ORAL COMMUNICATION -Most of the time, the topic initiator takes

QUARTER 2 responsibility to signal the end of the

discussion as well.
Communicative Competence
Unit III. FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC
• is the ability to use linguistic knowledge to
effectively communicate with others. SPEAKING
• is essential for a speaker to be able to use
and understand speech acts. Lesson I: Principles of Speech Writing

Lesson 3: TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY The Speech Writing Process

1. Nomination  Conducting an audience
-A speaker carries out nomination to analysis
collaboratively and productively establish a  Determining the purpose of
topic. the speech
-Basically, when you employ this strategy,  Selecting a topic
you try to open a topic with the people you  Narrowing down a topic
are talking to.  Gathering data
2. Restriction
-It refers to any limitation you may have as
a speaker.  Editing and/or  Selecting a Speech
-When you are communicating in the Revising Pattern
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging  Rehearsing  Preparing an Outline
out with your friends, you are typically  Creating the body of the
given specific instructions that you must speech
follow. These instructions confine you as a  Preparing the
speaker and limit what you can say. introduction
 Preparing the conclusion
3. Turn-taking
-It pertains to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor. Components of the Speech Writing
-There is a code of behavior behind 1. Audience Analysis
establishing and sustaining a productive  entails looking into the profits of your
conversation, but the primary idea is to give target audience.
all communicators a chance to speak.  is done so you can tailor-fit your speech
4. Topic control content and delivery to your audience.
-It covers how procedural formality or This profile includes the following:
informality affects the development of topic  DEMOGRAPHY
in conversations.  age range
-For example, in meetings, you may only  male-female ratio
have a turn to speak after the chairperson  educational background and
directs you to do so. affiliations or degree program taken
 nationality
1. Topic shifting  economic status
-As the name suggests, involves moving  academic or corporate designations
from one topic to another.  SITUATION
-In other words, it is where one part of  time
conversation ends and where another  venue
begins.  occasion
2. Repair  Size
-It refers to how speakers address the  PSYCHOLOGY
problems in speaking, listening, and  Values
comprehending that they may encounter in  Beliefs
conversation.  Attitudes
7. Termination  Preferences
-It refers to the conversation participants’  Cultural and racial ideologies and
close-initiating expressions that end a topic needs
in a conversation.
2. Purpose 9. Introduction
-to inform  is the foundation of your speech.
-to entertain  Its primary goal is to get the attention of
-to persuade your audience and present the subject of
CLASSIFICATIONS: main idea of your speech.
a. Informative Speech Some Strategies:
- provides the audience with a clear Use a real-life experience and connect the
understanding of the concept or idea presented by experience to your subject.
the speaker Use practical examples and explain their
b. Entertainment Speech connection to your subject.
-provides the audience with amusement. Start with a familiar or strong quote and
c. Persuasive Speech then explain what it means.
- provides the audience with the well- Use facts or statistics and highlight their
argued ideas that can influence their own importance to your subject.
beliefs and decisions. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.

