GENDER AND SOCIETY REVIEWER

LESSON 1: SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY

The subject of sex, gender, and sexuality in gender and society delves into the complex interplay
between biological differences (sex), social constructions of identity (gender), and the diversity of
sexual orientations and behaviors (sexuality). It examines how societies define and enforce gender
roles, norms, and expectations, influencing individual experiences and societal structures. This field
of study seeks to understand the power dynamics, inequalities, and cultural variations associated
with sex and gender, recognizing the fluidity and spectrum of identities beyond traditional binaries.

Notes on Gender and Society Lesson 1: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality By: Atty. Eric Paul D Peralta -
Gender and Society: A Human Ecological Approach Nephtaly Joel B. Botor Dr. Teri Marie P. Laude
Cecilio D. Duka, et. al

- Introduction to Sociology: A Filipino Perspective Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson,
student will be able to

1. Define and differentiate sex, gender, and sexuality

2. Discuss the implications of the differences between se, gender, and sexuality

3. Contemplate about own sexuality and on the importance of appreciating sexual diversity.
Introduction: The human mind and body are so complex such that to answer the question

"What does it mean to be a male or a female, to be masculine or feminine or to be man or a woman"

we have to trace our journey from the moment we were born, and go back to the journey we
humans have across the life span. First thing that one need to understand is the complexities of
defining and differentiating sex, gender and sexuality. Having a clear grasp of these concepts is
crucial since we will be using these terms over and over again in the succeeding discussions.
Moreover, as we start our discussion of gender and sexuality as social realities, we also want to
understand how a person's gender is expressed from birth to adulthood. Our ultimate goal is to
foster understanding of the diversity of how humans experience and express their sexuality. Sex
Defined Sex refers to one's biological identity - male or female (Duka et al, p.222).

Sex is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality. Also referred to as "biological sex or
physical sex", the term generally pertains to your identity depending on your sexual anatomy and
physiology - the parts of your body that are relevant to reproduction and the function of these parts.

Sex is typically determined by examining your genitals - these are external organs that are associated
with reproduction - the process or ability to create offspring. Among human, sex is often assigned at
birth. If at birth, a child is observed to have a penis and testicles, then the child is categorized as
male. If on the other hand, a child is observed to have a vagina, then the child is categorized as
female. However, there are cases when the baby's genitals appear to be a conglomerate of male and
female organs such that it may be difficult to classify the baby's sex without further examination. In
the past, this condition is referred to as "hermaphroditism" (from Hermes - Greek god and Aphrodite
- female goddess). In modern times, the term "intersexuality" is used to refer this phenomenon.
Hermaphroditism or intersexuality is a naturally occurring variation in human and animals (1 in
1,5000 births) according to the American Psychological Association (APA) Since it may be difficult to
distinguish biological sex by merely examining the genitals, there are other biological markers used.
For instance, your chromosomes - the protein structures which contain your generic materials - are
also used to determine sex. There are specific chromosomes referred to sex chromosomes, which
marks a person's biological sex. An individual with a set of XY sex chromosomes is said to be a male,
while individual with a set of XX sex chromosomes is said to be a female. The level of some
hormones - the chemicals in our body that are responsible for sustaining bodily processes - are also
used as markers. For example, human males tend to have higher levels of testosterone, which is
associated to sex drive and aggression. On the other hand, human females tend to have higher level
of estrogen and progesterone, which is associated to lactation and other female reproductive
functions.

What is Gender? Gender is an individual's personal, internal sense of maleness or femaleness that is
expressed in personality behavior. It is the outward manifestation and expression of one's maleness
or femaleness in a social setting ( Duka et al, p.222) Our ability for higher order thinking and our
tendency to create social norms, allow us to attach social and cultural meaning to things, including
our sex. It is because we are meaning-making organisms. For example, males are typically expected
to be masculine and female are expected to be feminine. Once parents are aware of their child's sex
(male or female) during birth or through prenatal procedures such as ultrasound, they automatically
attach social and cultural meanings to their child's sex and in doing so, they already set an
expectation in terms of how their child should behave and how they should treat their child. This
social dimension of one's sexuality is referred to as gender there are many ways through which
gender is manifested. As soon as a new baby arrives in the family, adults surrounding the bay
manifests their social interpretation of the baby's sex by the colors assigned to the baby. For
example, it is common for families to buy blue apparels and toys when the baby is a male, as the
color blue is associated with boyhood. Conversely, female babies are often assigned the color pink,
such that families would buy clothes and toys that are color pink because the color is associated with
girlhood. Remarkably, the moment the baby is born, the name, toys, and apparels are picked by
parents and relatives based on their interpretation of he bay's sex. Throughout childhood and
adolescence, this assignment becomes more complex as the expectation go beyond the kinds of
clothes worn, but also in terms of how a person must or must not behave. There are set of
behaviours that all p.2 female individuals must follow and so with male individuals, and all are
expected to stick to this behavior that are aligned with their biological sex. This phenomenon of
determining the normality of a behavior based on whether it conforms or not to the expectations
relative to one's biological sex is referred to "heteronormativity." In the Filipino culture, girls are
expected to have certain characteristics of being gentle, caring, and loving while boys are
encouraged to be strong, rough, and assertive. These expectations also extend to how men and
women are expected to behave, the college courses they take, and the jobs the apply to. However,
there are people who do not follow culturally-accepted standards of masculinity and femininity like
girls not wanting to wear dresses and boys not wanting to play rough sports. This is a natural
variation of the human gender expression. Social and cultural practices change through time. Just 60
years ago, women could not ear pants with social disapproval, and now wearing pants is already an
accepted fashion trend among people of different genders. How we expressed our gender is largely
based on our social and cultural setting. Most are comfortable with their sex and gender; men who
are masculine and women who are feminine. Each culture also has different standards on how to be
a man and a woman and how they should present themselves according to their sex and gender.
Gender Identity Gender identity is the aspect of our gender on how see and experience ourselves as
a man, a woman, or neither. Typically, male are comfortable identifying as a man and females are
comfortable identifying as a woman. However, there are case wherein a person's biological sex does
not align with one's gender identity. People with this experience are referred to as transgender, such
as a male who does not feel comfortable identifying as a man (transgender woman) or a female who
is not comfortable identifying as a woman (transgender man) Transgender people may undergo
gender reassignment surgery to align their physical characteristics to their gender identity. However,
due to many factors such as belief systems, culture, and economics, some do not opt for surgery..
Sexuality is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviors towards other people.
You can find other people physically, sexually or emotionally attractive, and all those things are a
part of your sexuality ([Link] Sexuality is not about who you have
sex with, or how often you have it. Sexuality is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and
behaviours towards other people. You can find other people physically, sexually or emotionally
attractive, and all those things are a part of your sexuality. Sexuality is diverse and personal, and it is
an important part of who you are. Discovering your sexuality can be a very liberating, exciting and
positive experience. Some people experience discrimination due to their sexuality. If someone gives
you a hard time about your sexuality, it's good to talk to someone about it

According to the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP), typically at the age of 6 or 8, we
experience of develop attraction to other people. By adolescence, we already know who we are
attracted to and would experiment through dating and relationship. Everyone's sexuality is different
and deeply personal. Our capacity for emotional and sexual attraction is diverse and complex, but
here are a few common terms or labels for us to use:

1. People who are attracted to the opposite sex are called "heterosexual" or "straight."

2. People who are attracted to people of the same sex are called "homosexual" (gay or lesbian).

3. People who are attracted to both sexes (male or female) are called "bisexual" (bi)

4. LGBT refers to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender.

5. Asexual ('ace' for short) is someone who does not experience, or experiences very little, sexual
attraction. Asexuality is not a choice, like abstinence (where someone chooses not to have sex with
anyone, whether they are attracted to them or not). Asexuality is a sexual orientation, like
homosexuality or heterosexuality. Some people may strongly identify with being asexual, except for
a few infrequent experiences of sexual attraction (grey-asexuality). Some people feel sexual
attraction only after they develop a strong emotional bond with someone (this is known as
demisexuality). Other people experience asexuality in a range of other ways. Appreciating Diversity
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), nature and nurture play a complex role
in shaping our sexual orientation. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are part of human sexuality
and is large part of human experience. Identifying as a heterosexual, lesbian, bi, gay or transgender
is a deeply personal process, so it may be more difficult for others to come out or for them to
become comfortable enough with their sexuality that they feel safe to share it with other people.
For others, it comes early in adolescence while for some, it may take time to understand and
discover themselves. According to the Psychological Association of the Philippines, "we can only
truly tell if the person is gay, lesbian, or bisexual if the person shares with us his or her experiences
and feelings of attraction towards them." That is why it is important for everyone to feel safe as they
share their sexuality since it is a personal and sensitive topic. We can do that in an environment
wherein we do not feel judged or discriminated upon. People who experience prejudice and
discrimination suffer negative psychological effects according to APA, so we must work towards an
inclusive environment where everyone feel safe.

Summary the complexities of the human sexuality can be quite overwhelming. We need to look at
our own experience on our journey of discovering our sense of being a man and a woman for us to
understand others. We also need to engage in conversation with others for us to appreciate the
many different faces of human sexuality. A baby is born and is given an assigned sex based on its
genitals. In toddler years they are raised to be a 'man' or a 'woman' based on accepted social and
cultural standards. We know that these standards change through time, what is not acceptable now
may be acceptable in the future. Adolescence is when we discover our emotional and sexual
attraction towards other people. For most, it is easy to identify who they are attracted to, but for
others, it can be a long and difficult process. Fostering an inclusive environment wherein everyone
feels safe is very important at this stage.

