EXAMPLE 2.1. MULTILAYER CONDUCTION.

An exterior wall of a house can be

approximate by a layer of thickness of 10.16 cm of ordinary brick [k = 0.7 W/m . °C]
followed by a layer of 3.81 cm of gypsum [k = 0.48 W/m. °C]. What thickness of insulation of
rock wool [k = 0.065 W/m . °C] should be added to reduce the loss by 80%
heat (or gain) through the wall?
Solution. The total heat loss will be given by:

Since the heat loss with rock wool insulation will be only 20% (a
an 80% reduction from what was previously in place before the lockdown:

For brick and plaster, per unit area,

0.1016 2
= = =0.145
1*0.7

0.0381 2
= = 0.079
1*0.48

So the thermal resistance without insulation is:

2
= 0.145+ 0.079 = 0.224
So:
0.224 2
==1.122
0.2

For the heat flow to decrease by 80%, the resistance to heat transfer
it must be 1.122 m2 °C/W. The additional resistance must be provided by the wool of
rock
1.122 = 0.224+

Remembering the definition of thermal resistance

∆ ∆
= 0.898 = =
0.065

So the thickness of the rock wool must be:

∆ = 0.0584
Example 2
MULTILAYER CYLINDRICAL SYSTEM. A thick-walled tube of steel.
stainless steel, [k=19W/mC] with an interior diameter (ID) of 2 cm and an exterior diameter of 4 cm
(DE), it is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos insulation [k=0.2W/m]. If the temperature
The internal wall of the duct is maintained at 600 °C, calculate the heat loss by
Length metro. Also calculate the temperature of the tube-insulator interface.
Solution. The attached figure shows the thermal circuit for this problem. The flow of
heat is given by:

=Ʃ

2 ( 1 − 2) 2 (600− 100)
= = = 680
2
ln( )ln( ) 3 5
1 2 ln2( ) ln( 2)
+
19 + 0.2

This heat flow can be used to calculate the temperature of the interface between
the wall of the tube and the insulation. It is given
− 2
= = 680
ln( 3)
2
2
Where Ta is the interface temperature, and from it is obtained
Ta595.8 C

The greatest thermal resistance clearly corresponds to the insulator, so the greatest
part of the temperature drop occurs through this material.
EXAMPLE.3 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A COMPOSITE WALL. The
The "two by four" wooden boards have real dimensions of 4.13 x 9.21 cm and
a thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m °C. A typical wall of a house is built
as shown in the Figure. Calculate the total resistance to conduction and the coefficient
global heat transfer.
Solution. It can be assumed that the section of the wall has two parallel paths for the
heat flow: (1) through the slats, and (2) through the insulation. It will be calculated the
thermal resistance for each one, and then the values will be combined to obtain the
global heat transfer coefficient.

Heat transfer through slats (A=0.0413m² per unit of depth). This

Heat flow occurs through six thermal resistances:

a) Resistance to heat transfer by convection on the exterior

of the brick
1
=
ℎ
b) Resistance to heat transfer by conduction in the
brick
∆
=

c) Resistance to heat transfer by conduction through the lining

external
∆
=

d) Resistance to heat transfer by conduction through the wooden strip

∆
=

e) Resistance to heat transfer by conduction through the coating

internal
∆
=

f) Resistance to heat transfer by convection inside

1
=
ℎ

The total thermal resistance across the section of the wooden slat is
=Ʃ
EXAMPLE 2.5. CRITICAL INSULATION THICKNESS. Calculate the critical thickness of
asbestos insulation [k = 0.17 W/m °C] surrounding a pipe and exposed to
Air in a room at 20 °C with h = 3.0 W/m² °C.
Calculate the heat loss from a pipe at 200 °C, with a diameter of 5 cm (pipe of
negligible thickness), when covered with insulation with the critical radius, and without insulation.
Solution: the critical radius is calculated as the critical outer radius added to the radius of the
pipeline
0.17
= = = 5.67
ℎ 3.0
The inner radius of the insulation is 2.5 cm (radius of the cylinder, so that the transfer
heat is calculated as

= 2 ln( ( − ∞) 2 (200−20)
= 5.67 = 105.7
) ln(
2.5
) 1
1 −
− 0.17 0.0567∗3.0
ℎ
Without insulation, the convection from the outer surface of the pipe is