3. Topic 10. Conclusion

- is the focal point of your speech, which can  restates the main idea of your speech.
be determined once you have decided on  provides a summary, emphasizes the
your purpose. message, and calls for action.
4. 4. Narrow down your topic  aims to leave the audience with a
- means making your main idea more specific memorable statement.
and focused. Some Strategies:
5. Data Gathering Begin your conclusion with a restatement of
- is the stage where you collect ideas, your message.
information, sources, and references Use positive examples, encouraging words,
relevant or related to your specific topic. or memorable lines from songs or stories
6. Writing Patterns familiar to your audience.
-are structures that will help you organize Ask a question or series of questions that
the ideas related to your topic. can make your audience reflect or ponder.
Examples:
 Biographical 11. Editing and Revising
 Categorical/Topical  Correcting errors in mechanics, such as
 Causal grammar, punctuation, capitalization,
 Chronological unity, coherence, and others.
 Comparison/Contrast
 Problem Solution Six Power Principles of Speech Editing
7. Outline Edit for focus
-is a hierarchical lit that shows the -Ensure that everything you have written,
relationship of your ideas. from introduction to conclusion, is related
Suggested Formats: to your central message.
 Table format Edit for clarity
 List format -Make all ideas in your speech clear by
arranging them in logical order (e.g., main
8. Body of your Speech idea first then supporting details, or
 provides explanations, examples, or any supporting details first then main idea.)
details that can help you deliver your Edit for concision
purpose and explain the main ideas of -Keep your speech short, simple, and clear
your speech. by eliminating unrelated stories and
 Its focus is the central idea sentences and by using simple words.
 have only one central idea Edit for continuity
-Keep the flow of your presentation smooth
Some strategies to highlight your main idea: by adding transition words and phrases.
Present real-life or practical examples Edit for variety
Show statistics -Add spice to your speech by shifting tone
Present comparison and style from formal to conversational and
Share ideas from the experts or vice-versa, moving around the stage, or
practitioners adding humor.
Edit for impact and beauty DELIVERY FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
-Make your speech memorable by using As a public speaker, you need to be ready
these strategies: surprise the audience, use to deal with the most common challenges in
vivid descriptive images, write well-crafted different speaking environments. Below are
and memorable lines, and use figures of some of them.
speech.
12. Rehearsing
1. Speaking to a specific audience size
 gives you an opportunity to identify what
works and what does not work for you and  Audience size depends on the venue
for your target audience. size.
Strategies: 2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a
Reading your speech aloud building
Recording for your own analysis or for your  Examples are open courts or grounds,
peers or coaches to give feedback on your football fields, farms, etc.
delivery. 3. Speaking in different venues
 Speaking venues that vary according to
Some Guidelines in Speech Writing size: classroom, meeting or conference
1. Keep your words short and simple. Your room, ball room, social ball, auditorium,
speech is meant to be heard by your
covered court, open court, etc.
audience.
4. Speaking with a microphone
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words
because they can confuse your audience.  Its main function is to increase the
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the volume of your voice, not to clarify the
personal pronoun “I”, but take care not to pronunciation and enunciation or
overuse it. When you need to emphasize words.
collectiveness with your audience, use the 5. Speaking with a podium or lectern
personal pronoun “we”.  A podium or lectern is a reading desk
4. Use active verbs and contractions because with a stand and a slanted top.
they add to the personal and conversational
tone of your speech. TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very  How they approach their audience
careful with your language, jokes, and
 How they connect with their audience
nonverbal cues.
 How they present themselves
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech
to effectively convey your point.  How they use their voice in terms of
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the volume, pitch, rate or speed, pauses to
speech falls under the time limit. show emphasis and strengthen the
clarity of the message, vocal variety, and
Lesson 2: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY pronunciation.