LESSON 2: GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME

The study of gender and sexuality across time reveals the dynamic and culturally contingent nature
of these constructs. Over centuries, societal attitudes, norms, and expectations related to gender
roles and sexual behaviors have undergone significant transformations. The understanding of gender
and sexuality is shaped by historical, cultural, religious, and political contexts, influencing the ways
individuals express their identities and navigate social structures. From the rigid gender norms of
ancient societies to the evolving concepts of gender fluidity and sexual liberation in modern times,
the trajectory reflects a continuous negotiation between tradition and progress. This historical
perspective highlights the importance of recognizing the fluidity and diversity of gender and
sexuality while acknowledging the enduring impact of societal structures on individual experiences.

A Filipino Perspective Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson the student will be able to: 1.
Discuss the historical roots of our understanding of gender and sexuality 2. Appreciate of how this
understanding evolved through time and affected various aspect of life. Introduction Society has
progressed so much in a way that information and knowledge is available to everyone. This gives us
opportunity to examine our social and political conditions in more detail than when information was
scarce and limited to only a few individual. Historical accounts show that across time, humans'
conception of gender and sexuality has also changed. Archaeological artifacts reveal that in the
distant past, during the dawn of civilizations, human societies have high regard for women. The
concept of "divine feminine" (the sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children)
has prevailed, and thus, women are treated equally with men. This make societies "egalitarian" (men
and women have equitable power and roles). However, humans' discovery of "paternity"
(fatherhood/role of the father in conception) presumably during he Agricultural Era, when societies
began to establish communities and tame cattle and stocks, have also changed how societies have
viewed women and men therefrom. For the youngest time thereafter, societies have privileged men
over other gender, mainly because of the preferential given to them in the "productive sphere"
(world of public works). Women who have been revered due to their ability to conceive have been
viewed as solely capable only of "reproductive affairs" (world of the home and related task such as
suckling the young, child rearing, and home management). The gender disparity was intensified by
the Industrial Era where factors were built and men were preferred because they did not have to
bear children for nine months and because of their perceived physical strength. But how did really
the conceptualization of gender and sexuality changed? This lesson tackles movement in history
which shows how men, women, and people pf other genders are viewed in human societies.
Patriarchy A close examination of our society can lead us to see the invisible layers of oppression in
our society like

"patriarchy" - a system based on the control and oppression of women wherein they are perceived
to be the weaker sex. It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in the law, home, in the work
place, and in society. Patriarchy is from the Greek word "Patriarches" which means "the rule of the
father." It is a social system where men primarily holds power in political and economic sphere. This
means that in the social system, society is organized and maintained in a way that men rule over
women and their children. In the social, legal, political, and economic spheres, men are expected to
lead while women are expected to obey and are relegated to house chores, bearing children, and
child care. A "patrilineal" society often follow a patriarchal society, this means only men can inherit
property and the family name. Women were left with no inheritance and are expected to marry a
man who can support her economically. In fact, women were not allowed to go to school, or even
vote, because they were viewed as a weaker sex, and should not concern themselves in learning
science or politics. Women had to fight for the right to vote, to go to school, and even participates in
politics. Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as biological
phenomenon. This is because history proves that in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer tribes and
civilization, they prioritized equality of all members, male and female. History suggests an egalitarian
system rather than patriarchal system. Men and women contribute to society and they enjoy the
same social status. Friedrich Engels, a German philosopher and sociologist, argues that patriarchy
came about when people started having a private property instead of a communal living. The
development in agriculture and domestication of animals led to creating product surplus which
allows people to have private property. As a way to control the excess wealth generated by these
advancement, male dominance was asserted over women so only the male heir can inherit family
wealth. Some Historical Views on Gender In ancient Greece. Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek
philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and are properties of men whose only job was to
obey their husband, bear children and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn
philosophy, politics, and science. While during the ancient Egypt, Herodotus, a Greek historian
observed that Egyptian civilization, citing that Egyptian women enjoyed higher status that Greek
women because they can inherit property and engage in trade and politics. However, Greel influence
quickly spread in Egypt through the conquest of Alexander the Great across Asia and Africa. In
ancient China, Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct
themselves. The written documents entitled "Three Obedience's and Four Virtues" and "Precepts of
Women" states that women should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband, and
when widowed she is to obey her son. In ancient patriarchal societies, gendered biases were very
strict, heavily enforced and often violent. Imagine not being able to go to school just because you
are a women, not being able to express your opinion on important matters even when it concern
your future, and not being able to say no to any man. Women have come a long way since the
ancient times through the feminist movement, however, patriarchy has taken on subtle forms of
oppression that often go unnoticed such as:

* sexism - prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination based on sex;

* gender pay gap - men earn more than women;

* under representation in politics, military ,executive positions;

* rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime; very conservative
expectations on women on how they behave;

* unrealistic depiction of women in fiction, often very sexualized; women do more housework and
child care;

* boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores.

Women Empowerment Women's Liberation Movement, Women's movement, of feminism is a

continuing series of social movement that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these
oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. It started at different decade in
different countries, some are far more advance in their struggle while others are still starting a
movement. During the 19th and early 20th century, the first wave of feminism spread across the
western countries as women demanded for their rights to vote or participate in elections and be
able to legally own a property. In France, Simon de Beauvoir wrote a book entitled "The Second Sex "
in 1949. It outlined how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women by slowly raising her into
submission and hindering their productivity and happiness by relegating them to house cleaning.
This inspired many women to write and speak their truths, such as Betty Friedan (The Feminine
Mystic, 1963), Kate Miller (Sexual Politics, 1969), and Germaine Greer (The Female Eunuch, 1970).
Beauvoir's book was instrumental in awakening women about their plight as the "wife-servant" to
their husbands in her famous quote" one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman." Le
Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes or the Women's Liberation Movement was formed in Europe
and they sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote in the 1940s. Later they also
won women's right to decide on their own bodies and their sexualities. This liberation movement
views the intersectionality of economic status or class to patriarchy. Inspired by Beauvoir's book,
second wave feminism in 1960s through the 80s, women drew attention to various social and
cultural inequalities such as domestic violence especially marital rape, reproductive rights, wage
inequality, and others. The 90s gave birth to the 3rd wave and 2012 started the 4th wave. These
movements only show that there is still much to be done for women's right. The UN report that
women do more works than men because even when they work at the office, they are still expected
to do household tasks. Another report from the UN states that "women perform 66 percent of the
world works, produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 percent of the income and own one
percent of the property. This is because in the agricultural countries, women participate in making
the produce, but only the father or the male head of the family controls the income. To put simply,
feminism demands equality. Here are a few salient points that feminist demands:

1. Women Suffrage - women were not allowed to vote because they were viewed as irrational and
temperamental and therefore, not able to make rational decisions. This perception was changed
after World War I (1914-1918) wherein women were uprooted from the household. They took on
jobs and made significant contributions to their country. Many countries soon started letting women
vote since they can no longer argue that women are "irrational and temperamental."

2. Equality in politics and society - for hundred of years, women voices were silenced, so society
must make an effort to restore their rights. Representation is very important for women, so that
their genuine concerns are heard in politics and in society. Feminist have always criticized that old,
privilege men always make decisions for women at home and in politics.

3. Reproductive rights - means the woman is in control of her body, and she can decide for herself
on what she sees is best for her. Contraception, abortion and other reproductive options should be
available to women because it is their body.

4. Domestic violence - such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as part
of a " marriage." Although we have RA 9262 (Anti Violence Against Women and their Children) our
culture still dismiss such incidents as " away mag-asawa."

5. Sexual harassment and sexual violence - The Center for Women's Resources in the Philippines
estimates that one woman or child is raped every hour mostly by someone they know.

6. Other rights include the right to divorce their husband, the right to make decision on her
pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment.
LESSON 3: LEGAL BASIS ON THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY

The legal basis for the study of gender and society is grounded in the recognition of fundamental
human rights and the need to address historical and ongoing inequalities based on gender. Various
international, national, and regional legal frameworks contribute to the foundation of this field of
study. Here are some key legal aspects:

International Human Rights Instruments:

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in 1948, the UDHR asserts the equal rights and dignity of all individuals,
irrespective of gender. It forms the basis for subsequent international human rights
conventions.
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW):
Adopted in 1979, CEDAW is a landmark international treaty that specifically addresses
discrimination against women. It outlines obligations to eliminate discrimination and
promote gender equality.
 National Legislation: Many countries have enacted laws and policies addressing gender
equality and the elimination of discrimination. These may include laws on equal pay,
protection against gender-based violence, and provisions promoting equal opportunities in
education and employment. Some countries also have specific laws recognizing and
protecting the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, acknowledging the importance of studying
gender and sexuality in a broader societal context. Title IX in the United States:
 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in the United States prohibits sex-based
discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities. It has been
instrumental in addressing gender disparities in educational institutions and promoting
gender equality.
 Constitutional Protections: Many national constitutions include provisions related to gender
equality and nondiscrimination. These constitutional frameworks provide a legal basis for
challenging discriminatory practices and policies.
 International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions: ILO conventions address issues related
to gender equality in the workplace, including conventions on equal remuneration and the
elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation.
 Domestic Violence Legislation: Many jurisdictions have enacted laws specifically addressing
domestic violence, recognizing it as a gender-based crime. These laws provide legal
protections for victims and contribute to the broader understanding of gender dynamics in
society. Understanding the legal foundations of gender and society is crucial for researchers,
policymakers, and advocates working to address and eliminate gender-based discrimination
and inequality. Legal frameworks provide a basis for the development of policies and
initiatives aimed at creating more equitable and just societies.

