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Underwater Acoustic
Modeling and Simulation
Underwater Acoustic
Modeling and Simulation
Fifth Edition

Paul C. Etter
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Etter, Paul C., author.

Title: Underwater acoustic modeling and simulation / Paul C. Etter.
Description: Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
2018. | Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017049571| ISBN 9781138054929 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315166346 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Underwater acoustics–Mathematical models.
Classification: LCC QC242.2 .E88 2018 | DDC 534/.23015118–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017049571

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
To my wife Alice
and to my two sons and their families:
Gregory, Sophia, Elaina, and Renae
and
Andrew, Michelle, and Kale
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................... xv
Preface to the Fourth Edition ..................................................................................xix
Preface to the Third Edition ...................................................................................xxi
Preface to the Second Edition .............................................................................. xxiii
Preface to the First Edition ....................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xxvii
Author ...................................................................................................................xxix

Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1

1.1 Background................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Setting ..........................................................................1
1.1.2 Framework....................................................................2
1.2 Measurements and Prediction ...................................................4
1.3 Developments in Modeling........................................................8
1.4 Advances in Simulation ........................................................... 11
1.5 Operational Challenges ........................................................... 12
1.5.1 Naval Operations ........................................................ 13
1.5.2 Offshore Industries ..................................................... 15
1.5.3 Operational Oceanography ........................................ 16
1.6 Inverse Acoustic Sensing of the Oceans.................................. 17
1.7 Standard Definitions ................................................................ 19
1.8 Historical Growth Curves ....................................................... 21

Chapter 2 Acoustical Oceanography .................................................................. 23

2.1 Background.............................................................................. 23
2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties ........................................... 23
2.2.1 Temperature Distribution ...........................................25
2.2.2 Salinity Distribution ...................................................25
2.2.3 Water Masses.............................................................. 27
2.3 Sound Speed ............................................................................ 29
2.3.1 Calculation and Measurements .................................. 29
2.3.2 Sound Speed Distribution .......................................... 32
2.4 Boundaries ............................................................................... 38
2.4.1 Sea Surface ................................................................. 38
2.4.2 Ice Cover..................................................................... 41
2.4.3 Sea Floor .................................................................... 42
2.5 Dynamic Features....................................................................46
2.5.1 Large-Scale Features ..................................................46
2.5.2 Mesoscale Features .................................................... 47
2.5.2.1 Fronts and Eddies ....................................... 47
2.5.2.2 Internal Waves ............................................ 55

vii
viii Contents

2.5.3 Fine-Scale Features .................................................... 57

2.5.3.1 Thermohaline Staircases ............................ 57
2.5.3.2 Langmuir Circulation ................................. 59
2.6 Biologics ..................................................................................60

Chapter 3 Propagation I: Observations and Physical Models ............................. 63

3.1 Background.............................................................................. 63
3.2 Nature of Measurements .........................................................64
3.3 Basic Concepts ........................................................................ 65
3.4 Sea-Surface Boundary............................................................. 71
3.4.1 Forward Scattering and Reflection Loss .................... 71
3.4.2 Image Interference and Frequency Effects ................ 73
3.4.3 Turbidity and Bubbles ................................................ 75
3.4.3.1 Open Ocean ................................................ 75
3.4.3.2 Coastal Ocean ............................................. 75
3.4.4 Ice Interaction............................................................. 77
3.4.5 Measurements............................................................. 79
3.5 Sea-Floor Boundary ................................................................ 79
3.5.1 Forward Scattering and Reflection Loss ....................80
3.5.1.1 Acoustic Interaction with the
Sea Floor .....................................................80
3.5.1.2 Boundary Conditions and
Modeling ..................................................... 81
3.5.1.3 Geoacoustic Models.................................... 82
3.5.2 Interference and Frequency Effects ........................... 86
3.5.3 Attenuation by Sediments .......................................... 87
3.5.4 Measurements............................................................. 88
3.6 Attenuation and Absorption in Sea Water ............................... 88
3.7 Surface Ducts .......................................................................... 91
3.7.1 Mixed-Layer Distribution........................................... 91
3.7.2 General Propagation Features .................................... 95
3.7.3 Low-Frequency Cutoff ...............................................99
3.8 Deep Sound Channel ............................................................. 100
3.9 Convergence Zones ............................................................... 102
3.10 Reliable Acoustic Path ........................................................... 103
3.11 Shallow-Water Ducts ............................................................. 103
3.12 Arctic Half-Channel .............................................................. 104
3.13 Coherence .............................................................................. 106

Chapter 4 Propagation II: Mathematical Models .............................................. 109

4.1 Background............................................................................ 109
4.2 Theoretical Basis for Propagation Modeling......................... 110
4.2.1 Wave Equation.......................................................... 110
4.2.2 Classification of Modeling Techniques .................... 112
Contents ix

4.3 Ray-Theory Models ............................................................... 113

4.3.1 Basic Theory ............................................................ 113
4.3.2 Caustics .................................................................... 115
4.3.3 Gaussian Beam Tracing ........................................... 116
4.3.4 Range Dependence ................................................... 117
4.3.5 Arrival Structure ...................................................... 119
4.3.6 Beam Displacement.................................................. 122
4.3.7 Waveguide Invariant................................................. 123
4.3.8 Energy-Flux Models ................................................. 125
4.3.9 Advanced Algorithms .............................................. 126
4.4 Normal-Mode Models ........................................................... 128
4.4.1 Basic Theory ............................................................ 128
4.4.2 Normal-Mode Solution............................................. 128
4.4.3 Dispersion Effects .................................................... 131
4.4.4 Experimental Measurements .................................... 131
4.4.5 Range Dependence ................................................... 132
4.4.6 High-Frequency Adaptations ................................... 135
4.4.7 Wedge Modes ........................................................... 135
4.5 Multipath Expansion Models................................................. 136
4.6 Fast-Field Models .................................................................. 137
4.7 Parabolic Equation Models ................................................... 139
4.7.1 Basic Theory ............................................................ 139
4.7.2 Numerical Techniques .............................................. 142
4.7.3 Wide-Angle and 3D Adaptations ............................. 144
4.7.4 Range-Refraction Corrections.................................. 146
4.7.5 High-Frequency Adaptations ................................... 146
4.7.6 Time-Domain Applications ...................................... 147
4.8 Raymode Model—A Specific Example ................................ 147
4.9 Numerical Model Summaries ............................................... 154

Chapter 5 Propagation II: Mathematical Models .............................................. 177

