Filipino Personality

and Social Work

Prepared by: RHEA LYNNE E. FUENTES, RSW
Prepared for: CQA Review Center
Objectives:
1. To be able to understand and recall the concepts of Theories
of Personality for the upcoming Licensure Examination for Social
Workers.
2. To learn and develop techniques in answering questions for
the actual board exam.

2
Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a
person’s behavior.

Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency

of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations.

Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include

such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.

3
Psychodynamic Theories
Freud, Adler, Jung, Horney, Fromm, Erikson

Behavior is driven by unconscious motives,

early childhood experiences, and inner
conflicts.
Sigmund Freud
-Psychoanalytic Theory
✓ Levels of Mental Life
✓ Provinces of Mind
✓ Dynamics of Personality
✓ Defense Mechanisms
✓ Stages of Development
(Psychosexual Stages)

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Sigmund Freud
-Psychoanalytic Theory

1. What’s one thing you’re thinking about

right now that you’re fully aware of?

2. What’s something you know but aren’t

thinking about at the moment?

3. What’s a hidden fear, desire, or memory

that might influence you without you
realizing?

6
✓ Levels of Mental Life
✓ Unconscious- drives, urges, or
instincts that are beyond our
awareness but motivate most of our
words, feelings, and actions.
✓ Proof of existence (indirectly):
dreams, slips of the tongue,
repression
✓ Phylogenetic Endowment- portion
of our unconscious originates from
the experiences of our early
ancestors
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✓ Levels of Mental Life
✓ Preconscious- not conscious but can
become conscious either quite readily
or with some difficulty
✓ Two sources:
✓ conscious perception
✓ and unconscious
✓ Conscious-mental elements in
awareness at any given point in time

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✓ Provinces of Mind/Structures of Personality-
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO- work together to create
complex human behavior
✓ Systems of mind
✓ Each system constantly struggles to
dominate personality
✓ ID- unconscious
✓ EGO- conscious, unconscious,
preconsious
✓ SUPEREGO- unconscious, preconscious
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✓ ID- the origin of personality
✓ Has no objecctive knowledge of reality
✓ Entirely unconscious
✓ Follows pleasure principle
✓ 2 categories of instinct:
✓ Eros- life instinct/sexual instinct/self-
preservative instinct
✓ Thanatos- death instinct/re-establish
a state of things that was disturbed by
the emergence of life

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✓ Ego- reality principle
○ Weighs the cost and benefits of an action
○ Reaction to threatening surges of instincts
is anxiety
○ Anxiety- a state of extremely unpleasant
emotional discomfort.
○ 3 types of Anxiety:
● Moral- result from guilt, dictated by
super-ego
● Reality- cause by real sources of
danger
● Neurotic- fear that ID overpowers ego
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control
✓ Super-ego- holds moral standards and
our sense of right and wrong
○ Morality principle
○ Subsystem:
● Conscience- guilt and intense
feeling of regret
● Ego-ideal- rewards proper
behavior
● Feelings of inferiority arise if
ego is unable to meet
superego’s standard of
perfection
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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
✓ Freud considered sexual behavior and aggression to be instinctive
drives.
○ Aggression helps animals to obtain food and territory
○ Sexual behavior maintains species
○ However, in our species, we are against explicit sexual actions
and uncontrolled violence
○ This struggle bet. biological drives and social inhibitions
produces anxiety; defense mechanisms are used to control
anxiety effectively
○ Defense mechanisms are used to distort reality and are
unconsciously manifested 13
Instincts and Defense Mechanism
Jenna discovered that she has liver cirrhosis. Rather than succumbing to fear or
anxiety, she chose to stay calm and concentrate on learning about the underlying
causes of her condition. She also took time to reflect on her past lifestyle choices that
may have played a role in the development of her illness.

a. Rationalization
b. Internalization
c. Introjection
d. Intellectualization

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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
✓ Denial- used to describe those who seem unable to face reality and
admit an obvious truth
○ For example, drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they
have a problem, while victims of traumatic events may deny that
the event ever occurred.
✓ Repression- acts to keep information out of conscious awareness;
unconscious forgetting
○ For example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse
suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming
relationships.