FROM SIR:
Lesson 3 - Legal Basis on the Study of Gender and Society by Learning Outcome
1. Familiarize with the Legal Basis on Gender and Society Introduction The Philippine being a
State Party to the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against
Women which it signed on July 15, 1980 and ratified on August 5, 1981 is obligated to
pursue and implement programs, projects, and activities that will contribute to the
achievement of women empowerment and gender equality. It is in this light that it is
imperative to establish the legal basis why Gender and Society is included in the curriculum.
The following are the legal basis as to why Gender and Development is is included in the
curriculum of the Commission on Higher Education. I. CHED Memo Order No. 1 This is an
order Establishing the Policies and Guidelines on Gender and Development in the
Commission on Higher Education and Higher Education Institutions The CMO requires all
higher education institutions (HEIS) to establish a GAD Focal Point System 90 days after its
effectivity. For private HEIs, the focal points will be responsible for the development and
coordination of the institutional GAD programs. It has to maintain records of GAD programs,
activities and projects. As for public HEIs, they will establish a GAD database and submit a
report on the status of GAD implementation. The CMO identifies four main areas of the
university that should be gender responsive:
1. ADMINISTRATION,
2. CURRICULUM,
3. RESEARCH AND
4. EXTENSION PROGRAMS. The HEI administration should review policies, standards and
guidelines 90 days from the date of the CMO's effectivity. II. Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) What is CEDAW? The Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to
as the 'women's bill of rights'. It is one of the core international mainstream gender in all
higher education institutions, private and public, nationwide. CEDAW was adopted by the
UN General Assembly on December 19, 1979, coming into force as a treaty on December 3,
1981. Today, it is one of the most broadly endorsed human rights treaties - it has been
ratified or acceded to by 187 countries to date, or about 90 per cent of the UN membership.

II.
1 How is CEDAW Different from Other International Human Rights Treaties? Provisions
protecting women's human rights exist in all of the core international human rights treaties.
What is significant about CEDAW is that it is exclusively devoted to gender equality, one of
the key elements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is in CEDAW that the
specifics of women's human right to equality and non-discrimination are spelled out in
detail, and the broad range of actions that must be taken to achieve this equality are
mapped out. It is also in CEDAW that the nature and meaning of sex-based discrimination
and gender equality is most clearly articulated. 11.
2. Why is CEDAW Important? · CEDAW provides a complete definition of sex-based
discrimination - described as any distinction, exclusion, or restriction on the basis of sex,
which intentionally or unintentionally nullifies or impairs the recognition, enjoyment and
exercise of women's social, cultural, political and economic rights. CEDAW takes a concrete
and three-dimensional view of equality - it is based on the principle of "substantive
equality", or "equality of results" between men and women. This goes beyond equality of
opportunity, and the wording used in laws, to looking at the actual condition of women's
lives as the true measure of whether equality has been achieved. CEDAW legally binds all
States Parties to fulfill, protect and respect women's human rights - this means that States
are responsible not just for their own actions, but also for eliminating discrimination that is
being perpetrated by private individuals and organizations. Gender inequalities must be
addressed at all levels and in all spheres, including the family, community, market and state.
CEDAW recognizes that discrimination is often most deeply rooted in spheres of life such as
culture, family and interpersonal relations - it addresses the negative impact of gender
stereotyping, working on the fundamental premise that unless change takes place at those
levels efforts to achieve gender equality will be frustrated. 11.3 What is the Definition of
Discrimination Against
Women? Article 1 of the Convention provides the definition of discrimination against
women: For the purposes of the present Convention, the term "discrimination against
women" shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which
has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by
women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of
human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or
any other field." This definition includes not just direct or intentional discrimination, but any
act that has the effect of creating or perpetuating inequality between men and women.

III. 1987 Philippine Constitution ([Link] The 1987

Constitution states two prominent provisions. The first in the Declaration of Principles Article
II Section 14, which asserted that "The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men." Additionally,
the Article XIII-Labor: Section 14 provided that "The state shall protect working women by
providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their maternal functions,
and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to
realize their full potential in the service of the nation". Following from constitutional
provisions and the subsequent efforts to broaden its principles, numerous legislation were
enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns including the
Gender and Development Law requiring 5% of the government agencies' budget is for
gender concerns. Further, Gender and Development (GAD) Framework and Mainstreaming
have been initiated. (26) The GAD approach seeks to promote equitable and sustainable
development by changing unequal gender relations between men and women. This GAD
approach addresses not only the practical needs of both sexes but to improve their
conditions, but also more importantly, women's strategic needs. Mainstreaming of GAD is a
strategy for development that ensures that the processes, practices and policies of an
organization, program or project are responsive to gender issues and women's concerns.

IV. Republic Act 7192 What is RA 7192? Republic Act 7192:

Women in Development and Nation Building Act. AN ACT PROMOTING THE INTEGRATION
OF WOMEN AS FULL AND EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION
BUILDING AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

RA 7192 Declaration of Policy. The State recognizes the role of women in nation building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. The State
shall provide women rights and opportunities equal to that of men. To attain the foregoing
policy: (1) A substantial portion of official development assistance funds received from
foreign governments and multilateral agencies and organizations shall be set aside and
utilized by the agencies concerned to support programs and activities for women; (2) All
government departments shall ensure that women benefit equally and participate directly in
the development programs and projects of said department, specifically those funded under
official foreign development assistance, to ensure the full participation and involvement of
women in the development process; and (3) All government departments and agencies shall
review and revise all their regulations, circulars, issuances and procedures to remove gender
bias therein.
What is the Purpose of RA 7192? The intent of the Act is to promote the integration of
women as full and equal partners with men in development and nation building.

Who is the Author of RA 7192? Dr. Santanina Tillah Rasul authored RA 7192 that sought to
remove all vestiges of gender discrimination; opened the doors of the Philippine Military
Academy (PMA) to women; automatically allocated annually the Gender Development
Budget (GAD) in all government offices; and established women's desks in all National
Government ...

V. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) The Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action or BPFA is a landmark document for advancing the rights of women and gender
equality worldwide agreed during the 4th World Conference on women in 1995 declaring
"to advance the goals of equality, development, and peace for all women everywhere in the
interest of all humanity In 1995, 189 governments were joined by 17,000 participants and
30,000 non-governmental activists in Beijing for the opening of the Fourth World
Conference on Women. For two weeks, government representatives worked on producing a
document of agreed written targets towards achieving gender equality. Meanwhile, the non-
governmental activists followed the process closely and reviewed, rebuked, or supported,
suggestions as they were made. Through their lobbying efforts, civil society applied pressure
on governments to make meaningful commitments, ones which would ensure gender equity
across all domains, for all individuals. The outcome of this momentous conference was the
p.3 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPFA). The document identifies 12 critical
areas of concern. "In each critical area of concern, the problem is diagnosed and strategic
objectives are proposed with concrete actions to be taken by various actors in order to
achieve those objectives" (BPfA). In this way, the BPFA becomes a comprehensive guide to
understanding and combating the key barriers to gender equality.
The twelve critical areas of concern are as follows: - Women and the environment · Women
in power and decision-making .
The girl child Women and the economy · Women and poverty
• Violence against women · Human rights of women · Education and training of women ·
Institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women
• Women and health
• Women and the media · Women and armed conflict Have the Goals of BPfA Been Met?
Twenty-five years after the adoption of BPfA, more women and girls have access to free,
quality education, awareness and action against gender-based violence is improving, and we
are seeing a gradual increase in women in positions of power and decision-making.
However, no country has achieved complete equality for women and girls. Even in regions
that are close to achieving gender equality in law, the lived reality falls short.