5.1 Background............................................................................ 177
5.2 Surface Duct Models ............................................................. 177
5.2.1 Ray-Theory Models .................................................. 177
5.2.2 Wave-Theory Models ...............................................179
5.2.3 Oceanographic Mixed-Layer Models....................... 181
5.3 Shallow-Water Duct Models .................................................. 183
5.3.1 Shallow-Water Propagation Characteristics .............183
5.3.2 Optimum Frequency of Propagation ........................185
5.3.3 Numerical Models .................................................... 187
5.3.3.1 Upslope Propagation .................................192
5.3.3.2 Downslope Propagation ............................ 193
5.3.4 Empirical Models ..................................................... 194
5.3.4.1 Rogers Model ............................................ 194
5.3.4.2 Marsh-Schulkin Model ............................. 196
x Contents

5.3.5 Field Experiments .................................................... 199

5.3.5.1 Swat Experiments in the South
China Sea ............................................... 199
5.3.5.2 Swarm Experiment in the Atlantic
Ocean...................................................... 199
5.3.5.3 Littoral Acoustic Demonstration
Center ........................................................199
5.3.5.4 Shallow Water ‘06 ....................................200
5.4 Arctic Models ........................................................................200
5.4.1 Arctic Environmental Models ..................................200
5.4.2 Arctic Propagation Models.......................................201
5.4.3 Numerical Models .................................................... 202
5.4.4 Empirical Models .....................................................204
5.4.4.1 Marsh-Mellen Model ................................204
5.4.4.2 Buck Model...............................................204
5.4.5 Field Experiments ....................................................206
5.5 Data Support Requirements ..................................................206
5.5.1 Sound-Speed Profile Synthesis ................................208
5.5.1.1 Segmented Constant Gradient ..................209
5.5.1.2 Curvilinear or Continuous
Gradient ....................................................209
5.5.2 Earth Curvature Corrections .................................... 210
5.5.3 Merging Techniques ................................................. 211
5.6 Cellular Automata ................................................................. 211

Chapter 6 Special Applications and Inverse Techniques .................................. 213

6.1 Background............................................................................ 213
6.2 Stochastic Modeling .............................................................. 214
6.3 Broadband Modeling ............................................................. 215
6.4 Matched Field Processing...................................................... 217
6.5 Transmutation Approaches .................................................... 220
6.6 Nonlinear Acoustics and Chaos ............................................ 220
6.7 Three-Dimensional Modeling ............................................... 222
6.8 Ocean Fronts, Eddies, and Internal Waves............................ 225
6.8.1 Fronts and Eddies ..................................................... 225
6.8.2 Internal Waves .......................................................... 227
6.9 Coupled Ocean-Acoustic Modeling ...................................... 231
6.10 Acoustic Tomography ............................................................ 232
6.11 Phase Conjugation and Time-Reversal Mirrors .................... 237
6.12 Deductive Geoacoustic Inversion .......................................... 239
6.12.1 Navigating Parameter Landscapes ........................... 242
6.12.2 Tabu Search .............................................................. 243
6.13 Prediction Uncertainties in Complex Environments ............. 243
6.14 Rapid Environmental Assessments .......................................244
6.15 Underwater Acoustic Networks and Vehicles ....................... 245
Contents xi

6.15.1 Channel Models........................................................ 245

6.15.1.1 Channel Structure ..................................... 245
6.15.1.2 Network Structure.....................................246
6.15.1.3 Channel Emulators and Network
Simulators .................................................247
6.15.1.4 Network Performance and
Optimization .............................................251
6.15.1.5 Underwater Communications ................... 253
6.15.1.6 Medium Access Control ...........................256
6.15.1.7 Data Delivery Schemes............................. 257
6.15.2 Localization Methods............................................... 257
6.15.2.1 Range-Based Schemes ..............................257
6.15.2.2 Range-Free Schemes ................................ 259
6.15.3 Vehicles .................................................................... 259
6.16 Marine Mammal Protection .................................................. 261
6.16.1 Regulatory Initiatives and Measurement
Programs .................................................................. 262
6.16.2 Rising Levels of Underwater Noise.......................... 265
6.16.2.1 Increased Shipping Levels ........................ 265
6.16.2.2 Ocean Acidification .................................. 267
6.16.2.3 Marine-Hydrokinetic Energy Devices......269
6.16.2.4 Wind-Turbine Noise ..................................270
6.16.2.5 Pile-Driving Noise ....................................271
6.16.2.6 Wave-Energy Device Noise ......................273
6.16.2.7 Tidal-Turbine Noise .................................. 274
6.16.2.8 Noise-Reduction Methods ........................275
6.16.2.9 Passive Acoustic Monitoring .................... 277
6.16.3 Seismic Operations and Protection of Whales ......... 277
6.16.4 Modeling Efforts ...................................................... 281
6.16.4.1 Acoustic Integration Model ...................... 281
6.16.4.2 Effects of Sound on the Marine
Environment ............................................. 282
6.16.4.3 Marine Mammal Movement Models ........ 283
6.16.4.4 Collision Avoidance ..................................284
6.16.5 ASW Training Ranges and Mitigation
Techniques ................................................................284
6.16.5.1 Environmentally Adaptive Sonars ............284
6.16.5.2 Frequency Diversity .................................. 285
6.17 Through-the-Sensor Parameter Estimation ........................... 285
6.18 Seismo-Acoustic Inversion .................................................... 286
6.19 Seismic Oceanography .......................................................... 286

Chapter 7 Noise I: Observations and Physical Models ..................................... 291

7.1 Background............................................................................ 291
7.2 Noise Sources and Spectra .................................................... 291
xii Contents

7.2.1 Seismo-Acoustic Noise............................................. 293

7.2.2 Shipping Noise ......................................................... 294
7.2.3 Bioacoustic Noise ..................................................... 297
7.2.4 Wind and Rain Noise ............................................... 298
7.3 Depth Dependence ................................................................ 301
7.4 Directionality......................................................................... 303
7.5 Surf Noise ..............................................................................304
7.6 Arctic Ambient Noise ............................................................ 305
7.7 Acoustic Daylight ..................................................................307
7.8 Geoacoustic Inversion ...........................................................308
7.9 Acoustic Rain Gauges ...........................................................309

Chapter 8 Noise II: Mathematical Models ........................................................ 311

8.1 Background............................................................................ 311
8.2 Theoretical Basis for Noise Modeling ................................... 311
8.3 Ambient-Noise Models .......................................................... 313
8.4 Randi Model—A Specific Example ...................................... 316
8.4.1 Transmission Loss .................................................... 316
8.4.2 Noise Sources and Spectra ....................................... 316
8.4.3 Directionality ........................................................... 317
8.4.4 Recent Developments ............................................... 318
8.5 The Noise Notch ....................................................................319
8.6 Beam-Noise Statistics Models ...............................................322
8.7 Data Support Requirements ..................................................323
8.8 Numerical Model Summaries ............................................... 325

Chapter 9 Reverberation I: Observations and Physical Models ........................ 333

