CHAPTER-13-MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

A magnet is a body which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt.

IODESTONE-naturally occurring substance, it has the property of (magnet) attracting iron

materials,It is black coloured oxides of iron ore, which is called magnetite(Fe 2O3).

Various types of magnets:-

BARMAGNET(artificial magnet)

One of the most common magnet used is bar magnet-long rectangular bar of uniform cross
section that attracts iron, steel, nickel and [Link] end of a freely suspended bar magnet
which point towards the north direction is called NORTH POLE, The end of a freely suspended
bar magnet which point towards the south direction is called SOUTH POLE

MAGNETIC NEEDLE

The magnetic needle is a tiny magnet ,it is in the form of elongated rhombus, which is free to
move horizontatally on a pivot. One end of the needle points in north direction and the other
end points in the south direction. (north pole is generally painted red)

MAGNETIC COMPASS (PLOTTING COMPASS)

It is a compact form of magnetic needle which is pivoted at the center of a small brass [Link]
North Pole is generally painted red .
USES:- These device are used

[Link] find the magnetic north-south direction.

2. To find the direction of the magnetic field.

[Link] test the polarity of a magnet.

MAGNETIC FIELD:- “The space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force is exerted, is
called a magnetic field.”
Example:- When compass needle is brought near the bar magnet it is deflected due to
magnetic field .The compass needle points approximately towards north and south direction.
ACTIVITY 13.2 PAGE 224.
Magnetic field cannot be seen but it can be traced .A convenient method to describe the
magnetic field around a magnet is to draw magnetic field lines around it. To do so,
1. Place a bar magnet on a cardboard sheet.
2. Sprinkle some iron fillings uniformly around it.
3. Tap the board gently.
OBSERVATION
The iron fillings are found to arrange themselves in pattern of curved lines.
INFERENCE
It is due to the reason that every piece of iron fillings acts as a tiny magnet and experience a
magnetic force in certain direction in the magnetic field of the magnet.

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:- “ The curved paths along which the iron fillings arrange themselves
due to the force acting on them in the magnetic field of the bar magnet are called MAGNETIC
FIELD LINES.

TRACING / MAPING OF MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO BARMAGNET USING COMPASS

ACTIVITY13.3 PAGE 224

PROCEDURE

[Link] a small compass and bar magnet.

[Link] the magnet on a sheet of white paper fixed on a drawing board means of pins.
[Link] a bar magnet on the sheet and mark its boundary with a fine pencil.
[Link] place a small compass needle close to the south pole of the magnet and mark two
pencil dots exactly at the two ends of the needle.
4. Note that the north pole of the needle(represent by arrow) is being attracted by the south
pole of the magnet.
[Link] move the compass such a manner that one end (north pole) of the needle co-insides
with the second pencil dot , mark the position of the other end (south pole) of the needle with
a dot.
[Link] smooth ccurve by joining the various dots. Which represent MAGNETIC FIELD LINES.
[Link] indicate the direction of each magnetic field lines mark an arrow on it from north-pole to
south-pole.
Repeat the process of moving the needle and marking dots as its two ends till its south-pole
reaches the north pole of the magnet. As a result number of line can be marked

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

1.A magnetic field lines is directed from north-pole to south-pole.

2. A magnetic field lines are closed and continuous curve.

[Link] magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole where the magnetic field is [Link]
are apart from the middle of the magnet where the magnet field is weak.

4. A magnetic field lines never intersect.

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

The generation of magnetic field around a conductor when a current is passed is called
“MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT”.

OERSTED EXPERIMENT( Hans Christian oersted )ACTIVITY 13.4 PAGE 226

METIRIAL REQUIRED
Conductor, battery, magnetic needle, switch etc.

PROCEDURE
[Link] are connected as shown in the diagram.
2.A magnetic needle is placed near the conductor AB such that it is settled in North- South
Direction.
[Link] there is no flow of current through the conductor the magnetic needle remains north-
south direction without any deflection.
[Link] key is pressed circuit is closed.
[Link] current flows through the conductor, the deflection is observed in the magnetic
needle.

CONCLUSION
From the oersted Experiment it is concluded that the magnetic field is produced around the
conductor, when current is flowing through it.

MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY A STRIGHT CONDUCTOR

ACTIVITY13.5 PAGE 226

“ The magnetic field lines of force
round a straight conductor carrying a
current are concentric circles whose
center lies on the wire.”
PROCEDURE
[Link] have a straight vertical
conductor(wire) AB passing through a
horizontal card board sheet C.

[Link] ends of the wire AB are connected

to a battery T.

[Link] current is passed through wire AB, it produces a magnetic field around it.

[Link] magnetic field has magnetic lines of force around the wire AB which can be shown by
sprinkling iron fillings on the card board C.

[Link] iron fillings get magnetized. And on tapping the card board sheet , the iron fillings arrange
themselves in circles around the wire showing that ‘ the magnetic lines of force are circular in
nature.’
6. A small magnetic compass needle M is placed on the card board indicates the direction of the
magnetic field.
7. When current is flowing upward direction in the conductor AB, then the line of magnetic line
of force are formed in the ANTICLOCKWISE DIRECTION.

NOTE:-
1. When polarity of the battery is reversed the direction of the magnetic field also will be
reversed. (CLOKWISE DIRECTION).
2. The strength of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the quantity of the current
passing through it. “Greater the current in the wire, stronger will be the magnetic field
produced.
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY A STRIGHT CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR

MAXWELL’S RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

According the MAXWELL , if a current carrying

conductor is held in your right hand such that
the thumb is in the direction of the flow of
current ,Then the direction in which your finger
encircle the wire gives the direction of the
magnetic lines of force around the wire .

