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PPG- Module-5 - Evolution of the Philippine Politics and

Governance
SHS-Specialized (Araullo University)

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Senior High School

Philippine
Politics and
Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance

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Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Anna Maria G. Mejia
Christian C. Linsangan
Rochelle G. Tuliao
Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Erwin C. Pagtalunan
Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
Sergio B. Gonzales
Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco
Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec
Illustrator: Richard V. Gonzales
Layout Artist: Ric Jayson M. Santos
Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD
Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD
Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD
Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD

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Senior High School

Philippine
Politics and
Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance

– Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on Evolution of Philippine Politics
and Governance!

This module was designed, developed and

reviewed to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the
K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know

This module introduces you the discussion

on Spanish, American colonial rule and
Japanese occupation and their effects on
the country’s democracy, examines the
presidency on the Third Republic and
President Marcos’ authoritarian rule in the
Philippines and focuses on the transition
back to democracy beginning in 1986. At
the end of the module, you will be able to
appreciate and value the efforts done by
Filipinos to achieve independence from
colonial rulers and reflect in your daily life the essence of EDSA revolution in
connection to the present situation of Philippine politics and governance.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – The Spanish to Japanese Colonial Period
 Lesson 2 – The Third to Fifth Republic of the Philippines
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance.

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What I Know

TRUE OR FALSE. The following are statements about the evolution of Philippine
Politics and Governance. On your answer sheet, write TRUE if the sentence is
correct, write FALSE otherwise.

1. The Philippines is a democratic country.

2. It was the Spaniards who introduced democracy in the Philippines.

3. The Japanese occupation in the Philippines institutionalized the “rule of

law” in the Philippines.

4. Ferdinand Marcos served the longest time as President of the Philippines.

5. Fidel Ramos’s administration was known for its vision of making the
Philippines the next Asian tiger economy.

6. Next to Marcos, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the second longest sitting
president of the Philippines.

7. The peasant rebellion in Central Luzon, Philippines was due to American

colonial rule.

8. Elections in the Philippines are introduced by the Spaniards.

9. Joseph E. Estrada was the only president of the Philippines who was
impeached from office.

10.People Power Revolution in 1986 ended Marcos’ authoritarian rule.

11.The central government of the Katipunan, headed by Andres Bonifacio was

vested in a Supreme Council.

12.There were three government established during the American colonial

period.

13.Spain established a military government in the Philippines that was

composed of a national government and the local governments that
administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.

14.The Magsaysay administration campaigned for the citizens’ support in

patronizing Filipino products and services, and implemented import and
currency controls favorable for Filipino industries.

15.The world’s eye was on the Philippines after it successfully toppled down
almost a decade of dictatorship rule through a peaceful demonstration
tagged as the EDSA People’s Power Revolution.

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Lesso
n Spanish to Japanese
1 Colonial Period

What’s In

You learned in Module 4 the basic concepts of states and nation, essential
elements of the state, forms of globalization and the relationship among nations
and states in the context of globalization. Globalization is a progressive action by
which exchange and flows in different parts of the world are intensified and
contribute strong relationship. The phenomenon by which millions of people are
interconnected through the power of the digital world promote rapid
development of many technologies, strong global economic growth, led to an
intense increase in trade and economic exchanges and cultural development.

What’s New

I. Complete the concept map below. Write descriptions or related concepts

around the topic government. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Government

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II. Based on the concept map that you accomplished, explain the meaning of
government.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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What is It

Pre-Spanish Government
The Philippines was already occupied by people
from various waves of migration from
neighbouring islands and composed themselves
into barangay. The barangay was the local
government unit known in the whole archipelago
headed by a chieftain called Rajah or Datu. They
impose and implement rules, pass judgment and
penalties to maintain peace and order and
assisted by Maginoos who act as the Council of
elders. Monarchial form of government was
emphasized and the social classes were grouped into maharlikas, timawa and
alipin.In this period, the Maragtas Code (1250) by Datu Sumakwel and Kalantiaw
Code (1433) by Datu Kalatiaw were imposed.

The Spanish Government

Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was
composed of a national government and the local governments that
administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. With the cooperation of
the local governments the national government maintained peace and order,
collected taxes and built schools and other public works.