= ℎ (2 )( − ∞) = 3.0 (2 ) ∗ 0.025∗
( 200− 20 ) =84.8

The addition of 3.17 cm (5.67 - 2.5) of insulation really increases heat transfer.
by 25%.
Alternatively, fiberglass could be used as insulating material, with a
thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/m°C. Then, the critical radius would be
0.04
= = = 0.0133 = 1.33
ℎ 3.0
Now, the value of the critical radius is less than the outer radius of the pipe (2.5cm), so
that the addition of any amount of fiberglass insulation would origin a
decrease in heat transfer. In a practical insulation problem
pipes, the total heat loss will also be influenced by radiation, both as
by convection from the outer surface of the insulation.
A flat wall is composed of two materials A and B as shown in the figure.
wall of material A has a uniform heat generation of a thermal conductivity
of kA=75 W/m*K and a thickness of LA= 50mm. The wall of material B that does not have
generation has a conductivity of kR=150 W/m*K and a thickness of LB= 20 mm. The
the interior surface of material A is well insulated, while the exterior surface of
material B is cooled by a water current T∞ 30 °C
• Calculate the existing temperature distribution in the composite wall in state
stationary.
• Determine the temperature To of the isolated surface and the temperature T2 of the
surface cooled by water.

The temperature profile for material A is obtained with the equation (**)

( )− 0
= ( 2)
− 0

Material B without generation, the temperature distribution is:

s,1 −∆

The exterior surface temperature T2 is obtained from the energy balance at a volume of
control in material B. In this material, there is no generation of heat. For conditions of
steady state and taking a unit surface area, the heat flow in the
The material ax=LA must be equal to the heat flow from the material due to convection.
enx = LB. We then calculate the heat flux by convection on the surface of
material B with the equation:

´´ = ℎ( 2− ∞ )
If we consider that wall A is isolated at its end (x=0) and we set up a balance
of the system's energy, we realize that the energy generated must be equal to
the energy that is removed per unit area in the region exposed to convection. So:
´ = ´´
By combining both equations, we can obtain the surface temperature of the
material B

´
2= ∞+
ℎ
1.5∗ 106 3 ∗ 0.05
2= 30+ = 105
1000 2

Example: A very long rod with a diameter of 5 mm has one end that is kept at
I00°C. The surface of the rod is exposed to ambient air at 25 °C with a coefficient of
heat transfer by convection of 100 W/m2 K.
• Determine the temperature distributions along rods made of

pure copper, aluminum alloy 2024 and stainless steel type AISI 316. What are
What are the corresponding heat losses of the rods?
Calculate the length of the rods so that the assumption of an infinite length of one
exact estimation of heat loss.

Properties: From a Table it is obtained: copper [T= (Tb-Too)/2 =62.5°C =≫ 335 K]:k= 398
W/m • K. Aluminum 2024 (335 K): k = 180 W/m • K. Stainless steel, AISI 316 (335 K): k =
14 W/m • K.
From the assumption of an infinitely long fin. The temperature distribution is:
1
−
ℎ 2 4ℎ 1
= + − ) =( )=( ) 2

Looking at the graph, it is evident that there is little additional heat transfer associated with
the extension of the length of the rod much beyond 50, 200, and 300 mm,
respectively, for stainless steel, aluminum alloy, and copper.
The loss of heat is: = ℎ √
Therefore for copper:

Square root of 100

2
∗ π ∗ 0.005m *398
2
∗ 4(0.005 )2 75°C

8.3W

As there is no heat loss at the end of an infinitely long rod, it is possible

estimate the validity of this approximation by comparing equations 3.81 and 3.85 for the
heat flow from the previous table. For a satisfactory approximation, these expressions
they provide equivalent results if tan hm is greater than 0.99 or hm is greater than 2.65.

M tan h mL = M(3.85); = ℎ√

Therefore, a rod is assumed to be infinitely long if:

2.65
∞= = 2.65 √
ℎ

ℎ 4ℎ
= √ = √

Therefore, for copper:

398 ∗ (0.005 )2
2.65 √ 4 = 0.19
∞=
100 ∗ (0.005 )
Example: A junction of thermocouples (thermopar) whose shape is approximately a
sphere, will be used to measure the temperature in a gas flow. It is known that the
the convection coefficient between the joint surface and the gas is h=40 W/m2K, and that the
Thermophysical properties of the union are k=20 W/mK, Cp=400 J/kg K, and the density =
8500 kg/m3. Determine the necessary joint diameter for the thermocouple to have a
constant temperature at 1 s. If the junction is at 25°C and is placed in a gas flow that
It is at 200°C. How long will it take for the joint to reach 199°C?

