DYNAMICS

ENGR. EDWARD J. LAFORTEZA

 STATICS
Recalling Newton’s Second Law of Motion ΣF = ma ΣF = 0
external forces a = 0 if the body is:
states that the force acting on the body is • at rest
equal to the product of its mass and • at constant velocity
acceleration.

F = ma
 DYNAMICS
ΣF = ma ΣF = ma
a = any value of an integer
note: +a  acceleration
-a  deceleration
DYNAMICS includes: MOTION

Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion.

Kinematics is used to relate displacement,
velocity, acceleration, and time without MOTION ONLY
reference to the cause of motion.

Kinetics: study of the relations existing between

the forces acting on a body, the mass of the body,
and the motion of the body. Kinetics is used to MOTION + EXTERNAL FORCES
predict the motion caused by given forces or to
determine the forces required to produce a given
motion
Kinematics “MOTION ONLY”
This is defined as the study of motion without regard to the forces or energies that may be involved.
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
initial d final
DISTANCE “d” Hence, d = s
refers to “how much length an s
object has covered” during its
motion.
initial

DISPLACEMENT “s” final

Hence, d ≠ s
Refers to “how far out of place L2
an object is” or the object’s L1
overall change in position
d = L1 + L 2 s = L 1 ─ L2

d final

initial s
Kinematics “MOTION ONLY”
This is defined as the study of motion without regard to the forces or energies that may be involved.
SPEED VS. VELOCITY
FORMULA
SPEED
refers to “how fast an object is
moving.” It is the rate at 𝐝
which an object covers distance speed =
𝐭
distance. “d”

VELOCITY
refers to “the rate at which an
object changes its position.” It 𝐬
displacement velocity =
is the rate at which an object 𝐭
“s”
covers displacement.
Kinematics “MOTION ONLY” Curvilinear Motion Types of Motion:

1. Translational Motion
- is the motion by which a body A Rectilinear Motion B
shifts from one point in space to
another.

2. Rotational Motion
- is the motion by which a body
moves in circles and that the centers
of these circles all on one line called
the axis of rotation.

3. Periodic Motion
- is the motion by which a body
vibrates or oscillates back and forth,
over the same path, each oscillation
taking the same amount of time.
1. Translational Motion - motion by which a body shifts from one point in space to another. This can
be rectilinear (straight line) or curvilinear (curved path).
a. Rectilinear Motion

UNIFORM MOTION UNIFORM ACCELERATION

constant speed/velocity constant acceleration
acceleration is zero
s = vot + 0.5at2 vf = ?
s = vt
vf2 = vo2 + 2as t=?
*d = (speed)(time)
vf = vo + at s=?
Problem 1:
An automobile starting from rest speeds up to 40 m/s with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2, runs at
this speed for a time, and finally comes to rest with a deceleration of 5 m/s2. If the total distance
traveled is 1000 meters.
1 2 3 4

v=0 a = 4 m/s2 v = 40 a = 0 m/s2 v = 40 a = -5 m/s2 v=0

s1-2 s2-3 s3-4

1000 m
1. Find the distance covered during the acceleration. s1-2
Considering Part 1-2: uniform acceleration
(40)2 = (0)2 + 2 (4)(s1-2)
vf2 = vo2 + 2as
(s1-2) = 200 m answer.

s = vot + 0.5at2
t=?
1 2 3 4

v=0 a = 4 m/s2 v = 40 a = 0 m/s2 v = 40 a = -5 m/s2 v=0

s1-2 = 200 m s2-3 s3-4

1000 m

2. Find the distance traveled at the constant speed. s2-3

Considering Part 2-3: uniform motion (a = 0)
s1-2 + s2-3 + s3-4 = 1000 m
s = vt
200 + s2-3 + 160 = 1000 m
Considering Part 3-4: uniform acceleration
s2-3 = 640 m answer.
vf2 = vo2 + 2as