VI. Republic Act 9710 Republic Act 9710 is the Magna Carta of Women. The Magna Carta of
Women is "comprehensive women's human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination
against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting the rights of Filipino
women", especially those in marginalized sector. Declaration of Policy Recognizing that the
economic, political, and sociocultural realities affect women's current condition, the State
affirms the role of women in nation building and ensures the substantive equality of women
and men. It shall promote empowerment of women and pursue equal opportunities for
women and men and ensure equal access to resources and to development results and
outcome. Further, the State realizes that equality of men and women entails the abolition of
the unequal structures and practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality. To
realize this, the State shall endeavor to develop plans, policies, programs, measures, and
mechanisms to address discrimination and inequality in the economic, political, social, and
cultural life of women and men. The State condemns discrimination against women in all its
forms and pursues by all appropriate means and without delay the policy of eliminating
discrimination against women in keeping with the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and other international instruments
consistent with Philippine law. The State shall accord women the rights, protection, and
opportunities available to every member of society. Definition of Terms
(a) "Women Empowerment" refers to the provision, availability, and accessibility of
opportunities, services, and observance of human rights which enable women to actively
participate and contribute to the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the
nation as well as those which shall provide them equal access to ownership, management,
and control of production, and of material and informational resources and benefits in the
family, community, and society.
(b) "Discrimination Against Women" refers to any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or
restriction which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition,
enjoyment, or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality
of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic,
social, cultural, civil, or any other field. It includes any act or omission, including by law;
policy, administrative measure, or practice, that directly or indirectly excludes or restricts
women in the recognition and promotion of their rights and their access to and enjoyment
of opportunities, benefits, or privileges. "For the purposes of the present Convention, the
term "discrimination against women" shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction
made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the
recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis
of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field." This definition includes not just direct or
intentional discrimination, but any act that has the effect of creating or perpetuating
inequality between men and women.
III.1987 Philippine Constitution ([Link]
The 1987 Constitution states two prominent provisions. The first in the Declaration of
Principles Article II Section 14, which asserted that "The State recognizes the role of women
in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and
men." Additionally, the Article XIII-Labor: Section 14 provided that "The state shall protect
working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their
maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and
enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation". Following from
constitutional provisions and the subsequent efforts to broaden its principles, numerous
legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns
including the Gender and Development Law requiring 5% of the government agencies'
budget is for gender concerns. Further, Gender and Development (GAD) Framework and
Mainstreaming have been initiated. (26) The GAD approach seeks to promote equitable and
sustainable development by changing unequal gender relations between men and women.
This GAD approach addresses not only the practical needs of both sexes but to improve their
conditions, but also more importantly, women's strategic needs. Mainstreaming of GAD is a
strategy for development that ensures that the processes, practices and policies of an
organization, program or project are responsive to gender issues and women's concerns.
IV. Republic Act 7192 What is RA 7192? Republic Act 7192: Women in Development and
Nation Building Act. AN ACT PROMOTING THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN AS FULL AND
EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES. RA 7192 Declaration of Policy. The State recognizes the role of women in nation
building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. The
State shall provide women rights and opportunities equal to that of men. To attain the
foregoing policy:
(1) A substantial portion of official development assistance funds received from foreign
governments and multilateral agencies and organizations shall be set aside and utilized by
the agencies concerned to support programs and activities for women;
(2) All government departments shall ensure that women benefit equally and participate
directly in the development programs and projects of said department, specifically those
funded under official foreign development assistance, to ensure the full participation and
involvement of women in the development process; and
(3) All government departments and agencies shall review and revise all their regulations,
circulars, issuances and procedures to remove gender bias therein. What is the Purpose of
RA 7192? The intent of the Act is to promote the integration of women as full and equal
partners with men in development and nation building.

Who is the Author of RA 7192? Dr. Santanina Tillah Rasul authored RA 7192 that sought to
remove all vestiges of gender discrimination; opened the doors of the Philippine Military
Academy (PMA) to women; automatically allocated annually the Gender Development
Budget (GAD) in all government offices; and established women's desks in all National
Government ...

V. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) The Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action or BPFA is a landmark document for advancing the rights of women and gender
equality worldwide agreed during the 4th World Conference on women in 1995 declaring
"to advance the goals of equality, development, and peace for all women everywhere in the
interest of all humanity In 1995, 189 governments were joined by 17,000 participants and
30,000 non-governmental activists in Beijing for the opening of the Fourth World
Conference on Women. For two weeks, government representatives worked on producing a
document of agreed written targets towards achieving gender equality. Meanwhile, the non-
governmental activists followed the process closely and reviewed, rebuked, or supported,
suggestions as they were made. Through their lobbying efforts, civil society applied pressure
on governments to make meaningful commitments, ones which would ensure gender equity
across all domains, for all individuals. The outcome of this momentous conference was the
p.3 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPFA). The document identifies 12 critical
areas of concern. "In each critical area of concern, the problem is diagnosed and strategic
objectives are proposed with concrete actions to be taken by various actors in order to
achieve those objectives" (BPfA). In this way, the BPFA becomes a comprehensive guide to
understanding and combating the key barriers to gender equality. The twelve critical areas
of concern are as follows:
- Women and the environment · Women in power and decision-making . The girl child
Women and the economy · Women and poverty
• Violence against women · Human rights of women · Education and training of women ·
Institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women
• Women and health
• Women and the media · Women and armed conflict Have the Goals of BPfA Been Met?
Twenty-five years after the adoption of BPfA, more women and girls have access to free,
quality education, awareness and action against gender-based violence is improving, and we
are seeing a gradual increase in women in positions of power and decision-making.

However, no country has achieved complete equality for women and girls. Even in regions
that are close to achieving gender equality in law, the lived reality falls short.

VI. Republic Act 9710 Republic Act 9710 is the Magna Carta of Women. The Magna Carta of
Women is "comprehensive women's human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination
against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting the rights of Filipino
women", especially those in marginalized sector. Declaration of Policy Recognizing that the
economic, political, and sociocultural realities affect women's current condition, the State
affirms the role of women in nation building and ensures the substantive equality of women
and men. It shall promote empowerment of women and pursue equal opportunities for
women and men and ensure equal access to resources and to development results and
outcome. Further, the State realizes that equality of men and women entails the abolition of
the unequal structures and practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality. To
realize this, the State shall endeavor to develop plans, policies, programs, measures, and
mechanisms to address discrimination and inequality in the economic, political, social, and
cultural life of women and men.
The State condemns discrimination against women in all its forms and pursues by all
appropriate means and without delay the policy of eliminating discrimination against
women in keeping with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW) and other international instruments consistent with Philippine law.
The State shall accord women the rights, protection, and opportunities available to every
member of society. Definition of Terms
(a) "Women Empowerment" refers to the provision, availability, and accessibility of
opportunities, services, and observance of human rights which enable women to actively
participate and contribute to the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the
nation as well as those which shall provide them equal access to ownership, management,
and control of production, and of material and informational resources and benefits in the
family, community, and society.
(b) "Discrimination against Women" refers to any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or
restriction which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition,
enjoyment, or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality
of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic,
social, cultural, civil, or any other field. It includes any act or omission, including by law;
policy, administrative measure, or practice, that directly or indirectly excludes or restricts
women in the recognition and promotion of their rights and their access to and enjoyment
of opportunities, benefits, or privileges.

LESSON 4: PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION

Reproduction is a complex biological process that involves the creation of new organisms, ensuring
the continuation of a species. The process of reproduction can be broadly categorized into two main
types: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
1. Sexual Reproduction:

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from two parent
organisms, typically a male and a female. The key steps in sexual reproduction include:

a. Gametogenesis: The formation of gametes, which are specialized cells that carry half the genetic
material of the parent organism. In humans, this involves the formation of sperm in males
(spermatogenesis) and eggs in females (oogenesis).

b. Fertilization: The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote. Fertilization typically
occurs in the reproductive organs of the female, such as the fallopian tubes in humans.

c. Zygote Formation: The zygote is a single cell formed after fertilization, containing the complete set
of genetic material (chromosomes) from both parents.

d. Embryonic Development: The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions and differentiations,
leading to the development of an embryo. This process varies widely among species but generally
involves the formation of tissues, organs, and eventually a complete organism.

e. Birth or Hatching: The developed embryo is then born in viviparous organisms (those giving live
birth) or hatched in oviparous organisms (those laying eggs).

2. Asexual Reproduction:

Asexual reproduction involves the creation of offspring without the involvement of gametes or the
fusion of genetic material from two parents. There are several methods of asexual reproduction,
including:

a. Binary Fission: The parent organism divides into two equal parts, each growing into a new
individual. This is common in single-celled organisms like bacteria.

NOTES ON GENDER AND SOCIETY Lesson 4-The Process of Reproduction By: Atty. Eric Paulo D.
Peralta, et al - Gender and Society: A Human Ecological Approach Learning Outcome

1. Define fertilization, conception and pregnancy

2. Explain how pregnancy occurs and its prevention

3. Identify the complications of early pregnancy in the growing adolescence Introduction although
human beings are fully differentiated at birth, the differences between males and females are
accentuated during puberty. This is when the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual
characteristics develop, and the bodies of males and females appear more distinctive. Female
puberty usually begins at about 8-13 years of age; the reproduction maturation of boys lags about
two years behind that of girls. The physical changes of female puberty include breast development,
rounding of the hips and buttocks, growth of the hair in the pubic region and the underarm, and the
start of menstruation for female.

Ovulation how does one ovulate? The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of
menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation ( loss of blood and tissue
lining of the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy. The menstrual cycle is from the first day of a
period until the day before the next period starts. Normally it lasts around 28 days, on the average,
but can be as short as 21 or as long as 40 days. Whatever the length, ovulation will happen about 10-
16 days before the start of the next period.
Pregnancy how does pregnancy occur? For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm need to meet up with
an egg. Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus.
Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.

Conception is the process that begins with the fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends with
implantation. When a male and a female have a sexual intercourse, the penis fits into the woman's
vagina. Ejaculation or coming releases the sperm via the penis into the vagina. The sperm swims
through the female's cervix, into the womb, and finally into the fallopian tubes. Once the egg or
ovum has been released into the fallopian tube, millions of sperm swim up to reach it. Finally, the
sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place and eventually,
becomes an embryo. Once the embryo (fertilized egg) attaches to the inner lining of the uterus
(endothelium), a fetus develops within 5 to 7 days from a ball of cells floating in the uterus, which
officially begins pregnancy. A normal pregnancy lasts 37-42 weeks (nine months). This is measured
from the first day of the last period. Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimesters (three-month
period), since each trimester is very different from the rest. After eight weeks, the embryo is
officially referred to as fetus. Teenage Pregnancy what can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy?
Teen pregnancy has a tremendous impact on the educational, social, and economic lives of young
people. Early parenting reduces the likelihood that a young woman will complete high school and
pursue the necessary post-secondary education needed to compete in today's economy. Although
there is a decline in teenage pregnancy rates it has been steady over the past two decades. Teens
are still engaging in sexual activity and teen girls are still getting pregnant. Equipping the youth with
the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancy
and provide them access to reproductive healthcare are needed. The chart shows the most common
contraception methods used to prevent pregnancy. Some of the methods are intrusive in nature and
have side effects that may be harmful. The user must examine its pros and cons before making a
choice.
.