Assumptions:
The temperature of the joint is uniform at any moment.
The exchange of radiation with the surroundings is insignificant.
The losses due to conduction through the conductor wires are negligible.
Constant properties.

The diameter of the joint is unknown, so it is not possible to know whether to use this.
the method is suitable (negligible thermal resistance). Therefore, the method will be used for
find the diameter and then determine if it meets the criteria. It is known that for
6
a sphere = 2 = 6

We use the known equations to obtain the diameter.

Thermal constant

1 3
6ℎ 2400 2 *1s
=ℎ 2 ∗ 6
= = = 7.06∗ 10−4
8500 3∗ 400 ∗

The characteristic length for a sphere is Lc = r0/3 and then the number is calculated
Biot

ℎ (3 ) 400 2 ∗ 3.53∗ 10−4

= = = 2.35∗ 10−3
3∗ 20
∗
Since the criterion is met, the time is calculated for the joint to reach 199°C.

* ln( ) = where = − ∞
ℎ
3 − ∞
( 6) ln( ) −
− ∞ ∞
= 2) = ∗ ln( )
ℎ( 6ℎ − ∞

8500∗ 7.06∗ 10−4 ∗ 400 25− 200

3 ∗
= ∗
6∗ 400 199− 200
2∗

= 5.2 ≈5

Example: A solid is suspended in atmospheric air that has a flow temperature.

free at 20°C and a speed of 100 m/s, respectively. The characteristic length is 1m
and the surface is kept at 80°C. Under these conditions, the heat flow measurements
(q'') at a point and the temperature provide values of q''=104 W/m² and 60°C. It will be taken to
I conduct a mass transfer operation for a second solid that has the same
It forms but has a characteristic length of 2m. A thin film of water will evaporate.
about the solid in dry atmospheric air that has a free flow velocity of 50 m/s,
with the air and the solid at a temperature of 50 °C. What are the molar concentration
and the molar flow of water vapor species at a position (x*,y*) that corresponds to the
point at which temperature and heat flow measurements were taken in the first
case?

2
Properties: From a table it is obtained: air (50°C) =≫ = 18.2∗ 10−6 , = 28−
10−3 ∗
, = 0.7

Density of saturated water vapor (50 °C) = −1= 0.082

, 3
^2
Water vapor-air diffusivity (50 °C) =>> = 0.26∗ 10−4

The desired molar concentration and the flow can be determined using the analogy
between heat and mass transfer. Remembering the relationships:
∗ ∗
∗≡ −
= ( ∗, ∗, , ∗−= , ∗, ∗,
∗, ) = ( , ∗ , )
∞− ,∞ − ,

1 1
100*1m
For case 1: ,1= = 2 = 5.5∗ 106, equals zero.7
18.2∗10-6

2 2 50 ∗2
For case 2: ,2= = 2 = 5.5∗ 106
18.2*10 -6

2
18.2∗ 10−6
= = 2
= 0.7
26∗ 10−6

Using the analogy ,1= ,2, = , 1∗ = 2∗ , 1∗ = 2∗ Considering that the

surface geometries are the same, then the temperature distributions and
concentration has the same functional forms.
( ∗, ∗) − , ( ∗ ∗ , ) − 60− 80
= = = 0.33
,∞ − , ∞− 20− 80

∗
If it's dry air...CA,oo=0 (, = ∗) , 1− (0.33 =0.67
) ,

Considering the concentration of water in saturation and converting it into

kmol/m3:

,
0.082 3
, = , ( )
50° = = = 0.0046 3
18

It follows that: ( ∗, ∗
=) 0.67(0.0046 ) =3 0.0031 3

´´
( ∗)
The molar flow can be obtained from the equation: =ℎ ( , − ,∞ )
The analogy is evaluated. From equations 6.49 and 6.53 it is known that if certain conditions are met.
∗ ∗
following relationships, 1 = 2 , ,1 = ,2 , = => = =
the corresponding functional forms are equivalent
ℎ 2 ℎ 1
ℎ= = =
´´
Withℎ = from Newton's law of cooling and equating the Sh and Un numbers
− ∞
2
-4
´´ 0.260 10 4
ℎ = ∗ 1
∗ − = 21∗ ∗( 80−20 )
°C
= 0.077
2 ∞ 0.28 ∗
Replacing to find out the molar flow
´´
( ∗
=) 0.077 ( 0.0046− 0.0 ) = 3.54∗ 10−4
3 ∗ 2
Example: Compressed air at 6 kN/m2 and at a temperature of 300°C flows at a speed
at 10 m/s over a flat plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit
of the width of the plate necessary to maintain its surface temperature of 27 °C.
The cooling flux q’ (W/m) of the plate must be found.