(0)2 = (40)2 + 2 (-5)(s3-4)

(s3-4) = 160 m
1 2 3 4

v=0 a = 4 m/s2 v = 40 a = 0 m/s2 v = 40 a = -5 m/s2 v=0

s1-2 = 200 m s2-3 = 640 m s3-4 = 160 m

1000 m
3. Find the total time of travel. t1-4
Considering Part 1-2: uniform acceleration
t1-4 = t1-2 + t2-3 + t3-4
vf = vo + at (40) = (0) + 4 (t1-2) t1-4 = 10 + 16 + 8
t1-2 = 10 seconds
t1-4 = 34 seconds answer.
Considering Part 2-3: uniform motion (a = 0)
s = vt (640) = (40) (t2-3)
t2-3 = 16 seconds
Considering Part 3-4: uniform acceleration
vf = vo + at (0) = (40) + (-5)(t3-4)
t3-4 = 8 seconds
1. Translational Motion
Variable Acceleration occurs when changes in the velocity of the body is not the same at equal
time intervals.
“the acceleration of the body is changing with respect to time”

Ex. s = 10t3 – 20t2 – 30t + 40

s =v =a

(position) (velocity) (acceleration)

where: t = time

s = 10t3 – 20t2 – 30t + 40 v = 30t2 – 40t – 30 a = 60t – 40

Problem 2:
Position of a particle which moves along a straight line is defined by the relation s = t3 – 6t2 – 15t + 40,
where s is expressed in meters and t is in seconds. Determine:
1. The time at which the velocity will be zero 2. The position and distance traveled by the
particle at that time.
t = 5 seconds

s5 = (5)3 - 6(5)2 - 15(5) + 40 = -60 m (position)

answer.
s = t3 – 6t2 – 15t + 40 (position) initial position: t = 0
ds s0 = (0)3 - 6(0)2 - 15(0) + 40 ; s0 = +40 m
= v = 3t2 - 12t - 15 = 0 (velocity)
dt final position: t = 5 sec s5 = -60 m
Using calculator: For CASIO, use Mode 5-3
For CANON, use Mode 5-down-2 t=5 d t=0

t = 5 seconds t = -1 second (absurd)

answer.
s5 = -60 m s0 = +40 m

d = 40 + 60 = 100 m answer.
Problem 2:
Position of a particle which moves along a straight line is defined by the relation s = t3 – 6t2 – 15t + 40,
where x is expressed in meters and t is in seconds. Determine:
3. The acceleration of the particle at that time
t = 5 seconds t=5 t=4
s = t3 – 6t2 – 15t + 40 (position)
t=6
v = 3t2 – 12t -15 (velocity)
dv
= a = 6t - 12 (acceleration) -60 -52 -50
dt
a5 = 6(5) - 12 = 18 m/s2 answer. @ zero velocity: t = 5 sec s5 = -60 m
4. The distance and displacement traveled by (critical point)
the particle from t = 4 secs to t = 6 secs. distance: d = 8 + 10 = 18 m answer.
initial position: t = 4 sec
displacement: s = 2 m answer.
s4 = (4)3 - 6(4)2 - 15(4) + 40
s4 = -52 m

final position: t = 6 sec

s6 = (6)3 - 6(6)2 - 15(6) + 40
s6 = -50 m
b. Curvilinear Motion - this is defined as the motion that occurs when a particle travels along a
curved path. The curved path can be in two dimensions (in a plane), or in
three dimensions. a tangential acceleration
T
(can be calculated using “uniform acceleration”
formulas and is always constant)
aT UNIFORM ACCELERATION
constant acceleration
aN s = vot + 0.5at2 vf = ?
a
vf2 = vo2 + 2as t=?
R vf = vo + at s=?