9.1 Background............................................................................ 333
9.2 Volume Reverberation ........................................................... 334
9.2.1 Deep Scattering Layer .............................................. 335
9.2.2 Column or Integrated Scattering Strength ............... 336
9.2.3 Vertical-Scattering Plumes....................................... 337
9.3 Boundary Reverberation........................................................ 338
9.3.1 Sea-Surface Reverberation ....................................... 338
9.3.2 Under-Ice Reverberation........................................... 342
9.3.3 Sea-Floor Reverberation........................................... 343
9.4 Inversion Techniques ............................................................. 347

Chapter 10 Reverberation II: Mathematical Models........................................... 351

10.1 Background............................................................................ 351
10.2 Theoretical Basis for Reverberation Modeling...................... 351
10.2.1 Basic Approaches ..................................................... 351
10.2.2 Advanced Developments .......................................... 353
Contents xiii

10.3 Cell-Scattering Models .......................................................... 357

10.3.1 Volume-Reverberation Theory ................................. 357
10.3.2 Boundary-Reverberation Theory ............................. 359
10.4 REVMOD Model—A Specific Example .............................. 359
10.5 Bistatic Reverberation ...........................................................364
10.5.1 Computational Considerations .................................364
10.5.2 Bistatic Acoustic Model—A Specific Example ....... 366
10.6 Point-Scattering Models ........................................................ 368
10.6.1 Computational Considerations ................................. 368
10.6.2 Under-Ice Reverberation Simulation Model—
A Specific Example .................................................. 368
10.7 Numerical Model Summaries ............................................... 369

Chapter 11 Sonar Performance Models .............................................................. 375

11.1 Background............................................................................ 375
11.2 Sonar Equations ..................................................................... 376
11.2.1 Monostatic Sonars .................................................... 376
11.2.2 Bistatic Sonars .......................................................... 379
11.2.3 Multistatic Sonars..................................................... 381
11.3 NISSM Model—A Specific Example ................................... 382
11.3.1 Propagation............................................................... 382
11.3.2 Reverberation ........................................................... 385
11.3.3 Target Echo .............................................................. 387
11.3.4 Noise ......................................................................... 387
11.3.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio ............................................... 387
11.3.6 Probability of Detection ........................................... 388
11.3.7 Model Outputs .......................................................... 389
11.4 Model Operating Systems ..................................................... 392
11.4.1 System Architecture ................................................. 393
11.4.2 Sonar Modeling Functions ....................................... 394
11.4.3 System Usage ........................................................... 397
11.4.4 Generic Sonar Model—A Specific Example ........... 397
11.4.5 Comprehensive Acoustic System Simulation—
A Specific Example .................................................. 398
11.5 Advanced Signal Processing Issues....................................... 399
11.5.1 Background .............................................................. 399
11.5.2 Adjoint Methods ....................................................... 399
11.5.3 Stochastic Resonance ............................................... 401
11.5.4 Pulse Propagation ..................................................... 401
11.5.5 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output ...............................402
11.5.6 Clutter Environments ...............................................402
11.5.7 Vectors and Clusters .................................................403
11.5.7.1 Replica Vectors .........................................403
11.5.7.2 Ray Clusters ..............................................404
11.5.8 High-Frequency Acoustics .......................................405
xiv Contents

11.6 Data Sources and Availability ...............................................405

11.7 Numerical Model Summaries ............................................... 411

Chapter 12 Model Evaluation ............................................................................. 421

12.1 Background............................................................................ 421
12.2 Past Evaluation Efforts ..........................................................422
12.3 Analytical Benchmark Solutions ...........................................424
12.4 Quantitative Accuracy Assessments......................................427
12.5 POSSM Experience—A Specific Example ...........................431
12.6 Evaluation Guidelines............................................................ 434
12.6.1 Documentation ......................................................... 434
12.6.2 Verification ............................................................... 435
12.6.3 Validity .....................................................................435
12.6.4 Maintainability .........................................................436
12.6.5 Usability ................................................................... 436
12.7 Documentation Standards ..................................................... 436

Chapter 13 Simulation ........................................................................................ 441

13.1 Background............................................................................ 441
13.2 Hierarchical Levels................................................................ 442
13.2.1 Engineering .............................................................. 442
13.2.2 Engagement .............................................................. 443
13.2.3 Mission .....................................................................444
13.2.4 Theater......................................................................444
13.3 Simulation Infrastructure ......................................................444
13.4 High-Level Architecture .......................................................446
13.5 Testbeds .................................................................................446
13.6 Applications ...........................................................................448
13.6.1 Systems Engineering ................................................449
13.6.2 Simulation-Based Acquisition .................................. 450
13.6.3 Operations Analysis ................................................. 453
13.6.4 Training .................................................................... 454
References .............................................................................................................457
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................... 533
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms ......................................................................... 557
Appendix C: Websites..........................................................................................565
Appendix D: Problem Sets .................................................................................. 569
Author Index......................................................................................................... 577
Subject Index ........................................................................................................597
Preface
This fifth edition of Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation addresses
advances in the development and utilization of underwater acoustic models since
2013. The organization of material into the 13 chapters of the fourth edition has
served well and therefore remains unchanged. Major new developments are described
in newly created subsections of the existing chapters. Other existing sections have
been enhanced to further elaborate on notable developments. The order of presenta-
tion of the first 10 chapters follows the structure suggested by a hierarchical method
of sonar model construction. Chapter 1 introduces the types of underwater acous-
tic models, provides a framework for the consistent classification of modeling tech-
niques, and defines the terminology common to modeling and simulation. Aspects
of oceanography essential to an understanding of acoustic phenomena in the ocean
are presented in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 through 10 address the observations and
models dealing with propagation, noise, and reverberation in the sea. In Chapter 11,
the information from Chapters 3 to 10 is integrated into sonar performance models.
Chapter 12 describes the process of model evaluation. Chapter 13 discusses the
application of simulation in underwater acoustics. In addition, there are four appen-
dices: A—Abbreviations and Acronyms; B—Glossary of Terms; C—Websites; and
D–Problem Sets. Finally, References, Author Index, and Subject Index complete the
book contents.
Many emerging trends and challenges in applied underwater acoustic model-
ing have been motivated by marine-mammal protection research focused on the
mitigation of naval-sonar, seismic-source, and pile-driving noise, among others. In
particular, channel modeling, underwater acoustic networks, and communications
technologies have evolved to support the increased bandwidths needed for undersea
data collection. Energy-flux models, not traditionally used in naval sonar applica-
tions, have proved useful for assessing marine-mammal impacts. Collectively, these
trends have added new analytical tools to the existing inventory of propagation,
noise, reverberation, and sonar performance models.
Models originally developed for traditional sonar applications have matured and
rapidly evolved over the past several years to support a much more diverse commu-
nity of users. This broadened user community embraces a diverse group of ocean
scientists, marine biologists, and engineers who require high-fidelity prognostic and
diagnostic tools. Notable developments in inverse sensing include seismic oceanog-
raphy, which employs low-frequency marine seismic reflection data to image ocean
dynamics. Interest in the polar regions has increased due to the well-publicized
effects of global warming. Moreover, underwater acoustic models now serve as
enabling tools for assessing noise impacts associated with the installation and opera-
tion of marine-hydrokinetic energy devices in coastal regions.
As broadly defined in the previous editions, modeling is a method for organiz-
ing knowledge accumulated through observations or deduced from underlying prin-
ciples, while simulation refers to a method for implementing a model over time.
The field of underwater acoustic modeling and simulation translates our physical