To find the properties of air, the film temperature is used Tf=(300+27)/2= 437 K
and pressure 1 atm

= 30.84∗ 10−6 , = 36.4∗ 10−3 , = 0.687

But the kinematic viscosity of air that should be used is not found at pressure.
atmospheric up to 6 kN/m2. Therefore, using the ideal gas law and
considering that the temperature does not vary and that the density of the air does not either, we can
calculate the new kinematic viscosity from the equation; 1/ 2 = 2/ 1(1 atm =
1.0133x105N/m2

2 1.0133∗ 105 2
−6 ∗ = 5.21∗ 10−4
1= 30.84∗ 10 2
6∗ 103 2

For a unit width plate and using Newton's cooling law, the rate of
heat transfer by convection can be calculated by:
´ = ħ( ∞− )
However, we must know the average value and for that we need to use some of the
correlations already seen. The Reynolds number is first calculated to know what it is
flow regime.

∞
10∗ 0.5
= = 2
= 9597
5.21∗ 10−4

Laminar flow, we use the correlation

1 1 1 1
2
= 0.664∗ 3 = 0.664( 9597)0.687
2( )3
=57.4
57.4∗ 0.0364 2
ħ= = = 4.18 2
0.5
´ = 4.18 2
∗ 0.5 ( 300− 27° ) = 570

Example: Because the molecular weight of hydrogen is very small, its

Gas storage requires very large containers at high pressure.
situations where high-pressure storage is not possible, such as in
applications in cars, H2 is stored by adsorbing it in a hydride powder
from metal. Next, the H2 to be used is desorbed by heating the hydride
from metal until exhausting its volume.
The following relationship relates pressure to temperature.
−3550
h2= exp( + 12.9)

pH is the hydrogen pressure in atmospheres and T is the temperature of the metal hydride.
in Kelvin. The desorption process is therefore an endothermic chemical reaction whose
heat consumption (Eg) can be expressed with the following equation:

Ė = − ´h2∗ 29.5∗ 103

Where− ´h2it is the hydrogen desorption rate (kg/s).
The thermal energy must be supplied by the metal hydride to maintain a
sufficiently high operating temperature. The operating temperature is
determines by the requirement that the pressure of hydrogen must remain
about 1 atm for hydrogen to desorb from the metal hydride.

At a constant speed of 25 m/s, a car consumes hydrogen. ´h2=

1.35∗ 10−4 kthe one that is fed from a stainless steel cylinder of a diameter
interior of Di 0.1 m, length L = 0.8 m and wall thickness t = 0.5 mm.
The container that is loaded with the metal hydride powder is installed in the vehicle.
such that the air passes over it in cross flow at 25 m/s, Too = 23 °C. Determine
how much additional heat, besides that provided by convection from the air, should
supply the container so that h2> 1

Assumptions:
-steady state, incompressible flow conditions
Uniform surface temperature of the cylinder.
Uniform metal hydride temperature.

Air properties at film temperature (Tf=285 K)

2
= 14.56∗ 10−6 , = 25.2∗ 10−3 , = 0.712
∗
316 ( ) = 300 , = 13.4
∗

First, we will look for the minimum operating temperature of the metal hydride, Tmin, which
corresponds to pH,min= 1 atm. The relationship between operating temperature and pressure
previously given can be rearranged:
−3550 −3550
h2= ( + 12.9) => = = 275.2
( )12.9
ln1−
The rate of generation (consumption) of energy associated with the desorption of hydrogen from the
metal hydride at the required flow rate is:

Ė = − ´ℎ2∗ 29.5∗ 103

´h2= 1.35∗ 10−4

Ė = − (1.35∗ 10−4) ∗ 29.5∗ 106 = −3982

To determine the heat transferred by convection to the cylinder, we start by calculating the

( + 2 ) 23∗ (0.1 + 2∗ 0.005 )

= = 2
173.76
14.56∗ 10−6

We now use the corresponding flow correlation over a cylinder:

1/2 1/3 −4/5
0.62
= 0.3+ 1 [1+ ( )5/8]
2 4= 282.000
0.4 3
(1+ ( ) )
1
1/3 −4/5
0.62∗ 173.76∗
2 (0.712) 173.760 5/8
= 0.3+ 1 [1+ ( ) ] = 315.8
2 4= 282.000
0.4 3
(1+ ( 0.712 ) )
Therefore, the average convection coefficient is:

−3
25.3∗ 10 ∗
ħ= = 315.8∗ = 72.6
( +2 ) ( 0.1 + 2∗ 0.005 ) 2∗

From the equation for multilayer flow in cylinders:

∞−
=
+2
ln(
1
+
( + 2 )ħ 2

296 − 275.2
=
0.1
+ 2∗ 0.005
1 ln(
+ 0.1 = 406
0.8 (0.1 )
+ 2∗ 0.005 72.6 2∗ 2 13.4 ∗ ∗ 0.8

The additional thermal energy, , which must be supplied to the container to maintain the
stable operating temperature can be found from an energy balance:
+ +Ė =0

=− − Ė = −406 + 3982 equals 3576

Example: A water heating system from an input temperature.
with an inlet temperature of Tm,i=20°C and an outlet temperature of Tm,o=60°C, water is passed through
through a double-walled tube system that has internal and external diameter
from 20 to 40 mm. The outer surface of the tube is well insulated and the heat is produced
for an electric heater that generates a heat flow per unit volume of
q=106W/m3.

1. For a mass flow rate of m=0.1kg/s, what should be the length of the tube to achieve
the desired output temperature?

To search for the properties of water, a film temperature of Tf=313K is used.

Cp=4179J/kgK.

Since the surface is adiabatic, the energy transmitted to the water is the one generated.
by the electrical system and an energy balanceĖ = energy is obtained
per unit volume transmitted in the cylinder of this problem:Ė =
̇ 4 ( 2− 2 )
Then the heat flow by convection in the tube is:

(̇ 2− 2) = ̇ ( − )
, ,
4
Solving to obtain the required length of the tube
4 ̇
= ∗( , − , )
( 2− 2) ̇
4∗ 0.1∗ 4179
∗
= ∗( 60− 20° ) = 17.7
( 0.04−2 0.02 2∗ 2
) 10 6
3

2. If the internal surface temperature of the pipe is Ts=70°C at the outlet, what is the
local heat transfer coefficient by convection at the outlet?
The local convention coefficient can be found using the law of
Newton's cooling
′′
= ′′ ( ) ℎ = −, ,
Ė ̇ 2 2
′′ = =∗
4

̇
106 ( 0.04−2 0.02 2 )
3
′′ = ∗ = 1.5∗ 104
4 0.02 2

1.5∗ 10^4 2
ℎ = = 1500 2
(70− 60)° ∗

Example: Vapor condenses on the outer surface of a thin circular tube of

diameterD=50 mm and lengthL=6m maintaining a constant surface temperature
at 100°C. Water flows through the pipe at a rate of m=0.25kg/s, and the inlet and
The exit is at temperatures of Tm,i=15°C and Tm,o=57°C. What is the
average convection coefficient associated with water flow?
The average heat transfer coefficient by convection must be found.

To search for the properties of water, the film temperature is used.

Tf=(15+57)/2=36°C
If we combine the equations seen before = ̇ ( , − , ) =
̅
ℎ ∆
̇ ( , − , )
̅ =
ℎ
∗ ∗ ∗∆
We calculate the average temperature
( − , ) −( − , )
∆ =
in(( − , ) − ( − , ))
(100− 57) − (100− 15)
∆ = = 61.6°
ln( (100− 57− 100−
) ( 15) )
The average convection coefficient is then calculated directly.

0.25∗ 4178 ( 57− 15° )

̅ = ∗
ℎ = 755
∗ 0.05 ∗ 6 ∗ 61.6° 2∗

Example: Hot air with a mass of m=0.05kg/s flows through a duct of

uninsulated metal with diameter D=0.15mm and length L=5m. Hot air enters at 103°C
and it cools down at the outlet to 85°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the
output surface of the duct and the ambient air ∞ = 0° It is 6W/m2K.

Calculate the heat lost (W) from the duct over the entire length L.

