Chapter 16
Acids,alkalis &Titrations
The pH scale
Classi cation of solutions according to pH
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Universal indicators
Is made from a mixture of indicators, which change
colour over a range of pH values
It can be used as solution or as paper.
The colour changes form pH 1 up to pH 14
It is not very accurate
Acid-Alkali indicator
Any substance that has di erent colours depending on pH can be used as indicator.
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Acid-Alkali indicator
Litmus is red in acidic solution
Litmus is blue in alkaline ones
In neutral solution, the colour is purple which a mixture of red and blue form
Universal indicator is green in neutral solutions
Acids
Acids
All acids contain hydrogen
When acid react hydrogen in red is replaced
by something else
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl+ H2O(l)
Not all hydrogen in acid are replaceable
Acids Cont.
When acid dissolve in water; they produce
hydrogen ions (H+)
When measuring pH; we are actually measuring
the concentration of H+ ion
Acids are de ned as substances that act as a source of
hydrogen H+
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Bases
• Are substances that neutralize acids by combining with hydrogen ion in them
• Bases in this books: metal oxide, hydroxides and ammonia
Bases
Some bases dissolve in water to form solution containing hydroxide ions; These are
alkalis
Examples of alkalis : sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide ( all group 1
hydroxides)
NaOH(aq) Na + + OH -
Ammonia react with water to form ammonium hydroxide which give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions
NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) +OH-(aq)
Other alkaline solutions
Soluble metal carbonate that dissolves in water to form hydroxides ions
Na2CO3(aq) + H2O NaOH + NaHCO3
Not many soluble carbonate, but sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate are both alkalis
with a pH greater than 7
Reaction of acid with bases
Metal oxides such as copper (II) oxide and magnesium oxide are bases
Copper (II) oxide react with hot sulfruic acid in a neutralisation reaction to produce salt and water
Copper oxide is an ionic compound ; it O-2 ions
O2- ions combine with H+ from acid to form water
Reaction of acids with alkalis
Sodium hydroxide (an alkaline ) react with hydrochloric acid
This is a neutralization reaction
Both sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acids are ions compounds
Reaction of acids with alkalis
Na + and Cl_ are both on both sides of the reaction thus we cal them spectator ions
We could leave the spectator ions out of the equations
OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l)
Titration
Titration can be used to follow the course of neutralisation reaction
Titration Cont.
Final reading on burette/cm3 23.85
Initial reading on burnette/cm3 2.1
Volume of alkali added 21.75
Various other indicator could be used such as methyl orange, but not universal indicator
Titration cont.
The alkali is added to the acid from burette until the colour changes
Rough titration is rst done
Suppose we nd we need 22.5 cm3 of alkali in the rough titration
We then do the titration again; once we reach 20 cm3;We
would then, add the alkali slowly dropwise while stirring
until one drop of alkali changes the colour
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