The magnetic line of force around a stright

conductor carrying electric current is concentric
circles with conductor as the center

From the diagram

[Link] the current is flowing from A to B then the direction of the magnetic line of force is
‘CLOCKWISE’.
2. [Link] the current is flowing from B to A then the direction of the magnetic line of force is
‘ANTI-CLOCKWISE’.

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT IN A CIRCULAR LOOP

CIRCULAR LOOP:- a straight wire which is bent in the form of a circle is called circular loop.

[Link] current is passed through a circular loop,

it produces two different segments of magnetic
field Which are concentric circles
[Link] to Maxwell Right hand thumb rule
One segment is clock wise direction , another
segment is anti clock wise direction.
[Link] circular magnetic field lines would becomes
larger and larger as we move away from the
center(wire).
[Link] the centre of the the arc of the big circles would appears as a straight lines.
ACTIVITY 13.6 PAGE 229

CIRCULAR COIL :- The number of turns of loop

together is called coil.
PROCEDURE
[Link] a rectangular card board having two
[Link] a circular coil having large number
of turns through [Link] to the plane of
card board.
[Link] the ends of the coil in series with
battery a key and a rheostat as shown in the
figure.
[Link] iron filings uniformly on the card board.
4. plug the key. [Link] the card board gently a few times.
OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES
1. In the vicinity of wire A and B the magnetic field lines are circular.
2. In the same segment the magnetic field lines are in the same direction.
3. Near the centre of the loop, the magnetic field lines are parallel and uniform in the small
space near the centre.
4. At the centre magnetic lines are along the axis of the loop and normal to the plane of
the loop.
NOTE :- The magnetic field lines becomes denser i,e magnetic field strength is increased
[Link] strength of the current is increased.
[Link] number of turns are increased.

SOLENOID

“A long cylindrical coil consisting of large number of turns

of an insulated wire is called SOLENOID”- commonly an
insulated wire is coiled over a non-conducting hallow
cylindrical tube.

CORE:-An iron rod is usually placed inside the hallow tube is

called core.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE To A CURRENT IN A SOLINOID
When current is passed through solenoid a magnetic field get developed around it.
The current flowing through in each loop of the solenoid flow in the same direction, then the magnetic
field of the loop added up to make solenoid act as a bar that is one end of the solenoid acts as south
pole and other end acts as north pole.

Magnetic field around solenoid Magnetic field around bar magnet

CLOCK RULE

CLOCK WISE CURRENT – SOUTH POLE

ANTCLOCK WISE CURRENT – NORTH POLE

Look at the face of the loop, current at the face of the loop is anti clockwise, it behave as
NORTH POLE.
Look at the face of the loop, current at the face of the loop is clockwise, it behave as
SOUTH POLE.
STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY A SOLENOID
[Link] number of turns in the coil:-
Large number of turns of the coil, stronger will be the magnetic field
[Link] of the current :-
Higher is the current , stronger the magnetic field
[Link] nature of the core :-
To make solenoid usually soft iron is used as a core, which produces strong
Magnetic field

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN A CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID AND A BAR MAGNET

[Link] magnetic field lines of a current carrying solenoid are similar to the magnetic field lines
of bar magnet therefore solenoid behaves just like bar magnet.
[Link] a current carrying solenoid is suspended freely, will set itself in the north-south
direction exactly in the same manner as bar magnet does.
[Link] carrying solenoid shows the attractive property magnet. It attracts iron materials
brought near to it.
NOTE:- The solenoid behaves as magnet as long as the current is flowing therefore, it can also
be called ELECTROMAGNET. It is a temporary magnet.

DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN A SOLENOID AND BAR MAGNET

S.N BAR MAGNET(PERMANENT MAGNET) ELECTROMAGNET (TEMPORARY MAGNET)

O
1 It is permanent magnet. It is temporary magnet.
2 Permanent magnet produces An electromagnet produces comparatively
comparatively week force of attraction. very strong magnetic force of attraction.
3 The strength of the magnetic field The strength of the magnetic field cannot be
cannot be changed. changed by changing the number of turns in
its coil or by changing the current.
4 North-South polarity of the permanent North-South polarity of the permanent
magnet is fixed and cannot be changed. magnet is fixed and cannot be changed. By
changing the direction of the current.

FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

“When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force “

AMPERE EXPERIMENT (KIKING WIRE EXPERIMENT)

PROCEDURE:-

1. Aluminium wire (thickness of 1mmand length of 5cm) is suspended in a stand with the help
of two springs.
[Link] aluminum wire (conductor) is connected in a simple circuit consisting of battery and
switch.
3. When key is pressed circuit is closed.
OBSERVATION:-
[Link] wire is moved upwards and spring is compressed.
[Link] polarity of the battery is changed ,the current is flowing in opposite direction then the
Aluminum wire is pulled downwards and spring is stretched.

CONCLUSION
1. Current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field a force acts on the conductor and
makes it to move.
2. Direction of the force is depending upon the direction of the current as well as the
direction of the magnetic field.
3. Current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, it moves in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field as well as in the direction perpendicular
electric field.
Note:- The movement of the conductor is due the interaction between the two magnetic field
of magnet as well as the temporary magnetic field of current carrying conductor.

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

-Stretch your THUMB, FORE FINGER and MIDDLE FINGER of the left hand so that they are right angle
to each other.

- If the FORE FIGER shows the direction of magnetic field (N to S) ,

-The MIDDLE FINGER shows the direction of current (+ to - ),

-the THUMB shows the direction of force acting on the conductor.

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