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The governor general, as the King's representative and the highest-ranking

official in the Philippines exercised certain legislative powers, as well. He issued
proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws.

The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the country’s

administration. There were two types of local government units – the alcadia and
the corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces
that had been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor,
governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.
The alcalde mayors represented the Spanish king and the governor general in
their respective provinces. Each province was divided into several towns or
pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillos, whose main concerns were efficient
governance and tax collection.

The Katipunan Government

The Katipunan was secret society that
precipitated our glorious revolution on
August 26, 1896. It was organized by
Andres Bonifacio. The central
government of the Katipunan was
vested in a Supreme Council. In each
province there was Provincial Council
and in each town a popular Council.
The Judicial Power was exercised by a
Judicial Council. The Katipunan was replaced by another government whose
officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President were elected in Tejeros
Convention on March 22, 1897.

Biak-na-Bato Republic
On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in
Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan). It had a constitution which
was to take effect for two years only. It declared that the aim of the revolution
was the “separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their
formation into an independent state”. The Biak-na-Bato Republic lasted up to
December 15, 1897 with conclusion of the “Pact of Biak-na-Bato”.

Emilio Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial Government

Following the outbreak of the Spanish-
American War on April 25, 1898, Gen.
Aguinaldo in view of the chaotic conditions in
the country, established the Dictatorial
Government on May 24, 1898. The most
important achievements of Dictatorial
Government were the Proclamation of the

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Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the

reorganizations of local governments.

A Congress was convened in January 1899 in Barasoain Church and inaugurated

the first Philippine Republic. The 1899 Malolos Constitution of the first Philippine
Republic, which was the first Asian democracy to be established during the
Philippine Revolution that culminated in Asia – ending the more than 300 years
of Spanish colonial rule in the Islands.

Revolutionary Government
In the administration of the Philippines, the Governor-General assisted by many
boards and officers, particularly the Board of Authorities and the Council of
Administration.

The decree making such change stated that the aim of the new government was
“struggle for the independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain
will expressly recognize it” and “to prepare the country for the establishments of
a real republic.

The American Colonial Period

It began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the
Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the
United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the
Philippines on July 4, 1946.

American Military Government

The American military rule in the Philippines
began on April 4, 1988, the day after the
capture of Manila. The existence gave the
President of the United States the power to
establish a military government in the
Philippines, as Commander-in-Chief of all
Armed Forces of the United States. His
authority was delegated to the military
governor who exercised as long as the war
lasted, all powers of the government. Wesley Merritt, the second was General
Elwell Otis and the third and last was Major General Arthur MacArthur.

Civil Government
Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment (on the Army appropriation act
passed in the US Congress on March 3, 1901) which ended the military regime in
the Philippines, the Civil Government was inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901.

The Civil Governor whose positions was created on October 29, 1901. The Civil
Governor, also exercised Legislative powers. He remained as President of

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Philippine Commission, the sole law-making body of the government from 1901
to 1907.

From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission acted as the upper house of the
Legislative branch with the Philippine Assembly serving as the lower house. With
the passage of the Spooner Law in 1916, these two bodies gave way to the
Philippine Legislature. The Philippines was represented in the United States by
two Resident Commissioner who were elected the Philippine Legislature.

The Commonwealth Government

The next stage on the political development of the
Filipinos was the establishments of the Commonwealth
government of the Philippines pursuant to an act of the
United States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly
known was the Tydings Mc Duffie Law.

Among other things, the law provided for a transition

period of ten years during which the Philippines
Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of
the said period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the
Philippines would be proclaimed and established.

The new government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines deemed successor

to the government of Philippine Islands, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935,
following the first national election under the 1935 Constitution held on
September 12, 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeńa, as President
and Vice President respectively.

The 1935 Constitution was one of the noblest documents written by Filipinos. It
embodied the ideals of democracy and liberty which Filipinos had inspired for; an
American type of government which they have trained in. The Bill of rights and
structure of the new government were modelled after the American Constitution.
In one respect, the Philippine Constitution was superior to the American
Constitution because the preamble of the first invoked the aid of the divine
providence.

The Japanese Military Administration

It was established in Manila on January 3,
1942, one day after its occupation. Under a
proclamation issued by the Japanese High
Command, the sovereignty of the United
States over the Philippines was declared
terminated.