In addition, younger women who become pregnant face a higher risk than older women in
developing a number of other complications. These complication be any or a combination of the
following manifestations: - excessive vomiting - severe anemia - hypertension - convulsion - difficulty
in breast feeding (if the girl is too young to produce milk) - premature and low birth weight babies -
Infection - prolonged labor - high mortality or death. The risk of having a serious complications
during pregnancy or childbirth is much higher for girls in their early teen than for older women. Ages
20-30 years are the safest period of women's life for child bearing. The major difference between
girls in their early teens and older women is that girls aged 12-16 years are still growing. The pelvis,
or the bony birth canal, of a girl can grow wider by as much as 20% between the time she begins
menstruating and the tine she is 16 old. This widening of the pelvis can make the crucial difference
between safe delivery and obstructed labor. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed
labor, due to disproportion between the size of the infant's head and the mother's pelvis is most
common among very young mothers. The consequences of such obstructed labor may be death due
to complications or lifetime crippling condition of versico- vaginal fistula (a hole that develops
between the vagina and the bladder, resulting in uncontrollable leaking of urine through the vagina.)
Summary Reproduction involves the ova and the sperm to fuse. Their union can lead to the creation
of a new life through pregnancy. This has explored the process of pregnancy and the changes that
happen during pregnancy. We have discussed the various ways of preventing pregnancy so that the
growing adolescent would be empowered to choose to avert from early pregnancy that can lead to
various life-threatening complications.

LESSON 5: GENDER AND SOCIETY ASSIGNED TO SOCIAL ISSUES

Gender and society are intricately connected, and various social issues arise from the ways in which
gender roles, expectations, and identities intersect with broader societal structures. Here are some
key gender and society issues that are commonly discussed:

Gender Inequality:

Wage Gap: Disparities in earnings between men and women for the same work or work of equal
value.

Occupational Segregation: Concentration of men and women in different professions, often leading
to unequal opportunities and pay scales.

Gender-Based Violence:

Domestic Violence: Abuse, physical or emotional, within intimate relationships disproportionately

affecting women.

Sexual Assault and Harassment: Persistent issues of sexual violence and harassment, including
workplace harassment and street harassment.

Reproductive Rights

Access to Healthcare: Disparities in access to reproductive healthcare services, including family

planning, contraception, and abortion.

Maternal Health: Gendered health disparities, particularly during pregnancy and childbirth.

Education Disparities:

Gender Gaps in Education: Disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes between genders.

Stereotyping and Bias: Gender-based biases and stereotypes influencing educational experiences.

Gender Identity and Expression:

Transgender Rights: Struggles for recognition, acceptance, and rights for individuals whose gender
identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.

Non-Binary and Genderqueer Identities: Challenges faced by those whose gender identity falls
outside the traditional binary.
Workplace Discrimination:

Glass Ceiling: Barriers preventing women from reaching top leadership positions in various
professions.

Hostile Work Environment: Gender-based discrimination and harassment in the workplace.

Intersectionality:

Race, Class, and Gender: Intersectional issues where gender discrimination intersects with racial and
economic disparities, leading to unique challenges for marginalized individuals.

Media Representation:

Stereotypes in Media: Reinforcement of gender stereotypes in popular culture, influencing societal

perceptions and expectations.

Underrepresentation: Limited representation of diverse genders in media, contributing to erasure

and misrepresentation.

Sexual Orientation Discrimination:

LGBTQ+ Rights: Struggles for equal rights, recognition, and acceptance for individuals of diverse
sexual orientations.

Parental and Caregiving Responsibilities:

Unequal Burden: Gendered expectations and disparities in caregiving responsibilities, impacting

career opportunities and personal fulfillment.

Addressing these gender and society issues requires a comprehensive approach involving policy
changes, cultural shifts, and individual awareness. Advocacy, education, and fostering inclusivity are
essential components in working towards a more equitable and just society.

LESSON 6: LOVE, INTIMACY, RELATIONSHIP

Love, intimacy, and relationships are profound aspects of human experience, encompassing a wide
range of emotions, connections, and interactions. Here's a brief exploration of these interconnected
concepts:

Love:

Love is a complex and multifaceted emotion that can take various forms. It goes beyond mere
attraction or attachment and often involves deep emotional connections, care, and concern for
someone or something. Types of love include:

Romantic Love: Involves passion and affection between partners.

Familial Love: Shared between family members.

Platonic Love: Non-romantic, deep connections between friends.

Self-Love: A positive regard for oneself, encompassing self-acceptance and care.

Intimacy:

Intimacy refers to the close connection and familiarity between individuals. It involves emotional,
physical, and psychological closeness.
Types of intimacy include:

Emotional Intimacy: Sharing deep feelings, thoughts, and experiences with another person.

Physical Intimacy: Involves touch, closeness, and sexual expression.

Intellectual Intimacy: Sharing thoughts, ideas, and intellectual pursuits.

Spiritual Intimacy: Connecting on a spiritual or existential level.

Relationships:

Relationships are the bonds formed between individuals, and they can take various forms, including:

Romantic Relationships: Involving partners in a committed, romantic connection.

Family Relationships: Bonds within a family unit, such as parent-child or sibling relationships.

Friendships: Non-romantic connections based on shared interests and mutual support.

Professional Relationships: Interactions in a work or professional setting.

Key elements of healthy relationships include communication, trust, mutual respect, and a shared
understanding of values and goals.

Challenges and Growth:

Relationships often face challenges, including communication issues, conflicts, and external
pressures. Navigating these challenges can lead to personal and relational growth.

Overcoming obstacles requires empathy, compromise, and a willingness to work together to

strengthen the relationship.

Cultural and Social Influences:

Cultural and societal norms play a significant role in shaping perceptions of love and relationships.

Expectations regarding gender roles, marriage, and expressions of affection can vary across cultures
and impact relationship dynamics.

Changing Nature Over Time:

Love and relationships evolve over time. The dynamics of a romantic relationship, for instance, may
shift from passionate love to a deeper, companionate love.

Long-term relationships require adaptation to life changes, maintaining intimacy, and sustaining love
through different phases.

Understanding love, intimacy, and relationships involves recognizing their complexity, embracing
diversity in expressions and forms, and appreciating the importance of communication and mutual
growth for healthy connections.

2. Love as a Social Phenomenon Likewise, love is viewed as a social phenomenon. Social

phenomenon are events or experiences which ensue within our interaction and relationship with
other people. Loving entails communication the process of giving and receiving information between
and among people. It also entails the use of language - symbols that are culturally agreed upon as
possessing certain meanings and that are used by people to express certain realities and worldviews.

3. Love as an Emotion Love is also construed as an emotion. Emotions are physiological responses
that we evaluate physiologically as we experience particular life events. There are basic emotions
such as joy, sadness, fear, disgust, and anger among others. There are also complex emotions which
are combination of basic emotions in varying magnitudes and are made intricate by circumstances
surrounding the experience (e.g., the people involves, the place and time where the emotion is
experienced). Love as we know it, is a complex emotion.

4. Love as Neurobiological event With the recent advancement in science, love, now, can be studied
as a neurobiological event. Every split of a second, information is being passed on within our nervous
system -a conglomerate of organs (Including our brain, our spinal cord, and our nerves, among
others) responsible for our ability to process and transmit essential information among the many
organs in our body. The information comes in the form of electrical signal running along our neurons
(nerve cell), which movement is facilitated by our neurotransmitters - a variety of chemicals found in
our nervous system.

Neurobiologically, the experience of love is associated with various parts of our brain. For instance,
the loving experience is commonly associated with the activation of the Ventral Tegmental Area
(VTA) of our brain which is just right behind our left eyes. It is also associated with the increased
amount of endorphins - hormones believed to provide humans a good mood. Theories on Love Since
love is rather complex idea, which can be described, defined and experienced in myriad of ways,
several theories and frameworks offer diverse perspective on how it can be understood and
explained.

1. Psychodynamic View on Love. Psychodynamic theory is a collective term, which pertains to

the psychoanalytic tradition forwarded by Sigmund Freud (a Viennese neurologist, (as well
as the succeeding theories that support, redefine, or refute his propositions. In a nutshell,
the psychodynamic theory posits that we have desires and motives fueled by our life (eros)
and death (thanatos) instincts. For instance, desirable behaviors that promote positive
relationship with others might be viewed as influenced by our life instincts, while aggressive
behaviors that hurt, manipulate, or harm ourselves and others might be viewed as
influenced by our death instincts. Both the life and death instincts are thought to stream
from our unconscious - the province of the mind, which we are highly unaware of Likewise,
the psychodynamic view puts prime on the influence of our early life experiences (from
conception to around six years old) - referred to as formative years - in our personality
development. Crucial to this life stage is our relationship with our primary caregiver -
typically the mother. It suggest that the kind of attachment (psychic bond) we have our
primary giver/s, influence our relationship in later life, including our choice of romantic
partners and the way we relate and operate within this partnership. Hence from a
psychodynamic view, love can be seen as a manifestation of our eros and the placement of
our libido (life energy) unto an object (a thing or a person towards who we transfer our
psychic energies to ease pain or achieve pleasure).

2. Color Wheel of Love. John Alan Lee, a Canadian psychologist, suggested that there are
different types of love.
The primary types are: eros (sexual and romantic), philia (friendly), and storge (parental/filial
love). The secondary types are: pragma (practical love), agape (universal love), and philautia
(self love). It is possible for us to experience not just one, but two or more of these types of
love in our lifetime. A child who loves her parents (storge) might eventually find new friends
whom to like once they go to school (philia) and then experience romantic love (eros)
especially during her youth.