To search for the properties of air, the average mean temperature is used.
Tm=((103+85)/2)+273=367°C. = 1011 ∗ , , 358 , = 0.0306 ∗ , =
∗
211.7∗ 2 , = 0.698
The balance and energy in the tube buy it: = ̇ ( , − , )
And the heat lost in the entire tube is = 0.05 ∗ 1011 ∗ ∗ 85−
( 103° )= −910

Determine the heat flow and the surface temperature of the duct enx=L.
You can obtain an expression for the heat flow at x=L, using the technique seen in
thermal resistance conduction in series. Here hx(L) is the transfer coefficient of
heat by convection at x=L

′′ (= ) , − ∞
This results 1 1
+
ℎ( ) ℎ
We calculate the Reynolds:
2 4ṁ
= ̇= = 4
=
4∗ 0.05
= = 20050
∗ 0.15 ∗ 211.7∗ 10−7 2
Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
Now considering that (L/D) = 5/0.15=33.3. It is reasonable to assume that the conditions are
completely developed at x=L. We use the correlation seen with n=0.3
4
ℎ ( ) 5 0.3
4
0.3
= = 0.023∗ = 0.023( 20050 )0.698
5( ) =56.4
The heat transfer coefficient by convection inside the tube is:
0.0306
ℎ ( )= = 56.4∗ ∗ = 11.5
0.15 2∗
Replacing in the equation for heat flow

′′ (
( 85− 0° )
)= = 335 2
1 1
( 11.5 + )6 2∗
The heat flow equation from the center of the tube to the surface is
′′ ( ) = , − ,
1
ℎ ( )
We found the surface temperature of the tube at x=L

) ′′( 335 2
=
, , − = 85° − = 55.9°
ℎ ( ) 11.5 2∗
Consider a vertical plate of 0.25 m in length that is at 70°C.
Indicate what type of flow occurs on the surface of the plate.

Air properties at film temperature:

2
= 320.5 ; ν = 17.95∗ 10−6 , = 0.7, = −1= 3.12∗ 10−3 −1

We calculate the Grashof number to see if the flow is laminar or turbulent.

( − )∞ 3
= 2

9.8∗ 23.12∗ ( 10 −3−3 )( 70− 25° ) 0.25 ( )3

= = 6.69∗ 107
2 2
(17.95∗ 10−6 )
= ∗ = 4.68∗ 107
Example: A fire screen with a glass door that is used to reduce it
air filtration from the ambient through a chimney, it has a height of 0.71m and a width of
1.02 m and it reaches a temperature of 232°C. If the temperature of the room is 23°C:
a) Estimate the heat transfer by convection from the chimney to the room.

2
Air = 400 : = 33.8∗ 10−3 ∗
, = 26.4∗ 10−6 , = 38.3∗
2
10−6, = 0.690, = ( 1) = 0.0025 −1

Heat flow by convection =ℎ ̅( − ∞)

The value of h can be obtained from the Rayleigh number.
( )∞ 3
−
=
−1 ( ) ( )3
9.8∗ 20.0025 232− 23° ∗ 0.71
= 2 2
= 1.813∗ 109
38.3∗ 10−6 ∗ 26.4∗ 10−6
It corresponds to the transition to turbulence over the panel. We use the following correlation for
find the Nusselt number
1/6
0.387
̅̅̅ = 0.825+ 9 = 147
492 16 8
(1+ ( ) ) 27

Here we obtain the h

̅̅̅ 147∗ 33.8∗ 10−3 2

̅ =
ℎ = =7
0.71 2
The heat flow nowe s
2 (
=7 2
∗( 102∗ 0.71 ) ∗ 232− 23° ) 1060
=
Example: A counter-flow concentric tube heat exchanger is
used to cool the lubricant oil for the engine of an industrial turbine
large. The cooling water flow through the inside of the tube
(D=25mm) is 0.2kg/s, while the oil flow through the annulus.
The exterior (Do=45mm) is 0.1kg/s. The oil and the water enter at temperatures of
100 and 30°C, respectively. How long should the tube be if the temperature of
Should the oil reach 60°C?
The length of the pipe must be found.

To search for the properties of oil, the film temperature is used.