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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
✓ Displacement- involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and
impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
○ When displacement results in something beneficial to
civilization, it is called SUBLIMATION.
○ For example, a person experiencing extreme anger might take
up kick boxing as a means of venting frustration.
✓ Projection- the attribution of one’s own undesirable thoughts or
characteristics to other people.
○ For example: someone who steals and incorrectly assumes other
people cannot be trusted

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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
✓ Intellectualization- people reason about a problem to avoid
uncomfortable/distressing emotions
○ This defense mechanism allows us to avoid thinking about the
stressful, emotional aspect of the situation and focus only on the
intellectual component.
✓ Rationalization- involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or
feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true explanation
for the behavior.
○ For example, a person who is turned down for a date might
rationalize the situation by saying they weren't attracted to the
other person anyway.
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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
○ Sour grape mechanism - this is illustrated by an old fable about
the fox who tried without success to reach a bunch of grapes
hanging over his need. When he did not get them he told himself
that they were too sour anyway.
○ Sweet lemon attitude - this is illustrated by a philosophy which
says not in doing what you like but in liking what you do is the
secret of happiness. For example, a person who is not satisfied
with his job may pretend to himself that he is enjoying but when
he actually not.

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Instincts and Defense Mechanism
✓ Regression- a person returns to an earlier stage of development
when he/she experiences stress.
✓ Identification-Tendency to increase feelings of worth by taking on
the characteristics of someone viewed as successful. Are repressed
by expression of their opposite goals
✓ Reaction Formation – when an individual exhibits, and at the
conscious level believes she possesses feelings opposite to those
possessed at the unconscious level.
○ An example of reaction formation would be treating someone
you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to
hide your true feelings.
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✓ Personality is mostly established by the age of five. Early
experiences play a large role in personality development and
continue to influence behavior later in life.

✓ Personality develops through a series of childhood stages during

which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on
certain erogenous areas.

✓ This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving

force behind behavior. If the stages are completed successfully, the
result is a healthy personality.
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✓ If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation
can occur.

✓ A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage.

Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this
stage

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PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
APPRO EROGENOUS
STAGES GRATIFICATION CONFLICT
X. AGE ZONE

Eating, biting, thumb, sucking,

1. Oral 0-1 Mouth Weaning
chewing

Discharging and retaining

2. Anal 2-3 Anus Toilet training
bowel retaining

Penis for males, clitoris for Boy- Oedipus complex, Girl-

3. Phallic 4-6 Genital
females Electra complex

Directed to same sex, school Social interactions with

4. Latency 6-12 None
works hobbies others

12- Heterosexual mating, Establishing intimate

5. Genital Genital
adult maturation relationships
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ALFRED ADLER
-Individual Psychology

✓ Striving for Success or Superiotiy

✓ Subjective Perceptions
✓ Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality
✓ Social Interest
✓ Style of Life
✓ Creative Power

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✓ First Tenet: The one dynamic force behind
people’s behavior is the striving for
success or superiority.
✓ Striving for Superiority- it is an innate
need, superiority is the ultimate goal
towards which we strive. It could be
beneficial or harmful.
✓ Aggression-> Masculine Protest -> Striving
for Superiority -> Striving for success

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✓ Striving for Superiority= personal interest

✓ Striving for success= social interest

✓ Final Goal/Fictional Finalism is a doctrine

or belief that all events are determined by
their purposes or goals.

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✓ Feeling of Inferiority- This inferior feeling
might stimulate in a child an intense desire
to seek power, thereby overcoming the
feelings of inferiority.

✓ When one feels inferior, he is driven to

accomplish something.

✓ The Striving Force as Compensation

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Subjective Perceptions
✓ Second tenet: People’s subjective
perceptions shape their behavior and
personality.

✓ This subjective, fictional final goal guides

our style of life, gives unity to our
personality.

✓ Teleology= Adler; Causality= Freud

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Unity and Self-consistency
✓ Third tenet: Personality is unified and self-
consistent.

✓ Individual psychology= each person is

unique and indivisible

✓ Unity of personality
✓ Self-consistency of behavior towards the
goal. Inconsistencies do not exist.

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Unity and Self-consistency
✓ The whole person strives in a self-
consistent fashion toward a single goal, and
all separate actions and functions can be
understood only as parts of this goal.

✓ Organ Dialect- the body’s organs “speak a

more expressive language and discloses the
individual’s opinion more clearly than words
are able to do.

✓ The harmony between conscious and

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unconscious.
Social Interest

✓ Fourth Tenet: The value of all human

activity must be seen from the viewpoint of
social interest.
✓ Gemeinschaftsgefühl = social interest;
social feeling” or “community feeling”
✓ It originates from the mother-child
relationship during the early months of
infancy
✓ Barometer of normality
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Style of life

✓ Fifth Tenet: The self-consistent personality

structure develops into a person’s style of
life.