aN normal acceleration
(can also be called as radial or centripetal
acceleration)
a total acceleration
v2
aN =
𝐑
a= (aT )2 + (aN )2
where: v = velocity/speed; and R = radius of curvature
Problem 3:
The racing car shown in the figure is travelling at 90 km/h when it enters the semicircular curve at A.
The driver increases the speed at a uniform rate, emerging from the curve at C at 144 km/h.
Determine the following:
90 kph 1. tangential acceleration when the car is at B.
90 km 1 hr 1000 m
speedA = x x = 25 m/s
hr 3600 s 1 km
144 km 1 hr 1000 m
speedC = x x = 40 m/s
hr 3600 s 1 km

vf2 = vo2 + 2as (A – C) note:

(speedC )2 = (speedA)2 + 2 (aT)(dA-C) (dA-C) = π (100) = 100π

(40)2 = (25)2 + 2 (aT) (100π)

aT = 1.552 m/s2
Reminder: tangential acceleration at any point of the
curved path is always constant
144 kph
aT(A) = aT(B) = aT(C) = 1.552 m/s2 answer.
Problem 3: 2. normal acceleration when the car is at B.
90 kph = 25 m/s
v2
aN = where: v = velocity/speed; and R = radius of curvature
𝐑

vf2 = vo2 + 2as (A – B)

(speedB)2 = (speedA)2 + 2 (aT)(dA-B) (dA-B) = 50π

(speedB)2 = (25)2 + 2 (1.552)(50π)
speedB = 33.355 m/s
(33.355)2
aN(B) = = 11.126 m/s2 answer.
100
3. total acceleration when the car is at B.

144 kph = 40 m/s a= (aT )2 + (aN )2

aT(A) = aT(B) = aT(C) = 1.552 m/s2
a= (1.552)2 + (11.126)2 = 11.234 m/s2 answer.
Special Case: Projectile Motion
It is when an object moves in a bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic path. The path that the object
follows is called its trajectory.
v2 = v2x
g = -9.81 m/s2
2
v1
v1y

v3x
Ɵ 3

1 v1x

x-component of the velocities are equal. v1x = v2x = v3x v3

v3y
y-component of the velocities are not equal. v1y ≠ v2y ≠ v3y
Special Case: Projectile Motion

UNIFORM MOTION UNIFORM MOTION (x component)

constant speed/velocity constant speed/velocity vx
s = vt x = vx t

UNIFORM ACCELERATION UNIFORM ACCELERATION (y component)

constant acceleration constant ‘acceleration due to gravity’
s = vot + 0.5at2 vf = ? y = voyt + 0.5gt2 vf = ?

vf2 = vo2 + 2as t=? vfy2 = voy2 + 2gy t=?

vf = vo + at s=? vfy = voy + gt y=?

where: g = -9.81 m/s2

Special Case: Projectile Motion
Special Derived Formulas:
g = -9.81 m/s2

g x2
y = x tanƟ +
2 vo2 cos2Ɵ
vo

ymax - vo2 sin2Ɵ

y ymax =
2g
y
Ɵ

x Note: To attain the maximum possible

horizontal range, a projectile must be
x fired through an angle (Ɵ) of 45° with
the horizontal.

maximum possible horizontal range

Problem 4:
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180m/s at an angle of 30°
with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find the following:
1. the time required for the projectile to travel from the
cliff to the ground.

UNIFORM MOTION (x component)

constant speed/velocity vx
x = vx t
1

UNIFORM ACCELERATION (y component)

2 constant ‘acceleration due to gravity’
y = voyt + 0.5gt2 vf = ?

vfy2 = voy2 + 2gy t=?

vfy = voy + gt y=?

Problem 4:
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180m/s at an angle of 30°
with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find the following:

g = -9.81 m/s2

1. the time required for the projectile to travel from the

v1y
cliff to the ground.