xv
xvi Preface

understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical models that can simulate the
performance of complex acoustic systems operating in the undersea environment.
The core summary tables have been updated with the latest underwater acoustic
propagation, noise, reverberation, and sonar performance models. Subsequent to the
fourth edition, the inventory of underwater acoustic models has increased by approx-
imately 10%, thus demonstrating a continued expansion of R&D efforts. Underwater
acoustic models thus appear as proxy indicators of these R&D investments.
This book discusses the fundamental processes involved in simulating the perfor-
mance of underwater acoustic systems and emphasizes the importance of applying
the proper modeling resources to simulate the behavior of sound in virtual ocean
environments. Guidelines for selecting and using these various models are high-
lighted. Specific examples of each type of model are discussed to illustrate model
formulations, assumptions, and algorithm efficiency. Instructive case studies in
simulation are included to demonstrate practical applications. The problem sets in
Appendix D are intended to reinforce an understanding of these applications.
The term soundscape continues to appear frequently in the scientific and techni-
cal literature relevant to underwater acoustic modeling. A soundscape is a combina-
tion of sounds that characterize, or arise from, an ocean environment. The study of
a soundscape is sometimes referred to as acoustic ecology. Recent observations have
indicated that the ocean soundscape has been changing due to anthropogenic activ-
ity (e.g. naval-sonar systems, seismic-exploration activity, maritime shipping, and
windfarm development) as well as natural factors (e.g., climate change and ocean
acidification). Disruption of the natural acoustic environment results in noise pol-
lution. In response to these developments, new regulatory initiatives have placed
additional restrictions on uses of sound in the ocean; mitigation of marine-mammal
endangerment is now an integral consideration in acoustic-system design and opera-
tion. Modeling tools traditionally used in underwater acoustics have undergone a
necessary transformation to respond to the rapidly changing requirements imposed
by this new ocean soundscape.
As stated in the preface to the first edition, this book is intended for those who
have a fundamental understanding of underwater acoustics but who are not famil-
iar with the various aspects of modeling. Sufficient mathematical derivations are
included to demonstrate model formulations, and guidelines are provided to assist
in the selection and proper application of these models. Comprehensive summaries
identify the available models and associated documentation. Where available, links
to appropriate websites have been provided. The level of technical detail presented
in this book is appropriate for a broad spectrum of practitioners and students in sonar
technology, acoustical oceanography, marine engineering, naval operations analysis,
systems engineering, and applied mathematics.
As in the second, third, and fourth editions, I have retained descriptions of ear-
lier developments (including the older models) to provide a historical account of the
progress that has been achieved over the cumulative period of record covered by
these various editions. I trust that this new edition will continue to serve as a useful
source of information for all those engaged in modeling and simulation in underwa-
ter acoustics.
Preface xvii

I have continued to teach short courses with the Applied Technology Institute
(Riva, Maryland, USA) on the topic of underwater acoustics using this book as the
principal text. The critical feedback from my students has always been encouraging
and enlightening. Recent book reviews have provided additional feedback useful in
the improvement of this latest edition.
As a way to explain the motivation for my long-term involvement in underwater
acoustic modeling, I often relate the following story to the students who attend my
short courses. My interest in this field had its genesis during my period of active duty
in the US Navy (1969–1973). During that time, I served as anti-submarine warfare
(ASW) officer aboard frigates (then called destroyer escorts) where I was responsible
for the tactical operation of the ships’ sonar systems. In that capacity, I managed
well-educated teams of sonar technicians who maintained and operated the sonar
systems. Since sonar performance varies with ocean location, time of day, and time
of year, all sonar-equipped ships received daily forecast messages from shore-based
prediction facilities. (At that time, there were no modern equivalents of on-board
prediction capabilities.) These forecast messages contained model-generated sonar
ranges based on the expected environmental-acoustic conditions for that particular
location and time. However, the sonar ranges predicted in these messages did not
always agree with those obtained at sea. When there were divergences, the sonar
ranges predicted by the models appeared to be more optimistic. Since the ships’
commanding officers were also aware of these messages, any divergence between
our sonar performance and the model prediction was often interpreted as a defi-
ciency in operator performance. I thought that there must be an explanation for such
divergences; however, not being well versed in the art of acoustic modeling at that
time, I was ill prepared to offer convincing explanations to the commanding offi-
cers. Upon release from active duty, I completed my long-planned (but temporarily
deferred) graduate work in physical oceanography. In my first position in private
industry, I was able to revisit this issue of underwater acoustic modeling. My original
intention was to compare model predictions against observed sonar performance and
thus vindicate the performance of my former sonar technicians. My sponsor in the
US Navy, however, felt that I should first identify and review the available modeling
assets before conducting any such comparisons, particularly since there was no real
understanding of what models already existed. The resulting review (first published
in 1978) was both widely promulgated and well received within the naval sonar
modeling community. This review provided the community with a comprehensive
accounting of the modeling efforts being conducted by government, academic, and
industrial research laboratories. My subsequent work has built upon that original
review of modeling efforts, but with an expanded scope now including international
efforts. Comparisons of sonar performance against model predictions have since
been undertaken by a number of evaluation groups, some of which are discussed in
Chapter 12 (Model Evaluation).