✓ Style of life includes a person’s goal, self-

concept, feelings for others, and attitude
toward the world.

✓ dominant, getting, avoiding, and socially

useful type 31
Creative Power
✓ Last Tenet: Style of life is molded by
people’s creative power.

✓ His concept of creative power/self

underscored his belief that human nature
is essentially active, creative and
purposeful in shaping its response to the
environment.

✓ The creative self produces, establishes,

maintains, and pursues the goals of the
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individual.
External Factors in Maladjustment
✓ Three sources in childhood
✓ Organ Inferiority- People are more
vulnerable to disease in organs that are
less developed, or, “inferior” than other
organs.
● Spoiling or Pampering Inferiority-
Types of pampering: Overindulgence,
Over permissiveness, Over domination,
Overprotection
● Neglect inferiority- neglected,
unwanted rejected, lack of love, lack of
attention and security 33
✓ Inferiority complex- A condition that
develops when a person is unable to
compensate for normal inferiority feelings.

✓ Superiority Complex- a condition that

develops when a person over compensate
for normal inferiority feelings.

✓ Safeguarding tendencies=Defense
Mechanism
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Applications of Individual Psychology
✓ Birth Order and Family Constellation
○ First born- the focus of attention until the
next child is born, and he is “dethroned”
○ Second born- extremely ambitious since
he is constantly attempting to catch up w/
the older sibling
○ Youngest is the second worse position
after the first born. Usually spoiled and can
never be independent.
○ Only child is never dethroned by another
sibling, often very sweet, and affectionate
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36
Erik Homburger Erikson
-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

✓ Overview of Post-Freudian Theory

✓ The Ego
✓ Stages of Psychosocial Development

37
✓ Epigenetic Principle- states four
conditions of human development
○ People grow, in sequence, in time, and
together in community
○ Each stage has a crisis, a turning point,
if resolved positively, a virtue will be
gained which will strengthen the Ego
✓ Resolution of crisis is reversible
✓ Autonomy of the ego= ego psychology
✓ Extended the stages of Freud

38
The Ego

✓ Ego- a positive force that creates a self-

identity, a sense of “I”
✓ Ego adapts to various conflicts and crises
of life
✓ 3 interrelated aspects:
○ body ego- experiences w/ our body
○ ego ideal- image we have of ourselves
in comparison to ideals
○ ego identity-image we have ourselves
in variety of social roles we play 39
Stages of Pyschosocial Development
✓ Basic points:
1. Growth takes places according to
epigenetic principle
2. Every stage of life there is an interaction
of opposites- syntonic (harmonious) and
dystonic element (disruptive)
3. The conflict between these elements
produces an ego quality or ego strength-
basic strength
4. Too little basic strength at any one stage
results in a core pathology
40
Stages of Pyschosocial Development
✓ Basic points:
5. Although there are eight psychosocial
stages, Erikson never lose sight of the
biological aspect of human development
6. Events in earlier stages do not cause later
personality development. It means ego
identity is shaped by past, present, and
anticipated events
7. During each state, personality development
is charaterized by an identity crisis

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CARL JUNG
-AnalyticalPsychology
✓ Levels of the Pysche
✓ Conscious
✓ Personal Unconscious
✓ Collective Unconscious
✓ Archetypes- Persona, Shadow, Anima,
Animus, Great Mother, Wise Old Man,
Hero, Self
✓ Psychological Types

43
Spirituality and God beliefs are found in every
culture. This is an example of what concept?

a. Personal Unconscious
b. Collective Unconscious
c. Fictional Finalism
d. Teleology

44
CARL JUNG
Psycho-Analytic Theory
✓ Libido is a creative life force that could be applied in
continous psychological growth of the person.
✓ Human psyche is embedded in the past, present,
future
✓ It consist of contradicting behaviors which will bring
into harmony with each other.
✓ Teleogy- term used by Jung to explain human
behavior, one must understand his/her goals and
aspirations
✓ Mandala- symbol for the self

45
Levels of Psyche
Conscious Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious
Everything of Consist of materials that were Collective experiences during a
which we are once conscious but were revolutionary past or the accumulation
conscious. repressed or forgotten, or of ancestral experiences.
were not vivid enough to makeArchetype- an inherited pre-
a conscious impression at first.
disposition to respond to certain
Complexes- emotionally toned aspects in the world.
combination of associated
ideas