1 y = voyt + 0.5gt2

y= y = v1yt + 0.5gt2 (1 - 2) v1y = (180) sin30° = 90 m/s

(-150) = (90)(t) + 0.5 (-9.81) (t2)
2
t = 19.886 seconds t = -1.538 second (absurd)
answer.
Problem 4:
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180m/s at an angle of 30°
with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find the following:

g = -9.81 m/s2

90m/s
2. the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where
the projectile strikes the ground.
1
x = vx t (1 - 2)

Along the horizontal: vx is constant v1x = v2x

2 x = (180cos30°) (19.886)
x = 3,099.92 m answer.

t = 19.886 seconds (1 - 2)
Problem 4:
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180m/s at an angle of 30°
with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find the following:
3. the greatest elevation above the ground reached by the
g = -9.81 m/s2 projectile.

90m/s UNIFORM ACCELERATION (y component)

constant ‘acceleration due to gravity’
1 3 y y = voyt + 0.5gt2 vf = ?
h vfy2 = voy2 + 2gy t=?
vfy = voy + gt s=?
2

v3y2 = v1y2 + 2gy (1 - 3)

note: along the vertical, the velocity (0)2 = (90)2 + 2 (-9.81) (y) ; y = 412.84 m
at the highest point of the trajectory
is zero. h = (150) + (412.84) ; h = 562.84 m answer.
2. Rotational Motion - This defined as the motion by which a body moves in circles and that the
centers of these circles are all on one line called the axis of rotation.
Translational Motion Rotational Motion
VARIABLE LINEAR ANGULAR RELATIONSHIP
Velocity v ω v = ωr
Displacement s θ s = θr
Acceleration a α a = αr
where: r = radius of rotation
Translational Motion Rotational Motion
LINEAR ANGULAR

vf = vo + at ωf r = ωo r + α r t ωf = ωo + αt

vf2 = vo2 + 2as ωf2 r2 = ωo2 r2 + 2 (α r)(θ r) ωf2 = ωo2 + 2αθ

s = vot + 0.5at2 θ r = ωo r t + 0.5(α r)(t2) θ = ωot + 0.5αt2

Problem 5:
A bicycle slows down uniformly from vo = 8.4 m/s to rest over a distance of 115 meters. Each wheel and
tire have an overall diameter of 68.0 cm. Determine the following:
1. the angular velocity of the wheels at the initial instant.

v = ωr v o = ωo r
vo = 8.4 m/s vf = 0 m/s
(8.4) = (ωo) (0.34) ; ωo = 24.71 rad/s answer.

2. the total number of revolutions each wheel rotates

before coming to rest.

s = θr (115) = (θ) (0.34) ; θ = 338.24 rad

s = 115m 1 rev.
θ = 338.24 rad x
2π rad
diameter = 68cm = 0.68m
r = 0.34m θ = 53.83 revolutions answer.
Problem 5:
A bicycle slows down uniformly from vo = 8.4 m/s to rest over a distance of 115 meters. Each wheel and
tire have an overall diameter of 68.0 cm. Determine the following:
3. the angular acceleration of the wheel.

vo = 8.4 m/s vf = 0 m/s

ωf2 = ωo2 + 2αθ

(0)2 = (24.71)2 + 2 (α) (338.24)

s = 115m
Note: θ should always be in terms of radians (rad)
diameter = 68cm = 0.68m
α = -0.903 rad/s2 answer.
r = 0.34m
ωo = 24.71 rad/s
θ = 338.24 rad = 53.83 rev.
Problem 5:
A bicycle slows down uniformly from vo = 8.4 m/s to rest over a distance of 115 meters. Each wheel and
tire have an overall diameter of 68.0 cm. Determine the following:
4. the time it took the bicycle to come to a full stop.

vo = 8.4 m/s vf = 0 m/s

ωf = ωo + αt

(0) = (24.71) + (-0.903) (t)

s = 115m
t = 27.36 seconds answer.
diameter = 68cm = 0.68m
r = 0.34m
ωo = 24.71 rad/s
θ = 338.24 rad = 53.83 rev.
α = -0.903 rad/s2
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