MORE TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. Use a conversational style more often.
1. Informative Speech- provides the
2. Look your audience members in the eye so
audience with a clear understanding of a
they will feel that they are part of your
concept or idea. The lectures of your
speech.
teachers are the best example of this
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the
type.
size of the audience and the venue.
2. Entertainment Speech- amuses the
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your
audience.
audience interested and to avoid a
3. Persuasive Speech- seeks to provide the
monotone pattern.
audience with favorable or acceptable
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level.
ideas that can influence their own ideas
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most
and decisions.
important words, phrases, or sentences.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute
actual words in your speech because these
words are distracting.
9. Start your speech by standing straight and 1. Reinforce! You may explore other main
balancing your weight. points, but always refer to your thesis. This
10. Use precise movements. will greatly help your audience remember
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly your message.
animated face. 2. Capture! State the central idea of your
extemporaneous speech in one declarative
sentence. Keep your sentence specific. Ask
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY yourself what you want your audience to
1. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
know exactly.
 is a planned and prepared speech. Unlike
3. Develop! Now that you have a clear central
memorized or manuscript speeches which
idea, you are ready to map out the
are delivered word-for-word, an
supporting points in an outline.
extemporaneous speech is delivered with
4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure
the help of short notes and a clear outline.
you:
 Most people who speak in public often
 Grab the attention of the audience
prefer the extemporaneous method of
with a striking one-liner.
 Give a short background by
delivery. Although it might look more explaining why they have to listen.
 State your thesis.
challenging than the manuscript or
5. Check! Develop at least three main points
memorized speeches, it is more
and check each of them with these
spontaneous and personal.
questions:
 Does each point have one single
Three Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous
idea?
Topic
 Does each point reiterate the thesis
1. Identify the type of extemporaneous question
statement?
that you have to answer.
 Does each point prepare the
Is it a question of fact?
discussion of the next main point?
 This type of question typically
6. Check! Develop at least three main points
answerable by “Yes” or “No” it revolves
and check each of them with these
around whether something is true or
questions:
not, existent or not.
 Does each point have one single
Example:
idea?
• Is Syria’s crisis a problem of the whole
 Does each point reiterate the thesis
world?
statement?
 Does each point prepare the
Is it a question of value?
discussion of the next main point?
 It is centered on whether a topic is good or
7. Conclude! Reinforce your introduction by
bad, moral or immoral, just or unjust.
coming up with a closing attention-getter
Example:
that is related to your opening. Connect the
Is it better for the European nation to step
needs and interest of your audience with
in and aid Syria or ignore the country’s civil
the theme of your speech. Restate your
crisis?
thesis or review your main points.
Is it a question of policy?
2. IMPROMPTU SPEECH
 It is focused on what policy or rule should
 Speaking without advanced preparation
be followed.
 Unrehearsed speech
Example:
 Spoken conversationally
• Should European countries enforce laws to
Impromptu Speaking Situation
accommodate Syrian refuges?
In an event where you ask to say a few words
First day at work or in class, or during an
2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your
interview
topic
Advantages:
3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides
Spontaneous or natural speaking
and angles of the problem.
More focused and brief
Disadvantages:
Steps in Preparing for a Successful
Tendency to be disorganized
Extemporaneous Speech
Lacks connection with the audience
Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and
beginners STRATEGIES IN ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING THE
Tips: MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
Smile 1. Practice!- practice delivering speech several
Once you are requested to say something, times. Mark the text.
pause for a moment to plan in your head 2. Adapt!- Feel free to modify the text when the
what to say situation demands it. If you observe your audience
State your main point briefly and deliver it at is bored, you may use shorter yet more vigorous
pace your audience can follow words. If your audience is impatient, add words of
Relax and think positive strong motivational power. If your audience is
End by saying “thank you” anxious, share personal anecdotes to lighten the
mood.
Impromptu speech
 can be delivered with little or no time TIPS ON USING THE MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
for preparation. In most instances you 1. Prepare!
called to speak at the spur of the 2. Mark!
moment because you are expected to 3. Practice!
be knowledgeable about the subject. 4. Practice some more!
Example: 5. Concentrate!
 Your teacher assigned you to read an article 6. Act it out!
before the class starts. Then during the class
you were ask to deliver an impromptu speech DELIVERING A MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
about what you have learned from the article 1. The manuscript is still a speech.
2. Maintain your energy.
STRATEGIES IN ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING AN 3. Use your own wording if possible.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH 4. Use spoken rather than written language.
1. PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 5. Use short, simple sentences.
EXAMPLE: In the past, I was not 6. Prepare the manuscript in large print using
comfortable making impromptu speeches both upper and lower case.
because I could not think right away of what 7. ‘Score” the speech.
to say; maybe it was because if nervousness 8. Practice the speech.
and lack of time to prepare. At present, 9. Pace yourself.
however, I am enjoying it because I 10. Maintain eye contact.
constantly practice and keep on exposing
myself in any kind of speaking situation. In SPEAKING SITUATIONS
the future, I look forward to teaching others • Newscasting with a teleprompter or an
how to survive impromptu speech autocue device
situations. • Presenting the legal proceedings and
verdict in court
2. POINT-REASON-EXAMPLE L EXPLAINATION- • Reading the rules and criteria in a contest
POINT- OPENING
3. RULE OF THREE, CLINCHER TIPS:
A. BRIDGING- this entails building a 1. Rehearse the speech over and over again
connection between what do you know and until you sound natural
what you do not know. 2. Observe accomplished news anchors and
B. REFRAMING- this means rephrasing or note how conversational they sound when
redefining the topic into the something that they deliver the news.
you want to talk about ADVANTAGES:
C. PLAYING DEVIL’S ADVOCATE- this refers 1. EXACT REPETITION OF THE WORD
to you standing on the opposite side. 2. GUIDED