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Common Archetypes

1. The Persona 2. The Shadow 3. Anima -

Greek word for Darkest and deepest Female
“mask” or “one’s part of the psyche; part component of
public self.” of the collective the male
This is part of unconscious which we psyche.
the psyche by inherit from pre-human 4. Animus -
which we are ancestors which Masculine
known by other contains animal component of
people. instincts, and because the female
of this we have strong psyche.
tendency to be immoral
& aggressive 47
Common Archetypes

5. Great 6. Wise Old Man- 7. Hero-

Mother- wisdom and represents
represents meaning, symbolizes victory over
two opposing human’s preexisting the forces of
forces. Fertility knowledge of the darkness
and mysteries of life.
nourishment/p
ower and
destruction

48
Common Archetypes

8. The Self
Component of the psyche that attempts to
harmonize all the other components; a person
striving for unity, wholeness, and integration of
the total personality toward self-actualization.

49
Psychological Types
○ Two orientations (attitudes) the psyche could have in
relating to the world:
● Introversion- A person who tends to be quiet,
imaginative and more interested in ideas than in
other people.
● inward, towards the subjective world of the
individual
● Extraversion- A person tends to be sociable,
outgoing & interested in people and things.
● outward, towards the external environment
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Function of thoughts

Are you more driven by logic or emotions?

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Function of thoughts

✓ Sensing- Detects the presence of things, but

does not indicate what it is.
✓ Thinking- Tells what a thing is, gives names to a
thing that is sensed
✓ Feeling- Tells whether a thing is acceptable or
unacceptable; pertains to liking and disliking.
✓ Intuiting-Hunches about past or future events
when factual information is not available.

52
By combining 2 attitudes and 4
functions, 8 different type of people is
possible:

✓ Sensing Introvert/Extrovert- detached from

human affairs/ socially adaptive. Intuition is
repressed.
✓ Thinking Introvert/Extrovert- very intellectual
who ignores practicality of daily living/positive
and dogmatic in thinking. Feeling is repressed.

53
By combining 2 attitudes and 4
functions, 8 different type of people is
possible:
✓ Feeling Introvert/Extrovert- very little
expression of emotion/sociable, seeks harmony
with the world. Thinking is repressed.
✓ Intuiting Introvert/Extrovert- life is guided by
inner experiences rather than outer
ones/decision is guided by hunches rather than
facts. Sensation is repressed.

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55
Karen Horney
-Psychoanalytic Social Theory
/Neurotic Needs
✓ Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
✓ Neurotic Trends
✓ Feminine Psychology- womb envy

56
✓ Children who grow up feeling unsafe, unloved,
and undervalued develop anxiety and
consequently adopt maladaptive strategies to
cope with this anxiety.
✓ Basic evil- defined as parental indifference
and may refer to any behavior that does not
meet a child’s psychological needs.
✓ Basic hostility- feelings of anger at one’s
parents or caregivers and frustration because
of one’s dependence on them.

57
✓ Basic anxiety- refers to the maladaptive
patterns that develop when children are
exposed to basic evil or any environment
that does not meet their basic needs.
○ Leads to formulation of interpersonal
strategies of defense- rigid ways of
relating to others that may be
understood in terms of whether they
move toward, against, or away from
others

58
Please Mark These “True” or “False” as They Apply to
You.

1. It’s very important to me to please other people.

2. When I feel distressed, I seek out an emotionally
strong person to tell my troubles to.
3. I prefer routine more than change.
4. I enjoy being in a powerful leadership position.
5. I believe in and follow the advice: “Do unto others
before they can do unto me.

59
Please Mark These “True” or “False” as They Apply to You.
6. I enjoy being the life of the party.
7. It’s very important to me to be recognized for my accomplishments.
8. I enjoy seeing the achievements of my friends.
9. I usually end relationships when they begin to get too close.
10. It’s very difficult for me to overlook my own mistakes and personal flaws.

These questions represent 10 important needs proposed by Karen Horney.

Please know that marking an item in the direction of neurotic needs does not
indicate that you are emotionally unstable or driven by neurotic needs.

60
3 MODES OF ADAPTATION/Neurotic Needs

Healthy people solve their basic conflict by

using all three neurotic trends, whereas
neurotics compulsively adopt only one of
these trends.

