Exported for Ruolin Hu on Thu, 05 Sep 2024 [Link] GMT
Chapter 9: “Critical Reasoning about
Science: Cases and Lessons”
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Test Question 9.1
Review
The fact that this chapter presents four studies on the medical efficacy of prayer, suggests that the author of this
textbook believes in the power of prayer.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
b - False
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Test Question 9.2
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Claims and practices do not qualify as scientific if they do not possess the virtues of reliability, honesty, and the
overriding aim of achieving accurate explanations.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
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a - True
Test Question 9.3
Review
Experiments typically produce more reliable data than that gathered through observational studies.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
a - True
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Test Question 9.4
Review
The term “scientism” can be used pejoratively, to refer to a perceived overvaluation of the methods of science.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
a - True
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Test Question 9.5
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Scientific claims must be assumed to be false if they have not been published in a respected academic journal.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
b - False
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Test Question 9.6
Review
Phlogiston is an element that is released as a byproduct of combustion.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
b - False
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Test Question 9.7
Review
Double-blinding ensures that a participant in a study does not know the identity of other subjects in the test
group.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
b - False
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Test Question 9.8
Review
When science is genuinely scientific, there is no possibility that observations or outcomes could show the
theory or explanation to be false.
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a True
b False
Correct Answer:
b - False
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Test Question 9.9
Review
Something that is not a worry about longitudinal studies is:
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you could end up measuring a change that would have happened even without the imposition of test
a
conditions
if some confounding factor occurs to you after performing the test, there’s no way to go back and check
b
for that factor
because the test group also serves as the control group, there is no source of further uncontaminated
c
information once the test has been performed
scientists often lose interest in projects that extend over too long a period of time, so longitudinal
d
studies are less likely to be completed
Correct Answer:
d scientists often lose interest in projects that extend over too long a period of time, so longitudinal studies
- are less likely to be completed
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Test Question 9.10
Review
A hypothesis can also accurately be referred to as a(n):
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a conjecture
b theory
c question under investigation
d explanation based on observational evidence
Correct Answer:
a - conjecture
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Test Question 9.11
Review
The class of alleged entities that are typically dismissed as inconsistent with naturalism are ones that have
failed to be:
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a detectable
b explanatory
c tangible
d predictive
Correct Answer:
c - tangible
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Test Question 9.12
Review
The study that used pair-matching rather than randomization in deciding treatment and control group
assignments was the:
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a Sicher Study
b Byrd Study
c Harris Study
d Rosenthal Study
Correct Answer:
a - Sicher Study
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Test Question 9.13
Review
Which of the following is not an accurate assessment of the IVF prayer study:
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a the methodological flaws of this study make it unreliable
b there is good reason to completely dismiss the findings of this study
c each of the three authors associated with this study is suspect in some way
this study is deeply flawed, but is redeemed by the fact that it has been published in a professional
d
journal
Correct Answer:
c - each of the three authors associated with this study is suspect in some way
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Test Question 9.14
Review
One flaw that the Sicher, Byrd, and Harris Studies all have in common is:
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a blinding irregularities
b problems with test and control group assignments
c E-bias
d the use of multiple endpoints
Correct Answer:
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d - the use of multiple endpoints
Completion
Complete each statement.
Test Question 9.15
Review
Fill in the Blanks
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With their double-helix model of the molecular structure of DNA, Watson and Crick demonstrated the
phenomenon of Write your response here... : the application of this model to other domains added
further warrant both to it and to the theories with which it interacted.
Correct Answer:
With their double-helix model of the
molecular structure of DNA, Watson
and Crick demonstrated the
phenomenon of
consilience
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Test Question 9.16
Review
Fill in the Blanks
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Write your response here... is the view that there are no supernatural entities.
Correct Answer:
metaphysical naturalism
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Test Question 9.17
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The Write your response here... is demonstrated when people experience improvement in a medical
condition as a result of believing that they are receiving treatment for that condition.
Correct Answer:
The
placebo effect
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Test Question 9.18
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In a Write your response here... , data about a single test group is collected over time, creating a control
group effect without requiring two groups for the study.
Correct Answer:
In a
longitudinal study
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Test Question 9.19
Review
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Double-blinding is used in experiments when Write your response here... might result from the influence
of the experimenters beliefs, attitudes and emotional commitments.
Correct Answer:
Double-blinding is used in
experiments when
E-bias/experimenter bias
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Test Question 9.20
Review
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If we get an outcome not predicted by the theory being tested in an experiment, it’s possible that we may need
to reject one of the Write your response here... instead of rejecting the theory itself.
Correct Answer:
If we get an outcome not predicted
by the theory being tested in an
experiment, it’s possible that we
may need to reject one of the
auxiliary hypotheses
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Exported for Ruolin Hu on Thu, 05 Sep 2024 [Link] GMT
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