100+ 60 ∗
= = 80° ; = 2131 , = 3.25∗ 10−2 , 30.138
2 ∗ 2 ∗
To search for the properties of water, a film temperature is used (we assume that
the water is heated to 40°C
30+ 40 ∗
= = 35° ; = 4178 , = 725∗ 10−6 , = 0.625 , = 4.85
2 ∗ 2 ∗

The total heat transfer rate in the exchanger can be obtained from the balance.
from global energy to hot fluid.
= ℎ̇ ,ℎ ( ℎ, − ℎ)

= 0.1∗ 2131 ( 100− 60° ) = 8524

∗
For the cold fluid, a similar expression can be obtained, but now we use it for
find the unknown temperature, that of the cooling water inlet.
Clearing the expression: = ̇ , ( , − , )
8524
=
, + , = + 30° = 40.2°
̇ , 0.2∗ 4178 ∗
We verify that using a temperature of 35°C to evaluate the properties of water
it was adequate. Now we use the equation, = ∆ what considers the area and therefore
the length of the tube used in the heat exchanger for a heat flow. So for a
tube = We calculate the logarithmic mean temperature considering parallel flow.
against the current
( ℎ, − , ) − ( ℎ, − , ) 59.8− 30
∆ = = = 43.2°
ln((( ℎ, − , ) − ( ℎ, − , )) 59.8
ln( 30 )
Disregarding the resistance to flow of the inner tube, the coefficient is calculated.
global heat transfer with the following equation.
1
=
1 1
+
ℎ ℎ0
To find the h, we must find the appropriate Nusselt numbers, but for
To know which correlation to use, we must know the flow regime of the water by calculating the
Reynolds number for water
4 multiplied by 02
=̇ ; = = = 14050
( 0.025m )725 times-610 2
Since the flow is turbulent, the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient (h) are calculated using an appropriate correlation.
4/5 0.4
= 0.023
4
0.4
= 0.023∗ 14050 4.85
5 =90
90∗ 0.625
ℎ = = ∗ 2250
0.025 2
The same procedure is carried out to find the Nusselt number and the coefficient for the
oil ℎ = − = 0.02
( − ) ̇ℎ 4 ̇ℎ
= = ∗ 2− 2
=
( + )
4

4∗ 0.1
−2 = 56
( 0.045+ 0.025 )∗ 3.25∗ 10
Since the flow is laminar and assuming that the temperature on the inner surface of the
the ring is uniform and that its outer surface is perfectly insulated, it
you can obtain the convection coefficient on the surface of the inner tube from the table
(Di/Do)=0.56

ℎ ℎ
= = 5.63
Now we calculate the convection coefficient
0.138
ℎ = 5.63 ∗ = 38.8
0.020 2∗
Global transfer coefficient
1
= = 38.1
1 1 2∗
+
2250 2∗ 38.8 2∗
The necessary length of the tube to achieve a temperature of 60°C of the oil is calculated
isolating L from the equation
8524
= = 65.9
∆ 38.1 ∗ (0.025 )(43.2° )
2
Example 1: A heat exchanger like the one shown in the figure is used to heat.
oil in the tubes (cp = 1.9 kJ/kg °C) from 15°C to 85°C. On the outside of the tubes
It passes steam that enters at 130 °C and exits at 110 °C with a mass flow rate of 5.2 kg/s. The
The global heat transfer coefficient is 275 W/m2°C and for steam it is 1.86.
kJ/kg°C. The heat transfer surface area is 10.83 m2. Calculate the flow of
heat or total heat transferred using the NTU method when the mass flow of oil is
of 0.725 kg/s.

̇
For the steam = = 5.2∗ 1.86 = 9.67
°
For the oil = =0.725*1.9=1.38
°
So the oil is the least
1.38
Value and we calculate = = 0.143
9.67
And the value of NTU = 275∗10.82
= 1380
= 2.156
Let's note that the Cmin (oile ) it is not mixed and Cmax (vapor gas) is mixed and it
apply the equation from the given table to find the effectiveness
1 − )
1 −2.156 )))
∈= (1- exp(− 1− ( )) = (1- exp(−0.143 1 −(
0.143
The maximum temperature variation in the exchanger is determined and multiplied by
the efficiency
∆ =∈∗ ∆ = 0.831∗( 130− 15 =95.5°
)
The necessary heat transfer from the system under these conditions for the oil is
= ∆ = 1.38∗ ̇ 95.5 = 132
An uncovered flat plate solar collector has an absorbing surface of.
emissivity 0.1 and a solar absorptivity of 0.95. At a specific time of the day the
The surface temperature of the absorber is 120°C when the solar irradiation is 750 W/m2.
the effective sky temperature is -10°C, and the ambient air temperature is 30°C. It
assume that the heat transfer coefficient by convection for a normal day
it can be estimated with the equation:
̅ = 0.22(
ℎ − ∞)
1/3
2∗