Paul C. Etter
Odenton, Maryland
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Ideas and observations concerning underwater sound have continued to accumulate
over the past decade and have found increasing relevance in the marine sciences.
This trend has encouraged the further expansion of this book into a fourth edition
to embrace these new developments, especially where they were found to stimulate
advancements in the field of underwater acoustic modeling and simulation.
Broadly defined, modeling is a method for organizing knowledge accumulated
through observation or deduced from underlying principles while simulation refers
to a method for implementing a model over time. The field of underwater acoustic
modeling and simulation translates our physical understanding of sound in the sea
into mathematical models that can simulate the performance of complex acoustic
systems operating in the undersea environment.
This book discusses the fundamental processes involved in simulating the perfor-
mance of underwater acoustic systems and emphasizes the importance of applying
the proper modeling resources to simulate the behavior of sound in virtual ocean
environments. Guidelines for selecting and using the various models are highlighted.
Specific examples of each type of model are discussed to illustrate model formula-
tions, assumptions, and algorithm efficiency. Instructive case studies in simulation
are included to demonstrate practical applications.
The material in this fourth edition is organized into 13 chapters. The order of
presentation of the first 10 chapters follows the structure suggested by a hierarchical
method of sonar model construction. Chapter 1 introduces the types of underwater
acoustic models, provides a framework for the consistent classification of model-
ing techniques, and defines the terminology common to modeling and simulation.
Aspects of oceanography essential to an understanding of acoustic phenomena are
presented in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 through 10 address the observations and mod-
els dealing with propagation, noise, and reverberation in the sea. A new Chapter 6
on Special Applications and Inverse Techniques has been added; this material had
originally been part of Chapter 5 in previous editions, but as the volume of mate-
rial increased, it became necessary to create a stand-alone chapter. In Chapter 11,
the information from Chapters 3 to 10 is integrated into sonar performance mod-
els. Chapter 12 describes the process of model evaluation. Chapter 13 discusses the
application of simulation in underwater acoustics. Since simulation is a method for
implementing a model over time, it is fitting that this topic is addressed only after
a firm foundation of modeling and evaluation has been established. There are four
appendices: A—Abbreviations and Acronyms; B—Glossary of Terms; C—Websites;
and D—Problem Sets. Appendix D, which is new to this fourth edition, is intended
to assist students and instructors in assimilating the information contained in this
fourth edition. Finally, References, Author Index, and Subject Index complete the
book contents.
The term soundscape has appeared frequently in the recent scientific and techni-
cal literature. A soundscape is a combination of sounds that characterize, or arise
from, an ocean environment. The study of a soundscape is sometimes referred to

xix
xx Preface to the Fourth Edition

as acoustic ecology. Recent observations have indicated that the ocean soundscape
has been changing due to anthropogenic activity (e.g. naval-sonar systems, seismic-
exploration activity, maritime shipping, and windfarm development) and natural fac-
tors (e.g., climate change and ocean acidification). Disruption of the natural acoustic
environment results in noise pollution. In response to these developments, new regu-
latory initiatives have placed additional restrictions on uses of sound in the ocean;
mitigation of marine-mammal endangerment is now an integral consideration in
acoustic-system design and operation. Modeling tools traditionally used in under-
water acoustics have undergone a necessary transformation to respond to the rapidly
changing requirements imposed by this new ocean soundscape.
As stated in the preface to the first edition, this book is intended for those who
have a fundamental understanding of underwater acoustics but who are not famil-
iar with the various aspects of modeling. Sufficient mathematical derivations are
included to demonstrate model formulations, and guidelines are provided to assist
in the selection and proper application of these models. Comprehensive summaries
identify the available models and associated documentation. The level of technical
detail presented in this book is appropriate for a broad spectrum of practitioners and
students in sonar technology, acoustical oceanography, naval operations analysis,
systems engineering, and applied mathematics.
As in the second and third editions, I have retained descriptions of earlier devel-
opments (including the older models) to provide a historical account of the progress
that has been achieved over the cumulative period of record covered by these four
editions. I trust that this new edition will continue to serve as a useful source of infor-
mation for all those engaged in modeling and simulation in underwater acoustics.
I have continued to teach short courses with the Applied Technology Institute
(Riva, Maryland, USA) on the topic of underwater acoustics using this book as the
principal text. The critical feedback from my students has always been encouraging
and enlightening. In addition, numerous book reviews have provided constructive
feedback useful in the improvement of this latest edition.

Paul C. Etter
Rockville, Maryland
Preface to the Third Edition
Broadly defined, modeling is a method for organizing knowledge accumulated
through observation or deduced from underlying principles while simulation refers
to a method for implementing a model over time. The field of underwater acoustic
modeling and simulation translates our physical understanding of sound in the sea
into mathematical models that can simulate the performance of complex acoustic
systems operating in the undersea environment.
This book discusses the fundamental processes involved in simulating underwa-
ter acoustic systems and emphasizes the importance of applying the proper modeling
resources to simulate the behavior of sound in virtual ocean environments. Summary
tables identify available propagation, noise, reverberation, and sonar performance
models. Guidelines for selecting and using these various models are highlighted.
Specific examples of each type of model are discussed to illustrate model formula-
tions, assumptions, and algorithm efficiency. Instructive case studies in simulation
are reviewed to demonstrate practical applications.
Over the past decade, rapid changes in the world situation have opened new
avenues for international collaboration in modeling and simulation. Concurrent
advances in electronic communications have greatly facilitated the transfer of mod-
eling and simulation technologies among members of the international community.
The Internet now provides unprecedented access to models and databases around
the world. Where appropriate, references to pertinent websites are incorporated in
this edition.
The level of technical detail presented in this book is appropriate for a broad
spectrum of practitioners and students in sonar technology, acoustical oceanogra-
phy, naval operations analysis, systems engineering, and applied mathematics. The
material is organized into 12 chapters. The order of presentation of the first 10 chap-
ters follows the structure suggested by a hierarchical method of sonar model con-
struction. Chapter 1 introduces the types of underwater acoustic models, provides a
framework for the consistent classification of modeling techniques, and defines the
terminology common to modeling and simulation. Aspects of oceanography essen-
tial to an understanding of acoustic phenomena are presented in Chapter 2. Chapters
3 through 9 address the observations and models dealing with propagation, noise,
and reverberation in the sea. In Chapter 10, the information from Chapters 3 to 9
is integrated into sonar performance models. Chapter 11 describes the process of
model evaluation. Chapter 12, which is new to this edition, discusses the applica-
tion of simulation in underwater acoustics. Since simulation is a method for imple-
menting a model over time, it is fitting that this topic is addressed only after a firm
foundation of modeling and evaluation has been established. The title of this edition
has been changed to Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation to reflect the
inclusion of material on simulation.
Rather than purging older material from the third edition, I have intentionally
retained descriptions of earlier developments (including the older models) to pro-
vide a historical account of the progress that has been achieved over the cumulative

xxi
xxii Preface to the Third Edition

period of record covered by these three editions. I trust that this new edition will
continue to serve as a useful source of information for all those engaged in modeling
and simulation in underwater acoustics.