3. Triangular model of love. One of the most popular theories of love is the triangular model by
Sternberg, a psychologist. This theory looks at love from a psychometric stance, which
means that it is generally concerned about trying to measure as a psychological variable and
in determining the various dimensions and facets that love has experienced by people.
According to Sternberg, love has three (3) interlocking dimensions - passion, intimacy, and
commitment.
Passion refers to the physical/emotional aspect.
Intimacy pertains to the psychological aspect.
Commitment pertains to the agency component that is the choice we make with regards to
engaging and maintaining the loving relationship. The combination of these dimensions
yields a particular love type. For instance, when there is only passion but no other
components, infatuation is formed. When there is only intimacy but no other components,
there is liking. When there is only commitment, there is empty love. When there is passion
and commitment, there is ludic love. When there is commitment and intimacy, there is
friendly love. When all three (3) components are present, then we can say that consummate
love exists.

4. Romantic and Companionate Love. Hatfield and Rapson, on the other hand, suggests that
there are two (2) general types of love: romantic love and companionate love.
Romantic love is characterized by intense passion - a state of intense longing for union with
your partner. Companionate love, on the other hand, is characterized by intense intimacy -
emotional closeness - which is also characterized of liking.

5. Love Languages Gary Chapman, a world renown author, suggested that people have
various ways through which we give and receive love. He referred to these unique ways as
love languages. Chapman posited that there are generally five love languages; namely:
words of affirmation, touch, time, gifts, and acts of service. People whose love language is
words of affirmation tend to verbally express their thoughts and feelings of love towards the
people they love. They may be comfortable saying "I love you" and articulating other words
of endearment. They also seem to be generous in expressing through words their
appreciation of others' presence in their lives, as well as the positive impact their loved ones
have in them. Those whose love language is touch, on the other hand, express love non-
verbally through hugs, kisses, or, simply, a tap on the back. They value proximity (nearness)
and yearns for physical contact (not necessarily sexual in nature) with their partners. Those
whose love language is time tend to value quality moments with their loved ones. They are
much willing to create memories with the people they love. Those love language is gifts,
what to show and receive affection through material objects, especially during special
occasions. Finally, those whose love language is act of service, are much willing to serve the
other person by helping her or him in things that they do. Love and Intimate Relationship
Love, although well studied and variedly-theorized remains abstract and obscure unless
viewed in the context of human relationship. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, has been
widely quoted as referring to human as social animal. This means that we survive, thrive,
and flourish when we are together such that relating to other human is not only
sentimental, but also an evolutionary and practical process. Social connection is necessary
for our growth as individuals. In certain cases, it also serves as a foundation for family life,
which then provides us humans a venue for nurturance and care and as a platform where we
can develop our greatest potentials. In other cases, it enables us to secure our social position
and provides us human resources to implement our goals for ourselves and for the greater
community. In his analysis of close human relationships, George Levinger postulated that
there are stages that intimate relationships go through.
It starts in:
1. ACQUAINTANCE,
2. BUILDUP,
3. CONTINUATION OR CONSOLIDATION,
4. DETERIORATION OR DECLINE, AND
5. ENDING OR TERMINATION. SIMPLY PUT, THE ABCDE OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS.

1. Acquaintance Intimate human relationships start in acquaintance. We meet up through

circumstances and first learn about the basic information about one another. Crucial at this
stage is attraction. What does it take for a person to actually decide to be acquainted with
another? Attraction can take place in an enabling environment. It can happen when there is
propinquity or proximity - when we are physically close to one another. It can happen when
there is exposure - when due proximity, there are repeated possibilities of interaction. It can
also happen when there is similarity preferences, interests, and probably, beliefs and values.
2. Buildup common some acquaintances build up into deeper relationships. Frequency of
interaction increases. Kinds of activities share become diverse. The involved parties begin to
introduce one another to each other's friends and families, thus making the social network
larger and interconnected. This is the stage when two (2) persons test their boundaries.
They test the waters before engaging fully and so committedly in the relationship.
3. Consolidation and Continuation the third state of intimate relationship is consolidation.
This stage is when people commits to a long term relationship with one another, either
through a personal agreement (i.e. exclusivity of partnership, or domestic partnership) or a
social-legal agreement (i.e. marriage). What people commit to a relationship, to the point of
legitimizing it through marriage? Often, people set standards that are sustainable (e.g. ability
of each other to maintain a family or a household, readiness of each other to raise children,
career, and financial capacities).
4. Decline or Deterioration Unfortunately, some intimate relationships are unable to sustain
and maintain their commitments or attraction. For one, there may be change in priorities
between the individual couple, such that the conjoint value of the partnership is not
anymore sufficient. There may be infidelity - breech of which are already harming loyalty
and promises as agreed upon by both individuals (e.g. presence of a third party, extra-
marital affairs). Or, in other, there may be irreconcilable differences each individual and the
partnership as a whole.
5. Ending Finally, for those intimate partnerships who are unable to address the causes and
circumstances leading to the deterioration(pagkasira) of their relationship, the stages
culminate into ending or termination of the agreements made (either personal or socio-
legal) through informal (e.g. collective decision to end the relationship) or formal (e.g.
marriage dissolution) means. Summary Humans are social beings and at the core of this
nature, is relating and connecting with others. Central to the understanding human
relationship is the concept of love, an experience so abstract, yet so meaningful to many
people. But then again, love is diversely defined in as much as it manifests and experienced
in diverse ways. This chapter tackles the various theories which explain love and its types. It
also tackles the stages which people who are in love and in an intimate relationship
undertake as they progress from acquaintances to a deeper form of consensual relationship.
Conversely reasons for deterioration of intimate relationship, as well as its eventual demise,
are also highlighted. By and large, we are all encouraged to reflect about our human
relationships with the goal of forging healthy successful and nurturing connections with
others.

LESSON 7: STEREOTYPE, PREJUDICE, DISCRIMININATIONS

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are interconnected concepts that relate to the ways
people perceive and interact with individuals or groups perceived as different from themselves.
While they share similarities, each term has distinct characteristics:

Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Discrimination By: Atty. Eric Paul D. Peralta, et al - Gender and Society:
A Human Ecological Approach Learning Outcome

1. Differentiate stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination

2. Discuss the manifestations of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination on gender. Introduction

There are 7.7 billion people across 195 countries and every race has their own belief system,
religion, culture, and tradition. Yet, each individual is a unique mix of their own. That is why
appreciating diversity is very important to fully understand the human experience and for us to
coexist peacefully. However, understanding diversity requires us to broaden our appreciation of the
many facts of the human race and recognize that we have our own stereotypes, prejudice, and
discrimination too. Stereotypes are an "extremely generalized belief about a particular group or class
of people" (cardwell). It can be helpful in simplifying things, after all, there are 7.7 billion people in
the planet. When we meet someone for the first time, we associate with them certain characteristics
and abilities that we usually base on the group they belong to. While some stereotypes convey
positive examples (like student from Ivy League School should be stereotyped as very intelligent or
Matalino, or Filipino being known for our hospitality). Most stereotypes, however are drawn from
negative generalization like equating our Muslim countrymen as terrorists and viewing tarmers and
blue-collar workers as lazy and less educated. It reflects our expectations and beliefs and is largely
based on the social circle we belong to as we try to conform or agree to the standard way of
thought. However, these stereotypes change through time depending on social and political
conditions. A Stereotype can be categorized as "explicit", meaning the person is aware that they
have these thoughts towards a group of people and they can say it out loud. It can also be "Implicit"
wherein a person does not know if they have these stereotypes since it lies in their subconscious.
When the Stereotype is explicit, a person can choose not to turn their stereotype into action. While
with an implicit stereotype, a person has no control or awareness of it. And it may manifest into
action or behavior.

Prejudice is an "unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely
on the individual's membership of a social group (McLeod).

Prejudice represents our emotional response upon learning of a person's membership to a specific
group (like age, skin, color, race, disability, generation, nationality, religion, sex, sexual expression,
gender expression). This negative attitude (prejudice) can be dangerous, since it often leads to
negative actions and behaviors. For example, a sexist person is someone who has a negative attitude
towards the other sex and sees them as the lesser sex. This negative attitude could manifest into
action such as bullying, discrimination, or violence. Discrimination refers to actions behaviors
towards an individual or group of people. According to the UN, "discriminatory behaviors take many
forms, but they all involve some form of exclusive or rejection" People who are discriminated on are
treated worse than the way people are usually treated just because they belong to a certain group
or they have certain characteristics. Here are a few examples of discrimination.

1. Genocide is the action of recognizing someone as different so much that they are treated
inhumanely and degraded.

2. Apartheid (means separateness) is a form of racial discrimination wherein one race is viewed as
less than the other, resulting in the separation of black and whites and mass murder of jews in
concentration camps.

3. Gender Discrimination is another form of discrimination. Statistically, women earn less than men
and are often relegated to be solely responsible for child- rearing and house chores. Men, on the
other hand, are discriminated in household responsibilities such that are perceived as less manly
when they do their share of house chores or when they become stay at home husbands.

