Major Agreements of Pakistan (1947–2025)

Agreement / Consequences /
Year Partner(s) Category
Treaty Impact
Maintained status
quo of
Standstill
1947 India Political/Administrative administrative
Agreement
arrangements post-
independence.
Ceasefire
established after
Kashmir
1949 India & UN Peace/Security first Kashmir war;
Ceasefire
Kashmir issue taken
to UN.
Aligned Pakistan
with Western bloc
SEATO US, UK,
1954 Security Alliance during Cold War;
Membership others
military aid
received.
Strengthened ties
Baghdad Pact / Turkey, Iran, with Western allies;
1955 Security Alliance
CENTO Iraq, UK, US later dissolved after
limited utility.
Divided use of
Indus Basin rivers;
India (World
Indus Waters ensured water rights
1960 Bank Water/Resources
Treaty and long-term
facilitated)
stability despite
conflicts.
Ended 1965 war
India & with India;
Tashkent
1966 USSR Peace/Security diplomatic
Agreement
mediation normalization
attempt.
1972 Simla India Peace/Bilateral Post-1971 war;
Agreement emphasized
peaceful resolution
of disputes and
Agreement / Consequences /
Year Partner(s) Category
Treaty Impact
bilateral
negotiations.
Allowed Pakistan to
pursue civilian
Nuclear
nuclear energy
1976 Cooperation France Energy/Nuclear
program (later
Agreement
restricted under
pressure).
Facilitated Soviet
withdrawal from
Geneva Afghanistan, Afghanistan;
1988 Peace/Security
Accords USSR, US refugee and regional
stability issues
remained.
Attempt to stabilize
Afghanistan through
Islamabad Afghan
1993 Peace/Political intra-Afghan
Accord factions
political settlement;
limited success.
Confidence-building
Lahore post-nuclear tests;
1999 India Peace/Security
Declaration derailed after Kargil
conflict.
Pakistan became
frontline ally in US-
War on Terror led war on terror;
2001 United States Security/Counterterrorism
Cooperation received aid but
faced internal
instability.
Promoted regional
trade liberalization;
SAFTA SAARC
2004 Trade/Economy limited progress due
Agreement members
to Indo-Pak
tensions.
2006 Pakistan- China Trade/Economy Boosted bilateral
China FTA trade and
Agreement / Consequences /
Year Partner(s) Category
Treaty Impact
investment ties;
foundation for
CPEC.
Landmark project
under BRI; multi-
billion-dollar
2015 CPEC MoU China Trade/Infrastructure
investment in
energy, transport,
and ports.
Opened corridor for
Kartarpur Sikh pilgrims; seen
2019 Corridor India Peace/Religious as a major
Agreement confidence-building
measure.
Facilitated regional
Afghanistan
trade; strengthened
2021 Transit Trade Afghanistan Trade/Connectivity
cross-border
(renewed)
economic ties.
First-ever direct oil
Pakistan-
deal with Russia;
2023 Russia Oil Russia Trade/Energy
aimed to diversify
Deal
energy imports.
Focus on industrial
CPEC Phase- cooperation,
2024 China Trade/Infrastructure
II Initiatives agriculture, and
digital connectivity.
Strengthen bilateral
Pakistan-Iran
trade, energy
Free Trade
2025* Iran Trade/Economy cooperation, and
Agreement
regional
(expected)
connectivity.