A Civil government known as the Philippine

Executive Commission composed of Filipinos
with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman, was

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organized by the military forces of occupation. The Commission exercised both

the executive and legislative powers.

The laws enacted were, however, subject to the approval of the Commander-in-
Chief of the Japanese Forces. The Judiciary continued in the same form as it was
under the Commonwealth. However, it functioned without the independence
which it had traditionally enjoyed. In this government, Jose P. Laurel became the
President of the second Philippine Republic on October 14, 1943.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1
WORD HUNT. Find and encircle the hidden words. Answers are about the
evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

N A C E D S A R E V O L U T I O N G A
S C O H O P T C C B A R G N G E Y U M
G O A U T H O R I T A R I A N I S M E
T L D F E Y R T V A C H F P G R A C R
D O N S S P A N I A R D S D B I N O I
D N I J O N E S L A W Y H B Y N N M C
E I A I Y R H K G B N M D A D H J M A
M A L O L O S C O N S T I T U T I O N
O L R J D H Y J V Y E K L A T S U N R
C R U F A T Y Y E K T P U S E U E W E
R U L C T A T O R S H I P M R I S E G
A L E I E U I Y N Y Y H I I T H T A I
C E P A E B L O M I O O J L E U R L M
Y Y X J A P A N E S R E G I M E A T E
H D R F B N M J N S T I Y T T O D H U
U A W E T G H H T T H E Y A E N A N L
I G O V E R N O R G E N E R A L J H R

1. __________________________ 5. __________________________
2. __________________________ 6. __________________________
3. __________________________ 7. __________________________
4. __________________________ 8. __________________________

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9. __________________________ 13. __________________________

10. __________________________ 14. __________________________
11. __________________________ 15. __________________________
12. __________________________

ACTIVITY 2
Data Retrieval Chart. Identify the major key features of the following
governments listed in the first column. Write your answers in the second
column.

Use another sheet of paper for your answer.

Government Key Features

1. Pre- Spanish Government

2. Spanish Government

3. Biak-na-Bato Republic

4. Katipunan Government

5. Emilio Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial

Government

6. Revolutionary Government

7. American Military Government

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8. Civil Government

9. Commonwealth Government

10.Japanese Military Administration

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the significant contributions of the Spaniards,

Americans and Japanese in the development of Philippine
politics and governance?

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_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
_______

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What I Can Do

________________________________________________________________________
_______

2. Why is it important to know the democratic institutions and processes

contributed by these colonial rulers? Justify your answer.

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

________________________________________________________________________
_______

Make a campaign statement or slogan that promotes the importance or value of

democracy in the society. Write your output on a separate sheet of paper. Your
slogan will be checked using the criteria below.
Content - 15 points
Relevance to Theme - 15 points
Originality - 10 points
Structure - 10 points
Total - 50 points

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Lesso
n
The Third to Fifth
Republic of the
2 Philippines

What’s In

You learned in Lesson 1 the evolution of Philippine government and governance

from Pre-Spanish to Japanese Colonial rule. No country in Asia has more

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experience with democratic institutions than the Philippines. Over more than a
century – from the representational structures of the Malolos Republic of 1898 to
the political supervision of American colonial rule, from the cacique democracy in
the People Power uprising of 1896 – Filipinos know both the promise of
democracy and the problems of making democratic structures work for the
benefit of all.

What’s New

Interpret the image below and its significance to the Philippine history. What
EDSA-related facts strike you the most and why? Briefly explain your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

What is It

The Third Republic

The Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
President Manuel Roxas, became the first president of the
independent Republic of the Philippines. In an effort to solve
the massive socio-economic problems of the period, President
Roxas reorganized the government, and proposed a wide-
sweeping legislative program.

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His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of
the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-
wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed
attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.
The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
President Elpidio Quirino’s goal as chief executive, as stated
in his first State of the Nation Address, revolved around
strengthening the people’s confidence in the government and
the restoration of peace. In order to achieve these, the Chief
Executive travelled around the country to inspect first-hand
the condition of the nation.