4. LGBT discrimination happens when LGBT people are treated as less than straight people.
Discrimination happens early in their childhood as they get bullied when they act differently or dress
differently than other kids. During adolescence, they get judged, bullied, or physically assaulted as
they explore their sexuality. Restricting opportunities or privileges that may be available to other
groups is discrimination, like the right to vote in national elections. In the Philippines, women only
gained the right to vote in 1937 and before that, Filipino women had no legal rights even to own
properties. That form of institutional discrimination was based on illogical or irrational judgment that
women are weaker than men. Freedom and Equality Article 1 of the universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) states that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights". This
declaration was drafted by member countries of the UN, including the Philippines, in 1948. This
monumental document outlines the fundamental rights of every human being that should be
protected by everyone at all times. Its preamble recognizes that the "inherent dignity and of the
equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice, and peace in the world". While discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws
exist in many countries, many have shifted towards making opportunities and privileges accessible to
everyone. In many countries, people of the same sex can now get married and create their own
families while enjoying the same rights as straight people. In the Philippines, all establishments are
now required by law to have an access ramp for people with disabilities. Appreciating diversity of the
human race is the key to making a safer and more inclusive environment for everyone, regardless of
race, sex, religion, sexuality, gender, or creed.

LESSON 8: LGBTQIA+ PSYCHOLOGY

LGBTQIA+ psychology is a specialized field within psychology that focuses on understanding and
addressing the unique mental health experiences and challenges faced by individuals who identify as
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, and other related
identities. This field recognizes the importance of considering sexual orientation, gender identity,
and diverse expressions of sexuality when studying and providing mental health care. Here are some
key aspects of LGBTQIA+ psychology:

Affirmative Psychology:
Definition: Affirmative psychology is an approach that supports and validates diverse sexual
orientations and gender identities. It aims to create a positive and inclusive environment for
LGBTQIA+ individuals.

Identity Development:

Coming Out Process: Understanding the various stages and challenges associated with individuals
disclosing their LGBTQIA+ identity to themselves and others.

Intersectionality: Recognizing that LGBTQIA+ individuals have multiple identities (e.g., race, ethnicity,
religion) that intersect and influence their experiences.

Mental Health Disparities:

Higher Rates of Mental Health Issues: Research indicates that LGBTQIA+ individuals may face higher
rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide attempts compared to their heterosexual and cisgender
counterparts.

Social Stigma and Discrimination: The impact of societal stigma, discrimination, and prejudice on
mental health outcomes.

Family and Social Support:

Family Acceptance: The role of family acceptance or rejection in the mental health and well-being of
LGBTQIA+ individuals.

Community Support: The importance of LGBTQIA+ community connections and supportive social
networks.

Counseling and Psychotherapy:

Culturally Competent Care: The need for mental health professionals to be knowledgeable about
LGBTQIA+ issues and provide culturally competent and affirming care.

Addressing Minority Stress: Strategies for addressing minority stress, which arises from the unique
challenges faced by LGBTQIA+ individuals in a heteronormative and cisnormative society.

Legal and Policy Issues:

Advocacy: Involvement in advocacy efforts to promote legal rights and protections for LGBTQIA+
individuals.

Impact of Policies: Understanding the impact of discriminatory policies on mental health and well-
being.

Positive Psychology:

Resilience and Strengths: Exploring the resilience and strengths of LGBTQIA+ individuals, highlighting
positive aspects of identity and community.

Research and Education:

Ongoing Research: The need for continued research to address gaps in understanding LGBTQIA+
mental health.

Education and Training: Providing education and training for mental health professionals to enhance
their cultural competence.
LGBTQIA+ psychology aims to contribute to the well-being of individuals within this diverse
community by recognizing and addressing the unique challenges they may face while also
acknowledging the strengths and resilience that characterize LGBTQIA+ experiences. It emphasizes
the importance of creating an inclusive and affirming environment in both research and clinical
practice.

LESSON 9: WOMEN AND LAW

The intersection of women and law encompasses a broad range of legal issues, reflecting historical
and ongoing efforts to address gender-based inequalities and discrimination. Here are key aspects of
women and law:

Historical Context:

Legal Status of Women: Historically, women have faced legal restrictions and lacked many of the
rights afforded to men. Legal systems often upheld discriminatory practices, such as limiting
property rights, denying suffrage, and reinforcing gender roles.

Gender Equality and Human Rights:

International Human Rights Framework: The United Nations has played a significant role in
establishing international standards for gender equality through documents like the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW).

CEDAW: Adopted in 1979, CEDAW is a landmark treaty that seeks to eliminate discrimination against
women in all areas of life, including legal, political, and economic spheres.

Violence against Women:

Legal Protections: Laws and policies have been developed to address and prevent violence against
women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking.

Legal Definitions: Efforts have been made to establish clear legal definitions of various forms of
violence against women and ensure that perpetrators are held accountable.

Reproductive Rights:

Access to Healthcare: Legal battles have been fought to secure women's access to reproductive
healthcare, including contraception and abortion services.

Autonomy and Decision-Making: Women's rights to make decisions about their own bodies,
including family planning, have been central to legal discussions.

Workplace Discrimination:

Equal Pay: Legal efforts have been made to address gender-based wage gaps and ensure equal pay
for equal work.

Anti-Discrimination Laws: Legislation exists to prohibit workplace discrimination on the basis of

gender, including protections against sexual harassment.

Family Law:

Marriage and Divorce: Legal reforms have aimed to address gender inequalities in marriage and
divorce, such as property rights, alimony, and child custody.
Child Marriage: Advocacy efforts and legal changes seek to address and prevent child marriage,
which disproportionately affects girls.

Political Representation:

Quotas and Affirmative Action: Some countries have implemented quotas or affirmative action
measures to increase women's representation in political offices, acknowledging the historical
underrepresentation of women in these roles.

Legal Challenges and Activism:

Legal Advocacy: Women's rights activists and organizations engage in legal advocacy to challenge
discriminatory laws, practices, and policies.

Landmark Cases: Legal victories in landmark cases have played a crucial role in advancing women's
rights and challenging discriminatory norms.

While progress has been made in many areas, challenges persist, and ongoing efforts are needed to
address systemic inequalities and promote gender justice within legal systems worldwide. Women's
rights continue to be a dynamic and evolving field, shaped by legal developments, societal attitudes,
and the tireless efforts of advocates for gender equality.

FROM SIR:

The Philippine is known for its liberal and progressive Constitution that was formulated during the
euphoria of People Power Revolution in 1986-the 1987 Philippine Constitution which refers to the
fundamental law of the country upon which all the laws are anchored or based on. Gender equality
is a key element of this Charter and as enshrined in

Article II Section 14 of the 1987 Constitution. The “State recognizes the role of women in nation-
building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.” Considering
the unequal gender relations in the country, the Constitution further provided for women
representation (as one of the marginalized sectors) in the legislature through the party-list system
(which should cover 20% of the lower class.) Finally, Article 13 Section 14 specifically mentioned that
the “State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working condition, taking
into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their
welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.” These specific
provisions served as bases to several legislators about women.

As a result laws of women became aplenty, anchored from the constitutional provisions mentioned.
The lack or sufficiency of these specific provisions depends on the existing and current need of the
country. While these laws exist, challenges such as enforcement and cultural attitudes persist.
Efforts continue to raise awareness and improve the implementation of these laws to ensure the full
realization of women’s rights in the Philippines.

II. Significance and Importance of Various Laws Protecting Women In contemporary society, the
importance and significance of laws that protect women cannot be overstated. These legal
frameworks play a pivotal role in fostering gender equality, safeguarding women’s rights, and
addressing pervasive issues that have long hindered women’s progress. As we navigate the
complexities of the modern world, these laws serve as a foundation for a more equitable and
inclusive society. Firstly, laws protecting women act as a shield against discrimination. In many parts
of the world, women have historically faced systemic bias and inequality in various spheres,
including the workplace, education, and healthcare. Legal provisions that prohibit discrimination
based on gender help dismantle these barriers, fostering an environment where women can
compete on an equal footing. Moreover, these laws are crucial in combating gender-based violence.
The prevalence of domestic violence, sexual harassment, and human trafficking underscores the
urgent need for legal mechanisms that deter such offenses and ensure justice for survivors. By
criminalizing and penalizing perpetrators, these laws send a clear message that violence against
women will not be tolerated. In the realm of the workplace, laws protecting women contribute to
narrowing the gender pay gap and ensuring equal opportunities for professional growth. Legislation
that mandates equal pay for equal work and promotes workplace diversity fosters an environment
where women can thrive, breaking through the glass ceiling that has impeded their progress for
decades. The significance of these laws is particularly pronounced in the context of reproductive
rights. Legal frameworks that uphold a woman’s right to make decisions about her body empower
women to take control of their reproductive health. Access to reproductive healthcare, family
planning, and maternity leave are critical components of ensuring that women can make choices
that align with their aspirations and well-being. As societies evolve, so do the challenges faced by
women. Laws that protect women need to adapt to address emerging issues, such as online
harassment and cyberbullying. Ensuring that legal frameworks keep pace with the changing
landscape is essential for providing comprehensive protection to women in all facets of their lives. In
conclusion, the importance and significance of laws protecting women are paramount in shaping a
more just, equal, and progressive society. These laws not only rectify historical injustices but also
serve as a beacon guiding societies towards a future where women can live free from discrimination,
violence, and strengthening these legal safeguards is not just a matter of justice; it is an investment
in a better, more inclusive future for everyone. III.

Various Laws Promoting Gender Equality The legal framework provide for by the 1987
Philippine constitution resulted to various legislations promoting gender equality. These legislation
include the following:

1. Local Government Code of 1991-provides for the election of sectorial representation, including
women, in local legislative council.

