.
realists, traveled through Europe, participated in the French Revolution; sought help
from England just like Vizcardo. In Europe, he creates the 'Grand American Lodge'
(London) where many American Creoles passing through England swore
fight for the freedom of America. Some of them were: Nariño, Bolívar, and San
Martín. Disappointed with English help, he returns to America and joins the Junta.
of the Government of Caracas; had to capitulate before a royalist army that had come from

Puerto Rico. That capitulation was seen as treason and was handed over to the
realists. He is then expatriated to Spain where he dies in 1816.
Miranda, upon returning from Europe and joining the struggle of the Caracas Junta, had
prepared a constitutional project that constituted a government program
for all of America, let’s consider some ideas outlined by the ideologue in relation
the free America.
. The Miranda Project

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Compatriots. (...) let us break the chains of this slavery.
shameful, and let us show the world that we are not so degraded
how Spain thinks. Let's follow the footsteps of our brothers the
North Americans, establishing a free government like them and
diligently we will obtain the same goods that they obtain and enjoy at
present. (...) it is necessary that the reins of public authority return
to the hands of the inhabitants and natives of the country, to whom a force
foreigner has taken them away (...).
Constitution Project for the Hispanic American colonies:
About the form of government: it should be mixed and similar to
government of Great Britain. It will consist of an Executive Power
represented by an Inca endowed with the title of Emperor. This
it will be hereditary.

Upper House: it will be made up of senators or chieftains appointed by

the Inca. The positions will be for life, but not hereditary.
House of Commons: will be elected by all citizens
of the Empire.
From the Judiciary: its members will be appointed by the Inca and
chosen among the most distinguished citizens within the
Judicial Body.
C. José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete (1783 - 1858)
Creole Limeño, a young man went to study in Spain. He fought against the invasion.

Napoleonic, returned to America in 1808 and in Argentina wrote 'Manifestation'

historical and political of the American Revolution" in which he presented 28 causes for
which justified the rebellion against the colonial regime. It joins San
Martín in Lima, where he is appointed Colonel of Militias and prefect of Lima.
He occupied the presidency in 1823 after the first coup d'état called 'The Mutiny'.
of Balconcillo", upon failing in the second expedition to intermediate ports would be
removed by Bolívar who accused him of negotiating with the Spaniards, he was expelled
from Peru; returned in 1833, proclaiming himself president of the southern Peruvian state,

he is expelled again from Peru, but returns and dies in 1858 in Lima.
The current civil war in America that has lasted over six years,
it would most likely have been avoided if the leaders of the old government
they had laid down some of their extreme love for commanding without respect for the laws,
or would have had a better understanding of politics. A political meditation
I would have adopted maximum policies. To govern a highly
distant from the Metropolis, whose active population is almost three times that of the mother
homeland that contains it; deprived of exercising industry and agriculture with all

12
the extension it needs; resentful of the largest caste, the Indians, of the
devastation of their conquest; the Spanish Americans are complaining for not being
attended in justice; all the inhabitants of America wounded by the
indolencia con que se escuchaban sus quejas en la corte de España, y se les
oppressed by their governors and audiences, all these things are very much
bundle to not be attended to and considered with
maturity.
With America placed so far from Europe, it has little to fear.
from Spain. A large army would be necessary to dominate seven million
of civilized souls. The setting of the struggles is immense; from Venezuela
to the Río de la Plata and the Pacific coast. Spain has no reserves or money to
continue the fight. Neither men nor money. It is a country in bankruptcy, whose debt
public reaches four hundred million
strong pesos.
And it concludes by saying: "All of America must say to Spain: your weakness makes
useless are your efforts, for you do not have enough strength to dominate a continent
so extended and populated.

D. José Faustino Sánchez Carrión

Creole born in Huamachuco in 1787. Studied Law at the Royal Convictorio of

San Carlos, where he had as a teacher Mr. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza.
Being a professor, Carolino took advantage of his oratorial skills to make harsh criticisms.
against the colonial system and defend republican ideals. During the
Protectorate of San Martín (1821-1822) led the opposition to his plans.
monarchists, arguing in favor of the democratic system in the newspaper "La
Republican Bee. Collaborated with Simón Bolívar becoming his Minister.
General in 1824.

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REFERENCES

. Castro Flores, A. (June 6, 2012). histgeoecon. Obtained from

http://histgeoecon.blogspot.pe/2012/06/the-reformist-precursors-
y.html
. GÓMEZ, F. (June 19, 2010). Retrieved from
http://www.resumendehistoria.com/2010/06/precursors-reformers-and-
separatists.html
. Marín Chávez, W. (2010).Historia del Perú 3.San Pablo.

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