3. MANUSCRIPT SPEECH DISADVANTAGES

 This is when a speaker reads a pre- 1. Boring and uninteresting presentation
written speech word by word to an 2. Lacks audience rapport connection
audience.
 Speaking with advanced preparation 4. MEMORIZED SPEECH
 Planned and rehearsed speech
Organizing and Delivering a Memorized Speech
 Reading aloud a written message
Key Takeaways FIRST AID
 A memorized speech requires you to  To inform the audience about how first
commit the speech to memory. aid for an ankle sprain is administered
 It can also run the risk of sounding SHORT STORY WRITING
mechanical during a memorized delivery.  To inform the audience about how a
 Keep your memorized speech short and publishable short story is written.
work harder on your facial expressions and PHOTOGRAPHY
the tone of your voice  To inform the audience how to take
good pictures
When should you memorize? WEB DESIGNS
1. It is best that you memorize short speeches  To inform the audience about how basic
for special occasions. web designs are created
2. It works best with the following:
3. Introduction of a guest 3. SPEECH ABOUT EVENTS
4. Acceptance of award or recognition  This focuses on an event that happened,
5. Toast is happening, or might happen in the
6. Eulogy future.
7. Tribute Specific examples and their purposes:
MARTIAL LAW
INFORMATIVE SPEECHES  To inform the audience about the
Types of informative speeches impacts of Martial law on economy and
1. Speech about objects or people politics
2. Speech about processes ZOMBIE INVASION
3. Speech about events  To inform the audience about the
4. Speech about concepts possibility of a zombie invasion
ACCIDENT
1. Speech about objects or people  To inform the audience about the details
 focuses on tangible items like gadgets, surrounding a car accident
products, structures, or people. COSPLAY SHOW
 Visual aid may be necessary.  To inform the audience about cosplay
Examples: shows and the preparations made by
 Yourself cosplayers and organizers.
 Sherlock Holmes
5. Speech about concepts
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND THEIR PURPOSE:  This focuses on beliefs, knowledge,
YOURSELF theories, principles or ideas.
• To inform the audience about your Specific examples and their purposes
background, interests, and ambitions. BIG BANG THEORY
SHERLOCK HOLMES  To inform the audience about the
• To inform the audience about this development of the Big Bang Theory
fictional character’s profile, including his BERMUDA TRIANGLE
traits and abilities.  To inform the audience about the
NEW IPHONE MODEL mystery of the Bermuda Triangle
 To inform the audience about the PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)
features and capabilities of this new  To inform the audience about the
model. advantages and disadvantages of PPP
MANILA CATHEDRAL
 To inform the audience about the FEMINISM
historical and architectural features of  To inform the audience about a
the Manila Cathedral. feminist’s perspective on the patriarchal
2. Speech about processes state of the country
 Focuses on a process or sequence of Organizational Patterns of Informative Speech
events. Visual aids are necessary. A. Chronological Pattern
Specific examples and their purposes:
 This can be used if you want to present 5. Effective and powerful ways to gain the
the history, evolution, or development attention of your audience.
of your topic in a sequential order, from 6. Compelling ideas to make your target
past to present or beginning to end. audience feel and think
B. Spatial Pattern 7. Salient motives to target the salient
 This pattern is used when you want to needs of your audience
talk about physical structure of an object
or the way things fit together in a Types of Claim in Persuasive Speech
certain space (Glendale Community 1. Speech that Questions Fact
College; University of Washington  This type questions the existence of a
Tacoma). particular event or happening.
 Topics that deal with geography fit this  The persuasive speaker poses
pattern best. questions of fact, derives conclusions
3. Topical/ Categorical Pattern from different sources of
 This can be used if you want to inform information, and attempts to
your audience about the main features, convince the audience to believe in
descriptions, or categories of your topic. his/her ideas.