2. Party List Law-provides for the creation of women-oriented or women-based parties to compete
under the party-list system. Women is one of the nine sectors identified in the law.

3. Labor Code (1989)-covers issues, such as night work prohibition, specifies that employers must
provide special facilities for women, prohibition of discrimination against women in respect to terms
and condition of employment and prohibition of discrimination by reason of marriage of a woman
worker.

4. Women in Nation Building Law-the Republic Act 7192 (1991) is an act promoting the integration of
women as full and equal partners of men in the development and nation-building. The law provides
that a substantial portion of government resources be utilized to support programs and activities for
women. The law also encourages the full participation and involvement of women in the
development process and to remove gender bias in all government regulations and procedures. In
relation to gender budgeting, the law specifically mandated all agencies to allocate a minimum of
5%, increasing to 30%, of all official development funds in mainstreaming gender concerns.

5. 1988 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law-gave the Filipino women the right to own land that
previously reverted to sons and other male family members.

6. Republic Act 7688 (1994)-an act giving representation to women in social security commission.
7. Anti-Sexual Harassment Law. RA 7877 (1995)-an act declaring sexual harassment to be unlawful in
the employment, education, or training environment.

8. Republic Act 7822 (1995) an act providing assistance to women engaging in micro and cottage
business enterprises.

9. Republic Act 8353 (1997) an act expanding the definition of the crime of rape, reclassifying the
same as a crime against persons.

10. Equal Pay for Equal Work Act (RA 11210) an act that ensures equal pay for work of equal value
regardless of gender.

11. Reproductive Health Law (RA 10354) promotes universal access to reproductive health care
services, addressing the needs of women in family planning. These laws collectively aim to create a
legal framework that fosters gender equality and addresses issues related to discrimination and
violence against women. These laws does not only promote gender equality but also gives
protection on women rights and enhances women empowerment. The law listed above should
always be remembered since these are the very basic laws on women’s rights and women
empowerment.

Women’s rights and empowerment are very important to the Philippine society as this ensures
inclusive growth and development of our country.

IV. National Programs Based on the Philippine laws stated, a myriad of projects, initiatives, and
processes on the gender challenge arose. This includes the following:

1. Philippine Plan for Gender responsive Development (1995-2025). The National Plan for Women
that consolidates the action commitments of the Philippines during the Beijing World Conference on
women. This is the overall framework that is also the point of reference for the discussion and
monitoring of gender mainstreaming.

2. Gender and Development Budget (GAD). Integral to the national plan, it is aimed at
institutionalizing gender concerns in the mainstream development process and agenda and not just
peripheral programs and projects of the government.” Concretely, it prescribes for the allocation of
5% of the government agency’s/local government unit’s budget on gender-responsive activities and
projects. As a result, implementation of the development program and policies of government also
means “women partaking a role in governance.” As primarily stakeholders in the development
process, women have the right to maximize their involvement in governance, be it at the local or
national level.

3. Framework Plan for Women (FPW). This is part of the Philippine Plan for Women developed to
focus on three thrust, namely:

1. Promoting women’s economic empowerment

2. Advance and protect women human rights

3. Promote gender responsive governance this plan identifies the concrete gender issue that will be
addressed, pinpoint targets and indicators name programs, formulates the implementation plan,
and set-up tools for monitoring and evaluation

4. Women’s Right to Participate Women’s right to vote was granted in 1937. The Constitution of
1935 stipulated that the right of suffrage would be extended to women only if 300,000 women
voted in its favor during the national plebiscite. This consolidated the emerging women’s movement
and “brought to the fore the activism of such women as Concepcion Felix de Calderon who formed
the Associacion Feminista Filipina in June 1905. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero and a young Trinidad Almeda
and Miss Constancia Poblete, founder of Liga Feminina de la Paz. Pilar Hidalgo, President of the
National Federation of Women’s Club, and Josefa Linaes Escoda, President of the Girl Scouts of the
Philippines.

The General Council of Women was the” established in Manila to direct the plebiscite campaign. Its
aim was to draw the support of the broadest number of women. As it turned out, 447,725 women
voted yes in the 1937 plebiscite. Interestingly, 44,307 women voted against the provision. What
followed was a colorfull history of women’s foray into various levels of electoral victories, but
generally pushed by familial affiliation and elite association. At present, women’s right to vote and
participate are maintained and further protected by existing laws at hand.

VI. Women’s Involvement in Civil Society Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) around the world work to
build peace and equality in communities at the national and international levels. Women’s civil
society organizations and non-governmental organizations play a critical role in realizing change and
commitments to Women, Peace and Security (WPS). They implement conflict resolutions; they
struggle to make decision-making inclusive; they document; they respond; they organize; and they
make a difference in the lives of those affected by conflict. Civil society, particularly women’s groups
– including the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) –- advocated for the
creation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in 2000 and continue to play a significant role in
implementing the holistic aims of the WPS Agenda. Women’s expressions of involvement in civil
society could be through organizing along gender-specific issues and formation of all-women groups
within broad coalition as power-enhancing mechanism. Groups such as the PILIPINA feminist
movement, the GABRIELA women’s group, the UGNAYAN NG KABABAIHAN SA PULITIKA (UKP-
Network of women in Politics) the KILOS KABARO (Act Sisters Coalition), and SIBOL Legislative
Network have trail blazed women advocacies both in policies and legislations. There also exist a so-
called ‘Philippine NGO Beijing Score Board” which evolved from the National Steering Committee
(NSC) of NGOs for the UN Fourth World conference on women, and this lead in the national
monitoring of the government’s implementation of the Beijing Platform of Action. Along with other
women groups and gender-oriented institutions, they have succeeded in raising gender- specific
issues such as domestic violence, prostitution, reproductive health, sexual harassment, and rape.
Intense lobbying efforts by the women’s groups resulted in the passage of several landmark laws,
among them is the anti-sexual harassment law of 1995 and the anti-rape act in 1997. The gains of
the women’s movement are basically achieved through the various partnership with the rest of the
civil society. VII. Women and Education Women’s education is crucial for societal progress. Access to
education empowers women, promotes gender equality, and contributes to economic and social
development. Encouraging and facilitating education for women enhances their skills,
independence, and opportunities, breaking down barriers and fostering a more inclusive and
equitable society. The Philippine educational system is a combination of public and private
institutions with the State providing free education for elementary and secondary levels. The
Constitution provides that without “limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age. (Art, VIX, Sec. 2) There is no
general discrimination of girls in education, thus, there is no marked differences existing in the
educational status of Filipino women and men. One glaring issue is the gender stereotyping of fields
of study and specialization and its onward translation into the world of work where men generally
occupy the highest occupational ranks and the highest paying positions. Women’s larger
responsibility for housework and for the family impedes their ability to use their educational training
and skills for remunerative work. The topics previously discussed are always timely, relevant, and
part and parcel of the daily lives of the Filipinos. This only show the degree of importance that must
be given to these topics.

Summary Women’s rights have been a focal point in the ongoing evolution of legal frameworks
worldwide. The interaction between women and the law is a dynamic process, reflecting societal
changes, struggles, and achievements. Throughout history, women have faced systemic
discrimination, often excluded from legal rights and opportunities. The legal landscape was
characterized by gender biases that limited women’s access to education, property rights, and
political participation. However, the fight for women’s rights gained momentum, leading to
transformative legal changes. Laws on Filipino women are aplenty, from the fundamental law of the
land up to existing legislations. It can be projected that more such legislations shall arise in the
future. These laws are essential as they can be springboard of various national programs. Women’s
involvement, participation, and inclusion-all towards the highest goal of empowering women. The
relationship between women and the law is a dynamic narrative of progress and challenges. Legal
instruments like the Magna Carta of Women and the Anti-Violence against Women and Their
Children Act signal a commitment to gender equality. However, ongoing efforts are essential to
address deep-rooted challenges, ensuring that women’s rights are not only protected on paper but
also upheld in practice. The continuous intersection of women and the law is pivotal in shaping a
more equitable and just society.

LESSON 10: REPUBLIC ACT 1962 (VAWC)

As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Republic Act 1962 is not a specific law related to
the Philippines. However, Republic Act 9262, also known as the "Anti-Violence Against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004" (VAWC Act), is a significant piece of legislation in the Philippines
addressing violence against women and their children.

Republic Act 9262 (VAWC Act):

Enactment:

Republic Act 9262 was enacted on March 8, 2004, as part of the Philippines' commitment to
addressing gender-based violence.

Scope:

The law specifically focuses on preventing and addressing violence committed against women and
their children, acknowledging the need for special protection given historical societal vulnerabilities.

Forms of Violence Covered:

The VAWC Act recognizes various forms of violence, including physical violence, sexual violence,
psychological violence, and economic abuse.

Protection Orders:

One of the key provisions of the law is the issuance of protection orders to prevent further harm to
the victim. These orders include temporary and permanent protection orders, as well as Barangay
Protection Orders (BPOs).

Criminal Penalties:
The law imposes penalties for offenses committed under the VAWC Act, such as imprisonment and
fines. It also considers the relationship between the offender and the victim in determining the
appropriate penalties.

Comprehensive Approach:

The VAWC Act takes a comprehensive approach to addressing violence against women and their
children, incorporating preventive, protective, and rehabilitative measures.

Coordination and Reporting:

The law mandates the establishment of a comprehensive program to address violence against
women and their children, involving various government agencies, local government units, and non-
governmental organizations. It also requires the submission of reports on the implementation of the
law.

It's important to note that laws can be subject to amendments or changes, and it's advisable to
check the latest legal sources or consult legal professionals for