Paul C. Etter
Rockville, Maryland
Preface to the Second Edition
The subject of underwater acoustic modeling deals with the translation of our physi-
cal understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical formulas solvable by com-
puters. This book divides the subject of underwater acoustic modeling into three
fundamental aspects: the physical principles used to formulate underwater acoustic
models; the mathematical techniques used to translate these principles into computer
models; and modeling applications in sonar technology and oceanographic research.
The material presented here emphasizes aspects of the ocean as an acoustic
medium. It shows mathematicians and physical scientists how to use this informa-
tion to model the behavior of sound in a spatially complex and temporally variable
ocean. This approach diminishes the need for discussions of engineering issues such
as transducers, arrays, and targets. Aspects of hardware design and modeling in
underwater acoustics are discussed in other excellent texts.
Recent developments in underwater acoustic modeling have been influenced by
changes in global geopolitics. These changes are evidenced by strategic shifts in
military priorities as well as by efforts to transfer defense technologies to nondefense
applications.
The strategic shift in emphasis from deep-water to shallow-water naval opera-
tions has focused attention on improving sonar performance in coastal regions.
These near-shore regions, which are sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, are
characterized by complicated and highly variable acoustic environments. Such dif-
ficult environments challenge the abilities of those sonar models intended for use in
deep-water scenarios. This situation has prompted further development of under-
water acoustic models suitable for forecasting and analyzing sonar performance in
shallow-water areas.
The policy of defense conversion has encouraged the transfer of sonar model-
ing technology to nondefense applications. Much of this transfer has benefited the
growing field of environmental acoustics, which seeks to expand exploration of the
oceans through acoustic sensing. Such technology conversion is exemplified by the
utilization of naval underwater acoustic models as both prognostic and diagnostic
tools in sophisticated experiments employing inverse acoustic sensing of the oceans.
These rapid developments in modeling have created a need for a second edition.
The intent is to update recent advances in underwater acoustic modeling and to
emphasize new applications in oceanographic research. This edition also reflects
a broader international interest in the development and application of underwater
acoustic models. The coming years promise to be challenging in terms of defining
research directions, whether for defense or industry, and this edition should provide
technology planners with a useful baseline.
The original organization of material into 11 chapters has served well and there-
fore remains unchanged. When required, new material has been arranged into addi-
tional subsections.
Comments from users of the first edition have evidenced appeal from acousti-
cians, as well as oceanographers, who have enthusiastically endorsed this book as

xxiii
xxiv Preface to the Second Edition

both a practical tool and an instructional aid. In this latter regard, several academic
institutions have utilized this book as an adjunct text for graduate-level courses in
applied mathematics and ocean sciences.
This edition has benefited from a continuation of my short courses which, since
1993, have been offered through the Applied Technology Institute (Clarksville,
Maryland, USA). Continued exposure to the insightful questions posed by my stu-
dents has provided me with the opportunity to further refine my presentation.
Despite the appearance of several new books in the field of ocean acoustics, this
book remains unique in its treatment and coverage of underwater acoustic modeling.
It is a pleasure to note that the first edition has been recognized as an authoritative
compendium of state-of-the-art models and is often cited as the standard reference.

Paul C. Etter
Rockville, Maryland
Preface to the First Edition
The subject of underwater acoustic modeling deals with the translation of our
physical understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical formulas solvable by
computers. These models are useful in a variety of research and operational appli-
cations including undersea defense and marine seismology. There has been a phe-
nomenal growth in both the number and types of models developed over the past
several decades. This growth reflects the widespread use of models for the solution
of practical problems as well as the considerable advances made in our computa-
tional abilities.
The primary motivation for the development of underwater acoustic models is
defense related. Researchers involved in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and asso-
ciated undersea defense disciplines use models to interpret and forecast acoustic
conditions in the sea in support of sonar design and sonar operation. Consequently,
the emphasis in this book is placed on those models that are particularly useful in
solving sonar performance problems.
Users and potential users of models are commonly ill acquainted with model
formulations. As a result, the capabilities and limitations of the models are poorly
understood and the models are often improperly used. Moreover, the sheer number
of available models complicates the process of model selection.
This book is intended for those who have a fundamental understanding of under-
water acoustics but who are not familiar with the various aspects of modeling.
Sufficient mathematical derivations are included to demonstrate model formulations,
and guidelines are provided to assist in the selection and proper application of these
models. Comprehensive summaries identify the available models and associated
documentation.
The material is organized into 11 chapters. The order of presentation follows the
structure suggested by a hierarchical method of sonar model construction. Chapter 1
introduces the types of underwater acoustic models, provides a framework for the
consistent classification of modeling techniques, and defines the terminology com-
mon to modeling work. Aspects of oceanography essential to an understanding of
acoustic phenomena are presented in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 through 9 address the
observations and models dealing with propagation, noise, and reverberation in the
sea. In Chapter 10, the information from Chapters 3–9 is integrated into sonar per-
formance models. Finally, Chapter 11 describes the process of model evaluation.
Since 1982, I have developed and taught a series of intensive short courses for the
Technology Service Corporation (Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Earlier versions
of this course were taught in collaboration with Professor Robert J. Urick of the
Catholic University of America. Professor Urick would discuss underwater acoustic
measurements while I would review the related modeling techniques. As the course
evolved into one in which I became the sole instructor, I borrowed heavily from
Professor Urick’s several books (with permission) in order to preserve the continuity
of the course material. The success of this course encouraged me to publish my class
notes as a book.

xxv
xxvi Preface to the First Edition

Many notable books have been published in the field of underwater acoustics.
None, however, has dealt exclusively with modern developments in modeling,
although some have addressed aspects of propagation modeling. This book is unique
in that it treats the entire spectrum of underwater acoustic modeling including envi-
ronmental, propagation, noise, reverberation, and sonar performance models.
I have intentionally preserved the notation, terminology, and formalism used by
those researchers whose work I have cited. I have also intentionally emphasized
aspects of oceanography since my experience has indicated that many acousticians
have little appreciation for the complex role played by the ocean as an acoustic
medium. Conversely, oceanographers frequently fail to appreciate the great potential
of underwater acoustics as a remote sensing technique.

Paul C. Etter
Rockville, Maryland
Acknowledgments
The students who have attended my short courses over the past 35 years have provided
both a receptive and critical audience for much of the material contained in this book.
Many of my colleagues have provided useful insights and suggestions. In particular,
I want to recognize Dr. Michael A. Ainslie, Dr. Aubrey L. Anderson,* Dr. Stanley A.
Chin-Bing, Dr. Richard B. Evans, Dr. Robert W. Farwell, Dr. Richard P. Flanagan,
Dr. Charles W. Holland, Dr. Robert L. Martin,* Dr. Peter M. Ogden, Dr. Frederick
D. Tappert,* and Dr. Henry Weinberg. Robert S. Winokur provided administrative
guidance in the early stages of my work in underwater acoustic modeling.
Professor Robert J. Urick* provided much encouragement and graciously allowed
me to liberally borrow material from his several books. Professor John D. Cochrane*
of Texas A&M University inspired the scholarly discipline that facilitated creation
of this book.