4. Cause-Effect Pattern Sample argument and sample outline
 This can be used if you want to show the Argument: Death Penalty as a punishment
causal relationship of events or is not effective, as it does not deter crime.
phenomena. A. Purpose: To persuade the listeners that
 Your outline may follow different the death penalty is ineffective as a
patterns of organizations depending on punishment as it does not deter crime.
the relationship between the cause and B. Main Point: Death penalty does not
effects of the event. work as an effective punishment
6. Comparison-Contrast because it does not deter crime.
 This can be used if you want to compare C. Supporting Idea: In a survey of various
objects, events of concepts underscoring experts from the American Society of
their similarities and differences. Criminology, the Academy of Criminal
 Your outline may follow either a block or Justice Sciences, and the Law and
point-by-point format. Society Association, it was found that
majority of the experts did not see death
PERSUASIVE SPEECH penalty as a deterrent to homicide
 is the form of communication that (Radelet & Lacock, 2009)
people of diverse backgrounds mostly
engage in. 2. Speech that Questions Value
 can center on any arguably interesting  This type focuses on questions of
topic under the sun. value regarding topics on the self,
 Its primary goal is to influence the family, friendship, religion,
thoughts, feelings, actions, and government, freedom, love, and
behaviors or attitudes of your listeners. money, among others.
(Gamble & Gamble, 2012).  The persuasive speaker makes a
 Its aim is to change their perception and statement or claim which reflects
convince them that your argument is his/her judgment, attempts to
more important, practical, attainable, or convince his/her audience of his/her
feasible. judgment, and justifies it based on
QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE PERSUASIVE standards.
SPEAKER Example:
1. Well-defined goal Argument: Sentencing criminals to death is
2. Clear main point wrong
3. Sufficient supporting ideas A. Purpose: To persuade the listeners that
4. Logical reasoning (concrete reasons why the death penalty is wrong.
your listeners should support your ideas) B. Main Point: Sentencing criminals to
death is wrong because life is precious;
no man has the right to sentence a (i.e.,questions which do not intend to
fellow human being to death, and even elicit answers, but to make a point.)
so there is no fair way of meting out this 5. Emotive Language. Appeal to your
punishment. audience’s emotion.
C. Supporting Idea: Criminals might be 6. Superlatives. Use superlative to
sentenced to death based on other exaggerate an idea.
external factors, such as their race. In 7. Tripling. The rule of three in the English
fact the study by the American Civil writing principle simply entails using
Liberties Union (2003), found out there three words together to reinforce your
is a racial bias in the application of the point. This may add to the effectiveness
death penalty. of your persuasion. A classic example is
Julius Caesar’s statement: “Veni, vidi,
3. Speech that Questions Policy vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).
 This type questions the current state of
things which can impact the future. In 2. Problem-Solution
this case, the persuasive speaker asks  Here’s how:
relevant questions that can help in (1) Identify the problem.
making a decision on whether or not (2) Provide a solution, which will show the
something should be implemented, practicality of your proposal.
observed, or done.
Example: 3. Problem-Cause-Solution
Argument: The government should not revive  Rules in applying this pattern:
death penalty. (1) Identify the problem.
A. Purpose: To persuade the listeners that (2) Analyze the root causes of the problem.
the death penalty should not be revived (3) Provide a solution to the problem.
by the government.
B. Main Point: The government should not 4. Comparative Advantages
revive death penalty as it does not  Rules in applying this pattern.
directly decrease the crime rate. (1) Identify the problem.
C. Supporting Idea: In the United States, it (2) Present at least two solutions to the
was found that states with no death problem.
penalty have lower murder rates (3) Compare the two in terms of practicality
