15A 1 and Enantiomers
Chirality
same M F S.F
897g YE
Differ in 3D spatial
n orientation of their
mycotoxin
Chain Isomerism IAS
[Link]
Geometric isomerism
Position Isomerism Its IAs a cis ing's'ysÉñ
Functional IAS b E
group isomerism system
2
Tautomerism Optical isomerism IAL
or
Metamerasim stfimposas enantiomers
images
Chirality Fg different atoms elements or
groups
Eis a chiral centre
assymetric carbon atom
By g
This carbon atom possesses chirality
Chiral carbon CANNOT have double bond because then
it cannot have 4 different groups attached to it C
Chiral Carbon atom is on
assymetric carbon atom
always
Optical isomers are non superimposable mirror images of each other
25 x
minor image w is in the same
Rotate B position however after
rotating mirror image
infront it cannot be original
z
apexB after so X 2 change
rotating
location This is the
concept of non superimposable
image
Achiral is symmetrical chiral is assymetrical
Real examples of optical isomers
Butan 2 01
nischiral
CH3 not chiral
is chiral
CH 3 EH OH ÉH2ÉH3
a
E's
oh I
the
Enantiomers of buton 2 01
CH3 Cha CH 3
j
H2 CHS CH 3 CH2
i
FF cHs
mirror
Enantiomers of hydroxypropanoic acid
2
lactic acid
CH
CHz coom
bn
can [Link]
mirror
Chiral centres in skeletal formula
CHz CH CHz CHS as
JH
Eg 2 3 dimethyl pertone
Eg
End 3
I
41
CHI
24
2C Eda
[Link]
This does not
cafe contain
any chiral
carbon atom
My Answer
CH3
4H CH2
cH3
0ᵗʰ CH
042 C
3 CH2
CHI EH [Link] cra
ÉH C CH2
CH2
fH2CH2CH CHS
H Td n C H
G CH cha
40 Hz
Sirs Answer Right
cH3
4 V2
as
0ᵗʰ
IC oh
can
542 Optical Activity
Light EM radiation travels as a transverse wave
vibrations
Monchromatic single frequency
light
bends
Light bend CW d isomer
bend ACW isomer
Light
1543 Optical Activity Reaction Mechanisms
1,2 rate
Nucleophilic Substitution
determining
SNZ SN step
3 halogenoatheres
halogenoatheres
g
S substitution N nucleophilic 2 bimolecular
sue 90 90
maggyeaning
or bond
2 speciesinvolve
L D
captains in the rate
determing step
Throws formating of 0H bond with
C
and the breaking of c 131
It reactant L then product is
If reactant by then product is L
slow
L
I
v
P
carbocation
15131 Their
Carbonyl Compounds Physical Properties
R C H
carbonyl compounds T Aldehydes RCHO R
alkyl
group
ketones
Roor at LR E R
carbonyl
Aldehydes
no locants needed
since
aldehyde
is
always on end
of chain
when d
attached with
benzene
Tetones
The is
attach
always
to C on the
side
penton 2 3
one penton one
c
CE c c c c c c c c
Aldehydes
Name Structural Displayed Skeletal
In
Methanal HCHO
H E H
Ethanal Chacho H E n
t
Dropanal Chachacho H E E E H
H H
C
H
Methylpropanal Chalencho n
H in
Butanal Chachachacho n E I I I H
H HH
Ketones
Name Structural Displayed Skeletal
É
ropanone CH3cocH3 re
H É ly
E
Butanone Chacochachs H
H if if it
É Ic
entan 2 one CHscochachachs H
H
É fy
É
enton 3 one Chachecochachs re
É Ift Yi
3 methylbutor 2 one CCHslaCHcocnsh [Link] cf y
l
H i te
Bonding
C C has pi sigma bond
C O in carbonyl also has pi sigma bond
however 0 is more electronegative then C hence the
region is assymetrical
region is reactive
Physical Properties
Aldehydes have distinctive smells
Short chains bad small
longer chains pleasant smell
smells of proponal is like solvent
Boiling Temperatures
Have pd pd forces London forces
No H bonding
As BP
a length
At RTP methand is
gas rest are liquid
in water
Solubility
Shorter chain aldehydes ketones are soluble in water
because can form a bonds with water molecules
they
As the length of C chain increases the solubility decreases
Checkpoint
H I I E H n
IH
I
I m
te H
n
r NFO
ig
s n I E
H I
5B2 Redox Reactions of carbonyl Compounds
oxidation
Reducing
Aldehyde t P Alchol Reagent
LIA HY
reduction
Retone 2 Alcohol lithium Aluminium
hydride
LIATHY HI
should be dissolved
Reagent
Condition Dissolve
in
dry ether
in
dry ether
no moisture
Reduction of propanal to propon 1 01
CH CHICHO 2 H CH3 CH 2CH20H
GH 8H
PM
CHz C 2H CHS C H
I
Reduction of butanone to buten 2 01
CH3COCH2CH3 2 H CHzCHCoH cH2cH3
8H 10H
c o 2H CHz In
CH 3
Oxidation of
Aldehydes Ketones
Oxidising Agents Acidified potassium manganate
vii solution
Tollers Reagent
Fehlings Solution
Benedicts solution
Aldehyde strong
reducing
agents
R I
presence of it atom makes aldehyde very
easy to oxidise
ketone
only O.A like RMNOY solution
very strong
R L R can oxidise ketone and they do it in a
destructive carbon carbon bond
way breaking
Acidified RMA 04
orange green orange orange
aldehyde ketone
2074203
orange green
Using Fehlings solution or Benedicts solution bottle coppe
Both solutions contain copper Cill ion in an alkaline solution
Fehlings solution contains copper ill ions complexed with tartrate
ions in sodium solution Complexing
hydroxide the copper 111
ion with tartrate ion prevents preceptation of topper1111 hydrox
Benedicts solution contains ill ions complexed with
copper
citrate ions in sodium carbonate solution complexing the
copper Cill ions prevents the formation of a precipitate
this time of copper II carbonate
ketone Aldehyde
no
change in Blue Dahl Red
blue
t
2Cu 20 5 2é v20 H2O
tollens Reagent
Is silver 11 Agt Agt reacts
a complex when as
oxidising
to 0 form metd
agent it goes to
Ag
Normally it is colorless but with aldehyde
it forms a silver mirror
But with ketone it remains
colorless no image
poxidising agent
Agt Ag
Yetallic
silvery silver
complex
15133 Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
CHI triiodomethane antiseptic smell
Q what kind gives a positive iodoform
of alcohol reaction
Alcohol
7
aldehyde and ketone give positive iodoform reaction
cH This methyl
group ends up with iodoform known
yn
H OH as triiodomethane
pese
R no CH3
no reaction
cold
Into
coffee
H2O
sodium chlorate II
sodium hypochloride Nacho Nato
are good
oxidising
agents
2NaOH Is Na O Nat H2O
sodium
iodate CII
carboxelate
01 ᵗ
butan 2
replacesthe removes
13
CH3 410ᵗʰ CI3
3
Nat
5 g
H
g on C O es is 1 c o
on
CH3
moves
HCI 3
front Ethalchol CHI 3
oxidises it
4
Id
r
Propan 2 01 positive result
CHz CHz
H C on c Eit
Hz Nato
Hz Hz
CH3
4 13
Ethanol positive result
93
a c on E O CE Et
H H H H HCI
Only Aldehyde that gives positive result is ethanal
Checkpoint 15132
1a Buton 1 01
1b Pentanoic acid
29 No change
orange color remains
2b Silver mirror solution forms