* Deceased.

xxvii
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polygon of ten sides or angles. DECAIMIE'NTO, day-cah-e-meeiJ-toe,
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day-can'-o, sm. Senior, the most ancient member of a community or
corporation. DECANTACIO'N, day-can-tathe-oii', .f. I)ecantation,
pouring olf. DECANTA'DO, day-can-tah'dne. a. Boasted, exulted.
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a thing. 2. (Obs.) To turn any thing from a right line, and give it an
oblique direction. 3. To decant, to draw otf liquor. DEC APIT AC I
O'N, day-caJi-petath-e-on', sf. Decapitation, beheading. DECAPITA'R,
day-cah-pe-tar', va. To decapitate, to behead. DECASI'LABO, (///-
t«//-«ce'-foAbo, a. (Poet.) Havintr ten syllables. DECASTI'LO, sm.
(Arch.) Decastyle, an assemblage often pillars. D'ECEBIMIE'NTO, sm.
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DECEMVIRA'TO, d.eth-em-veraV-toe, sm. Decemvirate.
DECEMV1'R(.), deth-em-vee'-ro, sm. Decemvir. DECE'NA, deth-en'-
ah, sf. 1. Denary, the nundjer of ten. 2. (Prov.) Company or party of
ten persons. 3. (Mus.) Consonance made of an octave and a third.
DECENA'L, deth-en-aV, a. Decennial, a space often years.
DECENA'RIO, m\', deth-en-ar'e-o, ah, a. Decennary, the tenth bead
of the rosary. D ECE'NCl A, deth-en'-tTiieh-ah, sf. 1. Decency,
propriety of form or conduct. 2. Decency, reservedness, honesty,
modesty. DECENDE'R," deth-en^der' , vn. V. Descender.
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DECE'NIO, deth-en'-e-o, sm. Space of ten years. DECE'NO^ na,
deth-en'-o, ah, a. Tenth, ordinal often. DECENTA'R, deth-en-tar', va.
1. To commence the use of things not before used. 2. To begin to
lose that which had been iireserved. — vr. To wound, to srall or
injure the skin or body ; to be bed-ridden. DECE'NTE, deih-en'-tay,
a. 1. Decent, just, honest, becoming, fit, suitable, decorous. 2.
Convenient, reasonable. 3. Decent, modest, grave, genteel. 4. Of
honest, but not noble parents. DECENT EM E'NTE, ad. 1. Decently,
fairly, honorably. 2. Decently, withont,innnoilesty, comely. 3. (Iron.)
Abundantly. DECEPCIO'N, defh-ep-thieh-on.', sf. (Littl. us.)
Deception, illusion : vulgarly, humbug. DECERNE'R, deth-er-ner', va.
V DiSCEK.MR. DKCERRUMBA'R, va. (Obs.) V. Dekkimhai{.
DECESIO'X, sf. (Obs.) Precession ; antecedence. DEC'E'SO, dith-es'-
so, sm. Decease, a natural iluath. DECUA'DO, day-trhaV-doe, sm. 1.
Sample, pattern, design, standard. 2. Linen, on which young girls
perform several sorts of needlework. 3. Example, jiattern, or model
of virtue and peitection. DECI'BLE, dith-ee'-blay, a. Expressililc, that
which may be expressed. DECIDE'RAS, deth-e-der'-as, sf. pi. ((Joll.)
Eloipicnce, the power of speaking willi fluency and elegance.
DECl'DE'RO, RA, deth-e-der'-o, ah, a. What may be said without
inconvenience or impropriety. DECIDl'DO, detli-e-dee'-doe. a.
Professtd, devoted. DECIDI'R, deth-e-dir', va. To decide, to
determine, to resolve, to conclude. — or. To decide, to be do
termined. DECIDO'R, UA, deth-e-dm-^, ah, s. 1. One that speaks
with fluency and elegance. 2. A wit. 3. (Obs.', Versifier, poet.
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deciento, yo declente / from Decentar. V. Acertar.) DE'CIMA, deth'-e-
mah, sf. 1. (Poet.) A Spanish stanza consisting of ten verses of eight
syllables. 2. Tenth, tithe, the tenth'part. DECIMA'L, d,th-e-mHV, rt.l.
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of the pijies of an orsran DECIMA'R, deth-e-nuir', va. (Obs.) V.
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assure, to persuade. 3. To name, to give a name to a person or
place. 4. To be conformable, to correspond. 5. To denote, to mark,
to be a sign of. 6. To declare or depose u)ion oath. 7. (Obs.) To
verify. Decir de repeivte^ To make verses otf hand. Dec'w liien. To
speak fluently or gracofuliy ; to explain a thing well. /)«cir tijeretas.
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talk, false rumors, scandal, slander. DECISKJ'N, deth-e-se-on\ sf. 1.
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sf. 1. Declamation, harangue, oration, discourse. 2. A speech
delivered, an oratorial invective. 3. Dccliimation, a discourse
addressed to the passions. 4. Delivery. 5. Tiie manner of reciting
theatrical compositions. 6. Panegyric. "DECLAMADO'E, ra, day-
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sf. 1. Declaiation. 2. Declaration, interpretation, exposition. 3.
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^.)/j. of Declarar. 1. Declai'ed. 2. Applied to a pei-son who speaks
too phuuly. DECLAEADO'R, ra, day-darah-dijre', ah, s. Declarer,
expositor. DECLAEA'NTE, iUty-dar-an'tay, S7n. Declarer, one that
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dedarante, A talkative person, who speaks his mind too freely.
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known. 2. To expound, to explain, to exemplify. 3. (Law) '^
determine and decide, to find. 4. (Law) To witness or depose upon
oath. — vr. To declare one's opinion, to explain one's mind.
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e.Yplanatorv. DECLA''E0, sm. (Obs.) V. DeCLARACION.
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of terminations. DECLINACIO'N, day-dhn-athe-on', sf. 1. Declination,
descent, decay, fall, decline, falling. 2. (Gram.) Declination, the
declension of nouns. 3. (Ast.) Distance of a star or jjlanet fiom the
equator. DECLINA'NTE. day-din-an'tay, a. Declining, bending down.
DECLINA'E, day-dln-ar', vn.l. To decline, to lean downward. 2. To
decline, to sink, to be impaired, tO decay, to degenerate. Va
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a word by various terminations. 2. To challenge a judge, to transfer
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the word jurisdiccion. DECLl N ATO'EI A , day-dln-ahtor'-e-ali, sf.
(Law) Plea which attacks the competency of a judge.
DECLINATO'EIO, day-dm-ahtor'-e-oh, sin. Declinator, or declinatory,
an instrument used in diallintr. DECLI'VE, DECLI'VIO, daydte'-vay,
day-dee'-ve-o, sm. Declivity, inclination downwards. DECLIVIDA'D,
day-de-ve-dad' , sf. Declivity. DECOCCIO'N, day-coc-thieh-on', sf.
Decoction. DECOLACIO'N, sf. (Obs.) -V. Degollacion. DECOLGA'E, vn.
(Obs.) V. Colgar. DECOEACIO'N, day-cor-ath-eon', sf. Decoration,
ornament. DECOEADO'E, day-car-ah-dore' , sm. (Littl. us.) Decorator.
DECOEA'E, day-cor-ar', va. 1. To decorate, to adorn, to embellisl>,
to furnish. 2. To illustrate, to ennoble, to honor, to exalt. 3. To learn
by heart. 4. To recite, to repeat. DECOTIO, RA, day-cm-'-o, ah, a.
(Obs.) V. Decoroso. DECO'EO, day -cor' -0, sm. 1. Honor, respect,
reverence due to any person. 2. Circumspection, gravity, integrity. 3.
Purity, honesty. 4. Decorum, decency, civility. DECOEOSAME'NTE,
ail-. Decently, decorously. DECOEO'SO, " SA, day-cor-os'-so, sah, a.
Decorous, decent. DECOEKE'ESE, vr. (Oba.) V. Escurrirse.
DECOEEIMIE'NTO, sm. (Obs.) Course or flow of water.
DECOETICACIO'N, day-cor-tecath-c-on', sf. Decortication, the act of
stripping the bark or husk. DECEECE'E, day-crayth-er', vn. (Littl. us.)
To decrease. DECEEME'NTO, day-cray-mtn[toe, sm. Decrement,
decrease, diminution, declension. DECEEPlTACIO'iSr, day-craype-
tath-e-on', sf. (Chem.) Decrepitation, a crackling noise as made by
salt when heated. DECREPITA'NTE, day-cray-petan'-tny. va. (Chem.)
Decrepitant. DECEEPITA'E, day-cray-petar', va. and n. 1. To
deerefntate, to calcine salt until it has ceased to crackle in the fire.
2. To decrepitate, to crackle v/hen put over tne fire : awlied to salts.
DECEE'PITO, TA, day-cray'-peto, tah. a. Decrepit, worn with ag-e.
DECREPITU'D, day-cray-petood,', sf. Decrepitude, the last stage of
decav ; old asre. DECR1':TAC10'N, day-cray-tathe-on', xf. (Littl.) us.)
Determination, establishment. DECEETA'L, day-era y-taV, ."f.
Decretal, letter or rescript of tiie pope. Pecrdales, Decretals, a
collection of letters and decrees of the poiies. — a. Decretal.
I)ECEET ALI 'ST A, day-rray-talees'-tah, sm. Deeretist, one that
draws up or studies the rescripts, letters, and decrees of popes.
DECEETA'R, day-cray-tar*, va. 1. To decree, to determine, to
resolve. 2. (Law) To give a decree or a determination in a suit.
DECEETE'KO, day-cray-ter'-o, sm. 1. Catalogue or list of the names
and offences of criminals. 2. Decretal, collection of decrees,
DECEETI'STA, day-cray-tettftah, sm. Deeretist, one who expounds or
explains the decretals. DECEE'TO, d,iy-cray'-toe, sm. 1. Decree,
decision, resolution. 2. Decree, order or determination issued in the
king's name. S. A judicial decree. 4. In canon law, decree or
ordinance enacted by the popie with the advice of his cardinals. 5.
(Obs.) Opinion, vote, advice. Becretos de cajon. Common decrees,
not requiring any peculiar formality of the law. DECEETO'EIO, ria,
aay-craytor'-e-o, ah, a. Decretory, critical : apjilied to the days when
a judgment may be formed on the issue of a fit of illness.
DECU'BITO, day- coo' -he-toe, mi. 1. (Med.) Particular flow of the
humors in diseases. 2. (Obs.) Act of lying down to rest. DECUMA'NA,
sf. (Obs.) T' e tenth thing in the numeral order. DE'CUPLO, PLA, day'-
coo-ph, plah, a. Decuple, tenfold. DECU'EIA, day-coor'-e-ah, sf. 1.
Ten Roman soldiers tuider a decurion. 2. In the Spanish schools, the
assembly of ten students to take their lessons. 3. (Obs.) The cork of
a bee-hive. DECUEIA'TO, dny-coor-e-a.h'. toe, sm. Any one of the
students belonging to a decvr'm ui the Spanisli schools. DECUEIO'N,
day-coor-e-on' , sm. 1. Decurion, the chief or commander often
Eoman soldiers. 2. In the Spanish schools, the monitor or student
who has the care of ten other students, and gives them lessons.
Decurion de decuriones, A chief monitor who superintends the rest.
DECU'ES AS, day-coor'-sas, sf. pi. (Law) Arrears of rent. DECU'ESO,
duy-com-'-so, sm. Course, succession of movement or time.
DEDA'DA, day-dah'-dah, sf. 1. That which can be taken up with the
flnger at once. L>ar a uno nna dedada de mid, (]\Iet.) To put a
cheat on one, to deceive ; literally, to give one a fingerful of honey.
2. Sort of architectonic ornament of the Doric order. DEDA'L,
dYA)\GK'\\, day-de-car', ra. 1. To dedicate, to devote, to consecrate.
2. To inscribe a literary work to a patron. Dedicarse d alguna cosa.
To apply one's self to athinsr. DEDiCATO'RIA, day-de-cahtor'-c-ah. sf.
Dedication, an address by which a literary composition is inscribed to
a patron.
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DEF DEF DEG DEDIGNA'E, day-dig-nar', va. To disdiiin, to