President Quirino’s six years’ administration were marked by

notable post-war reconstruction, general economic gains, and
increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however,
particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved; Quirino’s administration was
tainted by widespread graft and corruption.

The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)

To help the rural masses was the focal point of the populist
administration of President Ramon Magsaysay. President
Magsaysay insisted in meeting and communicating with his
people. In his first Executive Order, he established the
Presidential Complaint and Action Commission, which
investigated various citizen complaints and recommended
remedial actions through different government agencies. The
Commission served to boost the nation’s confidence with its
government; it was seen as a fulfilment of President
Magsaysay’s promise, stated in his inaugural address, to become a President for
the people. The principles of the Magsaysay administration were codified in
the Magsaysay Credo, and became the theme of leadership and public service.
The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
Carlos P. Garcia’s administration promoted the “Filipino First”
policy, whose focal point was to regain economic
independence; a national effort by Filipinos to “obtain major
and dominant participation in their economy.” ] The
administration campaigned for the citizens’ support in
patronizing Filipino products and services, and implemented
import and currency controls favourable for Filipino
industries. In connection with the government’s goal of self-
sufficiency was the “Austerity Program,” which President
Garcia described in his first State of the Nation Address as “more work, more
thrift, more productive investment, and more efficiency” that aimed to mobilize
national savings. The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act
No. 301, aimed to prevent corruption, and promote honesty and public trust.
The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30,
1965)

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President Diosdado Macapagal, during his inaugural address

on December 30, 1961, emphasized the responsibilities and
goals to be attained in the “new era” that was the Macapagal
administration. He reiterated his resolve to eradicate
corruption, and assured the public that honesty would prevail
in his presidency. President Macapagal, too, aimed at self-
sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen’s welfare,
through the partnership of the government and private
sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing solutions for
unemployment.
In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines became a founding member of
Maphilindo, through the Manila Accord of 1963. The regional organization of
Malay states strove for “Asian solutions by Asian nations for Asian problems,”
and aimed to solve national and regional problems through regional diplomacy.
The Marcos Administration- Fourth Republic (December 30, 1965 –
February 25, 1986)
The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was
President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Prior to the events of Martial
Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as
emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965,
focused on “the revival of the greatness of the nation.”
President Marcos, was the first president to be re-elected,
in 1969, although the election was tainted by violence and
allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his
campaign. However, significant protests, such as the First
Quarter Storm, the communist and Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest,
heightened. This made Marcos in 1972 declare martial law and suspend the
constitution. A new constitution calling for a semi-presidential government was
approved in 1973, but Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978, when the Interim
Batasang Pambansa was elected. However, opposition groups, whose leaders
mostly had already left in exile, boycotted the election, and Marcos still allowed
martial law to continue. Marcos did end martial law in 1981, but opposition
groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election, which Marcos easily won.
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in
1983. By this time, the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption
and allegations of human rights violations. The opposition participated in
the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but not enough to topple
Marcos' KBL. To counter growing opposition, Marcos called a snap election in
1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate.
Marcos was declared the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result,
alleging that the election was rigged. The People Power Revolution drove Marcos
from power, and Aquino became president. Aquino ruled by decree in 1987 when
a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved. In the
ensuing legislative election, the pro-Aquino parties won most of the seats in
Congress.

Fifth Republic (1986–Present Time)

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President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino. She was the 11th