61
Erich Fromm
-Humanistic Psychoanalysis
✓ Fromm’s Basic Assumptions
✓ Human Needs
✓ The Burden of Freedom

62
✓ Modern day people are separated from
their pre-historic union with nature and
fellow humans.
✓ His humanistic psychoanalysis assumes
that humanity’s separation from the
natural world has produced feelings of
loneliness and isolation, a condition
called basic anxiety.
✓ Self-awareness contributes to feelings
of loneliness, isolation, and
homelessness.
63
✓ Existential Dichotomy- two horned
dilemma/problem; example: We want peace
but we create weapons of war.
✓ To escape these feelings, people strive to
become united with others and with nature.
✓ Only the uniquely human needs of
relatedness, transcendence, rootedness,
sense of identity, and a frame of orientation
can move people toward a reunion with the
natural world.

64
65
✓ Pattern shows neurotics give up freedom
because it entails responsibility

✓ Positive freedom- twin components: love

and work

✓ If not solve will lead to neurosis/anxiety

66
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow, Rogers

People are inherently good, have free will,

and are driven by a desire to grow and reach
their full potential (self-actualization).

67
ABRAHAM MASLOW
-Holistic Dynamic Theory
✓ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of
motivation which states that human needs
dictate an individual’s behavior.
✓ It assumes that the whole person is
constantly being motivated by one need or
another and that people have the potential
to grow toward psychological health, that is,
self-actualization

68
69
Carl Rogers
-Person-Centered Theory
✓ The formative tendency states that all matter, both organic and
inorganic, tends to evolve from simple to more complex forms.
✓ Humans and other animals possess an actualization tendency: that
is, the predisposition to move toward completion or fulfillment.
✓ Self-actualization develops after people evolve a self-system and
refers to the tendency to move toward becoming a fully functional
person.
✓ An individual becomes a person by making contact with a caregiver
whose positive regard for that individual fosters positive self-regard.
70
Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
✓ Barriers to psychological growth exist when a person
experiences conditions of worth, incongruence,
defensiveness, and disorganization.
✓ Conditions of worth and external evaluation lead to
vulnerability, anxiety, and threat and prevent people
from experiencing unconditional positive regard.
✓ Incongruence develops when the organismic self
and the perceived self do not match, people will
become defensive and use distortion and denial as
attempts to reduce incongruence. 71
Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
✓ Vulnerable people are unaware of their incongruence and are likely
to become anxious, threatened, and defensive.
✓ When vulnerable people come in contact with a therapist who is
congruent and who has unconditional positive regard and
empathy, the process of personality change begins.
✓ This process of therapeutic personality change ranges from
extreme defensiveness, or an unwillingness to talk about self, to a
final stage in which clients become their own therapists and are
able to continue psychological growth outside the therapeutic
setting.
72
Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory

✓ The basic outcomes of client-centered

counseling are congruent clients who are
open to experiences and who have no
need to be defensive.
✓ Theoretically, successful clients will
become persons of tomorrow, or fully
functioning persons

73
Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
✓ Characteristics of a fully functioning person:
1. They are more adaptable, they would be more likely to survive.
2. They are open to experience, positive and negative emotions. Negative
feelings are work through. Related characteristic: Organismic Trust feeling of
gut reactions. Our own decisions are the right ones and we should trust
ourselves to make the right choices.
3. Existential living is in touch with more experience in life as they occur. Living
in the moment and appreciating the present.
4. Ability to experience harmonious relations with others- authentic relation with
others
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Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
✓ Characteristics of a fully functioning person:

5. More integrated, more whole- bridge the gap

between real and ideal self

6. Basic trust of human nature- they would not harm

others for personal gain

7. They would enjoy greater richness in life

75
Learning Theories
Skinner, Bandura

Behavior is shaped and controlled by the

environment through learning, specifically
conditioning.

76
Precursors to Skinner’s
Scientific Behaviorism
✓ Edward Thorndike- law of effect (satisfier and annoyer)
○ Puzzle Box Experiment- Pressing the lever → escape
+ food (a satisfying outcome)

✓ Ivan Pavlov- Classical conditioning: a response is drawn

out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus

✓ John B. Watson- Father of Behaviorism- Little Albert

experiment
77
78
Mae noticed that when he left for work at
6:10 a.m. in his city, he encountered heavy
traffic, but when he left at the same time in
other cities, traffic was lighter. As a result,
she learned to adjust his departure time only
when in his city, recognizing that traffic
patterns vary by location.

a. Conditioned Response
b. Stimulus Generalization
c. Operant Discrimination
d. Unconditioned Stimulus

79
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Operant Reinforcement Theory
✓ Determinist- rejected the notion of free will.
✓ Behavior can be explained and controlled purely by manipulation and
there is no need to make any inferences about the events that are
going on inside the organism.
✓ Operant conditioning- if a response is followed by a reward,
response will be strengthened.
✓ Reinforcement- positive or negative always increases the response
✓ Punishment- positive or negative always decreases the response.