compared to those which have death and feasibility.
penalty in place (Bonner & Fessenden,
2000) [Link]’s Motivated Sequence
Organizational Patterns in Writing  Here’s how to apply this technique.
Persuasive Speech 1. Grab the attention of the audience by
1. A.F.O.R.E.S.T identifying the challenge you plan to
 (anecdotes, facts and figures, confront, or the problem you plan to
opinion, rhetorical questions, address.
emotive language, superlative, 2. Establish the need or urgency to address
tripling) the identified challenge or problem.
Rules in Applying A.F.O.R.E.S.T Pattern 3. Present possible solutions to your
1. Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a audience to satisfy the need.
personal story, observation, or 4. Help your audience visualize. Use vivid
experience. words to convince your audience about
2. Facts and Figures. Provide striking the benefits they can gain from the
statistics that can support your ideas. solutions you presented.
3. Opinion. Add in your opinion. You can 5. Engage the audience to participate in
begin your statement with, “I believe promoting change through a call for
that….”. action.
4. Rhetorical Questions. Think of and add Methods of Persuasion
engaging rhetorical questions  By Lucas (2011)
The audience can be persuaded by the respects, are compared and assumed to be
following reasons. similar in other ways.
 They perceive that the speaker has Example: President Aquino is the Socrates of
credibility. the 21st Century.
 They are convinced by the evidence How to avoid: Look at the characteristics,
presented by the speaker. features, or components of two people or
 They are convinced by the speaker’s objects closely to see whether they can really
reasoning. be compared or not.
 Their emotions are touched by the
speaker’s ideas or use of language. d. False Authority: This happens when a
statement of someone who is not an expert
Some Tips on how to enhance your in the field in question is being used in an
credibility, how to use evidence, how to argument.
use reasoning, and how to observe ethics Example: I avoid drinking coffee at night
and emotional appeal in a persuasive because of the advice of my English teacher.
speech. How to avoid: Check properly the qualifications
1. How to enhance your credibility of the person being cited.
 Explain how you became an expert
on the topic. e. False Cause and Effect: This happens when
 Connect your experience, beliefs, the connection between two consecutive
values or attitudes with your events are not clear.
audience. Example: Because I attended a party, I got a
 Practice more often so you can high grade in my persuasive speech.
deliver your speech with conviction. How to avoid: Clarify the connection between
2. How to use evidence the events by explaining both backgrounds
 Specify evidence. clearly.
 Avoid outdated evidence.
 Choose reputable or credible sources f. Hasty Generalization: This happens when a
for your evidence. conclusion is drawn from insufficient
3. How to use reasoning evidence.
 Avoid logical fallacies or errors in Example: The senator stuttered while giving his
reasoning. speech, therefore government officials are not
good in public speaking.
Some most common errors in reasoning: How to avoid: Provide enough pieces of
a. Ad Hominem: This happens when you evidence before making any conclusion.
attack the character of a person instead of
his argument. g. Red Herring: This happens when the answer
does not address the question.
Example: Professor X does not deserve to be Example: Question: Should the President sign
the head of this organization because he is the Cyberbullying bill into law? Answer: The
separated from his wife. President has other priorities.
How to avoid: When you give your rebuttal, How to avoid: Do not avoid opposing
focus on the arguments of the person, hon on arguments. Instead, address them properly.
his/her character or values.

b. Circular Argument: This happens when the 4. How to use emotional appeal
idea of a stated argument is repeated. a. Internalize what you are saying.
Example: My mother is a good teacher because b. Use emotion appropriately.
she teaches me well.
How to avoid: Do not repeat the argument;
instead, prove it. Prepared by:

c. False Analogy: This happens when two IAN KENT P. MATA

things, which might be alike in some