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Solid State Short Notes 12th

The solid state encompasses substances with definite shape, volume, and rigidity, characterized by strong intermolecular forces. There are four main types of solids based on bonding: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent, each with distinct properties. Crystalline solids exhibit long-range order and sharp melting points, while amorphous solids lack such order, and defects within solids can influence their electrical and optical behaviors.

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18 views3 pages

Solid State Short Notes 12th

The solid state encompasses substances with definite shape, volume, and rigidity, characterized by strong intermolecular forces. There are four main types of solids based on bonding: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent, each with distinct properties. Crystalline solids exhibit long-range order and sharp melting points, while amorphous solids lack such order, and defects within solids can influence their electrical and optical behaviors.

Uploaded by

priyachoudhary111111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

The Solid State (Chapter 1)

🔹 1. Introduction

The solid state refers to substances with definite shape, volume, and rigidity. Intermolecular
forces are strongest in solids.

🔹 2. Types of Solids

Type Constituent Bonding Properties Example

van der Waals/H-


Molecular Molecules Soft, insulator, low m.p. Ice, I₂, CO₂
bond

Hard, brittle, high m.p.,


Ionic Ions Electrostatic NaCl, CaF₂
conductor (molten/aq)

Metallic Metal atoms Metallic bond Malleable, ductile, conductor Cu, Fe

Covalent Diamond,
Atoms Covalent bonds Hard, insulator, high m.p.
(Network) SiO₂

🔹 3. Crystalline vs Amorphous

Crystalline Amorphous

Long-range order Short-range order

Sharp m.p. Gradual softening

Anisotropic Isotropic

True solid Pseudo solid

🔹 4. Unit Cell & Crystal Lattices

 Unit cell: Smallest repeating structural unit

 7 Crystal Systems: Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic, Hexagonal,


Rhombohedral

🧱 Cubic types:

1. Simple Cubic (SC) – atoms at corners only


2. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) – corners + center

3. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) – corners + faces

🔹 5. Packing Efficiency

 SC: 52%

 BCC: 68%

 FCC/HCP: 74%

🔹 6. Imperfections in Solids

👉 Point Defects:

 Stoichiometric Defects: Vacancy & Interstitial

 Non-stoichiometric:

o Metal Excess: due to anion vacancies/e⁻ in voids

o Metal Deficiency: fewer cations

👉 Impurity Defects:

e.g., adding SrCl₂ in NaCl introduces cation vacancies.

🔹 7. Electrical Properties

 Conductors: No band gap

 Semiconductors: Small band gap (e.g. Si, Ge)

 Insulators: Large band gap

🔹 8. Magnetic Properties

Type Behavior

Paramagnetic Weakly attracted, unpaired electrons

Diamagnetic Repelled, all electrons paired

Ferromagnetic Strongly attracted, permanent magnet

Antiferromagnetic Opposing magnetic moments cancel


Type Behavior

Ferrimagnetic Partial cancellation, weak magnetism

🧪 Summary:

 4 types of solids based on bonding

 Crystalline = ordered; Amorphous = disordered

 FCC has highest packing efficiency

 Defects affect electrical and optical behavior

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