Calculate the heat removal rate (quW/m2) from the collector for those conditions.
Calculate the efficiency of the collector.
Energy balance on the observer: − ̇ =0̇
Per unit of surface area
+ ′′− − − ′′ =0
Ambient irradiance is calculated with = 4

For this exercise, we will assume that the absorptivity of the sky = = 0.1
Emissivity and absorptivity of the solar panel = 0.1; = 0.95
We apply the equations
Heat flow by conduction ′′ = ℎ̅ ( − ∞ )= 0.22( − ∞)
4/3; = 4

Replacing in the energy balance

4
′′ = + 4
− 0.22 ( − )3 4
∞−
4
′′ = − 0.22( − )3 −4 4
∞− ( )
4
′′ = 0.95∗ 750 − 0.22 (120 − 30 ) 3 − 0.1∗ 5.67∗ 10−8
2 2 2∗ 4
4 4) 4
∗( 393− 263
′′ =
( 712.5− 88.7− 108.1 ) 2
2
= 516 /
The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the fraction of solar irradiation extracted.
of the maximum possible (incident irradiation on the surface
′′ 516 2
= = = 0.69
750 2
Example: Two parallel plates measuring 0.5 by 1m are spaced 0.5m apart, as shown.
shown in the figure. One of the plates (1) is kept at 1000°C and the other at 500°C. The
emissivities of the plates are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. The plates are located in a
very large room, whose walls maintain a temperature of 27°C. The plates exchange heat with each other.
with others and with the room, but only the surfaces of the plates that look at each other
they must be considered for the analysis. Look for the net heat transfer for each
plate and the hall.

This is a problem where 3 bodies are exchanging radiation, the two plates and the
In the living room. A diagram of the exchanged radiation can be observed in the figure.
Problem data
2
1 equals 1000° = 1273 1= 2= 0.5
2= 500° = 77 1= 0.2
3 = 27° = 300 2= 0.5

Since the area of the hall is very large, the resistance1−∈3can be taken as
∈3 3
0 and we obtain b3= 3
The shape factor between the surfaces of the plate is obtained from the figure.
0.5 equals one 1
= = =2
0.5 0.5

12= 0.285 = 21
13 1−
= = 12
0.715
23= 1− 21= 0.715

The resistances in the network diagram are calculated as:

1−∈11− 0.2 1−∈2 1− 0.5
= = 0.8 =
∈1 10.2∗ 0.5 ∈2 20.5∗ 0.5

1 1 1 1
= equals 7.018 = = 2.797
1 120.5∗ 0.285 1 130.5∗ 0.715
1 1
=
2 230.5∗ 0.715

Taking the resistance1−∈3How zero is obtained the network as shown in the previous figure.
∈3 3
A water-resistant fabric is made from a waterproof polymer material. To allow
that the water vapor passes through the fabric, its microstructure consists of pores
openings with a diameter of D=10 um that penetrate the total thickness of L=100um. The diameter of
small pores prevent liquid water from passing through the fabric. Determine the rate at which the
vapor is transmitted through a pore when the liquid (water) saturates the top of
the fabric and when there is a 50%∅ = 50% of relative humidity of the air to inside the
canvas.
I evaluated the transfer rate at a temperature of 298K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

Properties of saturated steam

( )
298 , = 0.03165 ;
2
−4
−( ) 298 : = 0.26∗ 10

We can use the equation to determine the vapor transfer through a single pore.
considering the average molar speed resulting from advection
′′=
1− ,
, ( )
1− ,
2 1− ,
′′ = ′′ = ( )
, ,
4 1− ,
The total concentration of air-vapor is
1.0133
= = 3∗
= 40.9∗ 10−3 3
8.314∗ 10−2 ∗ 298
∗
The mole fraction at x=0 is:
, 0.03165
, = = = 31.23∗ 10−3
1.0133
While at x=L, the mole fraction is
∅∞ , 0.5∗ 0.03165
, = = = 15.62∗ 10−3
1.0133
And we replace the values found in the formula for the total steam flow by the
I work using the equation
2 1− ,
′′ = ′′ = ( )
, ,
4 1− ,
2
(10∗ 10 )2∗ 40.9∗ 10−3 3 ∗ 0.26∗ 10−4 1− 15.62∗ 10−3
′′= ( )
,
4∗ 100∗ 10−6 1− 31.23∗ 10−3
′′= 13.4∗ 10−15
,