president of the Philippines and the first woman to become
president of the country. She was tasked to put together a
nation devastated by the rule of her predecessor Ferdinand E.
Marcos.
The political condition of the country at that time did not look
any better. To resolve the issue, Aquino commissioned a
referendum that would be the framework for the new
government. It tackled various issues from shifting the
government from presidential to parliamentary, to economic reforms involving
foreign participations. Due to its immediate necessity, details of the referendum
were left to the legislature to determine. Released in February 1987, the new
charter easily won the approval of the public.
The rule that followed Aquino’s presidency established
steadier governance of the Philippines. Fidel V.
Ramos took office in 1992 and immediately worked on the
country’s recovery. Ramos initiated the Social Reform
Agenda or SRA that was geared towards alleviating poverty.
The Gross National Product reached an average of 5 percent
annually, which translated to a growth in the average family
income of the Filipinos. He undertook the implementation of
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) law which improved public
infrastructure and deregulated several industries to help liberalize the economy.
The country also saw improvements in its relations to secessionist Moro Islamic
Liberation Front or MNLF as Ramos achieved a peace agreement with the group.
Ramos bagged the first UNESCO Peace Award yet given to an Asian for this
effort. He also came to be known as the ‘Centennial’ President for his successful
supervision of the 100th anniversary of the country’s independence from
the Spanish rule celebrated in June 12, 1998.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada, succeeded Ramos as president in
1998. He was the previous mayor in the municipality of San
Juan, Metro Manila and vice president of Ramos, Estrada
was placed into office by a wide margin of vote. He gained
support in the election for his promise to begin a pro-poor
administration that his predecessors failed to promote in
their respective platforms. This support dwindled down as
his administration was rattled by corruption. Critics accused
him of failing to live up to his promises due to the
resurfacing of cronyism in the government.
The Philippine Constitution allows the president to run for a
second term if he/she was sworn into office by succession
and served in less than 4 years, otherwise the president is
limited to one term of office. Arroyo was qualified to run for
another term. Indeed, she did. In the 2004 Philippine General
Election, Arroyo declared her presidential candidacy and she
was seated into office for the second time. Arroyo promoted a
“Stronger Republic” under her rule, which was geared toward

16

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vigorous economic reforms. However, her administration was bombarded with

several controversies and impeachment attempts in the last five years. Hence,
as she announced her disinterest to extend her term or run for office in the 2010
elections, critics expressed their apprehensions. Once, Arroyo had broken the
people’s trust when she declared that she was not interested to run in the 2004
elections. Protesters express their disappointment every so often rallying at the
streets calling against the Charter Change (Cha-Cha) and now
the Constituent Assembly (Con-Ass), which is currently promoted by the Arroyo’s
supporters in Congress when the Cha-Cha attempt has become improbable
receiving critical disapproval. The representatives in the lower house
of Congress were said to have made the move independently to pass the Con-
Ass however, many are sceptic of the true agenda of the Arroyo administration
as the 2010 election countdown nears. Supporters of Arroyo are pushing for a
change of government from a Presidential to a Parliamentary form. This will
enable Arroyo run for parliament and become prime minister

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On June 30, 2010, Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III,

a.k.a Noynoy and PNoy, was proclaimed as the 15th
president of the republic. Aquino's 6-year term is marked by
both positive and negative events. He has been criticized
with his government's slow response to aid victims of
Typhoon Haiyan, the Mamasapano massacre and other crisis.
In spite of these criticisms, Aquino left the presidency with a
stable democracy, higher credit rating, surplus government
funds and a Central Bank abundant in foreign reserves.
At 12 noon, June 30, 2016, Rodrigo "Digong" Roa Duterte
(a.k.a. Rody) takes oath as the 16th president of the
Philippines at Malacanang Palace in Manila. Duterte is a
lawyer and politician, he is the former mayor and former 1st
district congressman of Davao City in Mindanao -an island in
the southern Philippines where Muslim insurgents are based.
He is the first president to come from Mindanao. He is
clamoring for a change in the constitution from a presidential
to a federal form of government. Duterte won the presidential
elections as an outspoken, strong-willed crime fighter with an anti-establishment
stance. He is however criticized for his alleged support of vigilante groups
involved in extra-judicial killings to fight crime.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1
Follow the Flow. Using the flow chart, arrange the following events in
chronological order. Select one theme from the list given below and write a short
essay about it.

A. President Elpidio Quirino’s goal as chief executive, revolved around

strengthening the people’s confidence in the government and the restoration
of peace.
B. Marcos Administration focused on “the revival of the greatness of the nation.”
C. To solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period, President Roxas
reorganized the government, and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative
program.
D. The Garcia administration promoted the “Filipino First” policy.
E. Macapagal reiterated his resolve to eradicate corruption, and assured the
public that honesty would prevail in his presidency.
F. The principles of the Magsaysay administration were codified in
the Magsaysay Credo, and became the theme of leadership and public
service.

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___________________________________________________________________________

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ACTIVITY 2

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Data Retrieval Chart. Identify the major key features of the following
administration listed in the first column. Write your answers in the second
column.