80
Burrhus Skinner
Operant Reinforcement Theory
✓ Related concepts to Reinforcement:
○ Shaping- process of reinforcing successive
approximations, the experimenter or the environment
gradually shapes the final complex set of behaviors
○ Operant discrimination-when an organism learns to
respond to a specific stimulus but not to other similar
stimuli

81
Burrhus Skinner
Operant Reinforcement Theory
✓ Related concepts to Reinforcement:
○ Stimulus generalization- response to a similar
environment in the absence of previous reinforcement
○ Extinction- refers to the gradual weakening of a
conditioned response that results in the behavior
decreasing or disappearing
○ Spontaneous recovery- reappearance of conditioned
response after a rest period

82
Schedules of Reinforcement
✓ Continuous schedule- the organism is reinforced for
every response
✓ Intermittent schedule- behavior os reinfroced only some
of the time
○ Fixed-ratio
○ Variable-ratio
○ Fixed-interval
○ Variable-interval

83
Type Based On Description Example
Reinforce after a
Food every 5
Fixed Ratio (FR) Responses set number of
lever presses
responses
Reinforce after a
Variable Ratio Slot machine
Responses random number
(VR) wins randomly
of responses

Reinforce after a Food every 30

Fixed Interval (FI) Time set amount of seconds if lever
time is pressed

Reinforce after
Variable Interval Checking phone,
Time random time
(VI) email responses
intervals
84
Albert Bandura
-Social Cognitive/Learning Theory

✓ Observational learning is the process

where the behavior of one person
changes as a result of merely being
expose to the behavior of another.
○ Live modeling- physically present
○ Symbolic modeling- exposed to
models indirectly

85
✓ Triadic Reciprocal Causation
○ Human action is a result of an interaction among 3 variables
● Environment- what’s happening around you
● Behavior- what you do
● Person- what’s going on inside you
○ They all influence each other:
● Your thoughts can affect how you behave
● Your behavior can change your environment
● Your environment can shape your thoughts and actions.

86
✓ Human Agency
○ meaning that humans have the capacity to exercise control
over their own lives
○ an active process of exploring, manipulating, and influencing
the environment in order to attain desired outcomes.
○ Self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs in their capability to
exercise some measure of control over their own functioning
and over environmental events”
● refers to people’s confidence that they have the ability
to perform certain behaviors

87
✓ Processes of Modelling: ARMM
○ Attentional - focuses, recognizes, & discriminates
distinctive features of model responses;
○ Retentional – imprints some symbolic form either in
images or verbal form;
○ Motor reproduction – reproduces behaviour
responses perform be particular model;
○ Reinforcement & motivational – retrieve the
relevant images and verbal symbol into overt
behaviour.

88
Cognitive Development
Piaget, Kohlberg

Behavior is influenced by mental processes

like thinking, perceiving, remembering, and
problem-solving.

89
Jean Piaget
-Cognitive Development Theory
✓ Children are not just mini adults, they
think and understand the world in
different ways at different ages.
✓ Piaget believed that children go through
four universal stages of cognitive
development, and learning happens as
they actively explore and interact with
their environment.

90
Key Concepts:

✓ Schemas- mental structures or

frameworks to organize knowledge
✓ Assimilation- fitting new information
into existing schemas
✓ Accommodation- changing or creating
new schemas to fit new information
✓ Equilibration- process of balancing
assimilation and accommodation

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Stage Age Range Characteristics and Abilities

- Learn through senses and actions-

Sensorimotor 0–2 years Develop object permanence (knowing
things exist even when unseen)

- Use language and imagination- Egocentric

Preoperational 2–7 years (can’t see others’ viewpoints)- Difficulty with
logic and conservation

- Think logically about concrete things-

Concrete Understand conservation (quantity remains
7–11 years
Operational the same) and reversibility (mentally
reverse or undo action)
- Think abstractly, reason hypothetically-
Formal Operational 12+ years Can form and test hypotheses (“what if”
thinking) 92
Lawrence Kohlberg
-Moral Development Theory
✓ Moral development- is the process by
which people develop the distinction
between right and wrong (morality) and
engage in reasoning between the two
(moral reasoning).
✓ HEINZ dilemma

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Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development Theory

94
95
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✓ RHEA LYNNE MORDENO ESTROSOS-FUENTES

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