Use another sheet of paper for your answer.

Administration Key Features

Aquino Administration

Ramos Administration

Estrada Administration

Arroyo Administration

PNoy Administration

Duterte Administration

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What I Have Learned

Think of one word that will describe the political system in

our country starting from the third republic up to present. On
a separate sheet of paper, explain your answer.

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What I Can Do

Select one amongst the discussed administration in this lesson and create your
own tagline or promotional statement for it. Write your output on a separate
sheet of paper. Your tagline will be checked using the criteria below.
Content - 15 points
Relevance to Theme - 15 points
Originality - 10 points
Structure - 10 points
Total - 50 points

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Assessment

IDENTIFICATION. Identify the terms being described in the following

statements. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He was inaugurated as the President of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of
the Philippines.

2. Chairman of a civil government known as the Philippine Executive

Commission during the Japanese military administration.

3. The type of government which Spain established in the Philippines.

4. A republic established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo that the aim was the
“separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation
into an independent state”.

5. It was the most important achievements of Dictatorial Government.

6. It was one of the noblest documents written by Filipinos.

7. The first woman President of the Philippines.

8. He established an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came under

criticism for corruption and for suppression of democratic processes.

9. He is the King of Spain’s representative and the highest-ranking official in the

Philippines exercised certain legislative powers.

10.He is the first president to come from Mindanao.

11.It is a United States federal law that established the process for the
Philippines, then an American colony, to become an independent country
after a ten-year transition period.

12.He came to be known as the ‘Centennial’ President for his successful

supervision of the 100th anniversary of the country’s independence from
the Spanish rule celebrated in June 12, 1998.

13.Under his administration, the Philippines became a founding member of

MAPHILINDO, through the Manila Accord of 1963.

14.The first and the youngest President of the Philippines.

15.His administration promoted the “Filipino First” Policy

Additional Activities

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Briefly explain the quote below.

“With proper governance, life will improve for all”
- Benigno Aquino III

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Answer Key

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Assessment What I Know

1. Jose P. Laurel 1. True

2. Jorge B. Vargas 2. False
3. Centralized Government 3. True
4. Biak-na-Bato Government 4. True
5. Proclamation of Philippine 5. True
Independence 6. True
6. 1935 Constitution 7. False
7. Corazon Aquino 8. False
8. Ferdinand Marcos 9. True
9. Governor General 10. True
10. Rodrigo Duterte 11. True
11. Tydings McDuffie Law 12. True
12. Fidel V.Ramos 13. False
13. Diosdado Macapagal 14. False
14. EmilioAguinaldo 15. True
15. Carlos P. Garcia

What’s More What’s More

(Lesson 2) (Lesson 1)

1. C 1. EDSA Revolution
2. A 2. Authoritarian
3. F 3. Spaniards
4. D 4. Jones Law
5. E 5. Malolos Constitution
6. B 6. Japanese Regime
7. Governor General
8. Democracy
9. Colonial Rule
10. Civil Government
11. Batas Militar
12. Duterte
13. Commonwealth
14. American Regime
15. Pueblo

References
Buenaflor, Roberto C. Politics, Governance and Constitution of the Philippines.
The Evolution of Philippine Government. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbnKkZkIUIk

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The Evolution of Philippine Government 2. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0ncrTPPIjQ

Evolution of Philippine Goverment. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/parexevol17/p-5764694

The Spaniards as Colonial Masters in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.philippine-history.org/spanish-colonial-masters.

Third Republic. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third-republic/

Fifth Republic. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.philippine-history.org/philippines-5th-republic.html

Edsa Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?

q=edsa+revolution

Philippine Presidents. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?

q=philippine+presidents

Philippine History: Pre-Spanish. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/LorevelBarce1/philippine-history-
prespanish?qid=8de913e3-8b8a-46a4-9407-
d50df7aad3f2&v=&b=&from_search=2

Andres Bonifacio. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.bayaniart.com/articles/andres-bonifacio-biography/

Douglas MacArthur. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Douglas-MacArthur

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.dcstamps.com/japanese-occupation-of-the-philippines-ww2/

First Inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Manuel_L._Quezon

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.google.com/search?

q=independence+day+images+philippines+kawit+cavite

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources

Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)

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