despise, to contemn. • -vr. To scorn doing any thinir. DEDI'L, day-dW,
sik. TlininbBtall of linen or Icatlier used by reapers. DEDI'LLO, ixo,
day-dll'4yo, sm. dim. A little finger. DE'DO, duy'-doe, sm. 1. Finger.
2. Toe. 3. The forty-eighth part of H Spanish yard, or va>-a. 4. Hand
of a clock or watch. 5. A finger's breadth, a small bit. Ganar a,
dediM, To gain by inches. Meter hs dedos, To pump one. Senalarle
con el dedo, To point at another with tiie linger. Estar a dos dedos de
la eterniaad, To be on the brink of eteruitv- Dedo jJuhjar, Thumb.
Dedo inclice, The index or fore-finger. Dedo del cofozon. Middle
finirer. Dedn iimilar, The ring-finger. Dedo meuioue or auricular, The
little finger. Todo da or cae en el dedo mulo, (Prov.) Every thing fiiU
son the sore spot. DEDUOCIO'N, day-dooc-thiehon', sf. 1. Deduction,
derivation, origin, consequence. 2. Deduction, tha\ which is
deducted. 8. (Mus.) The natural procrression of sounds. DEBUG]
B'LE, day-dooth-ee'blay, a. (Littl. us.) Deducible, inferaijle.
DEDUCI'R, dafj-dooth-ir', va. 1. To deduce, to collect, to infer as a
consequence; to fetch, to devise, to draw. 2. To alletre in pleading,
to ofter as a plea. 3. To subtract, to deduct, to extract. DEDUCTl'VO,
VA, day-dooc-fee'vo, vail, a. (Littl. us.) Deducive. {Yo dedusco, yo
dednzca ■ yo deduje, yo dedujera ; fi'om Deducir. V. CONDUCIR.)
DEFA'CTO, day-fac'-toe, ad. In /act, actually, etfeetually. DEFALCA'R,
va. V.' Desfalcae. DEFAMA'E, day-femi-ar' ., va. (Obs.) V. Infamae.
DEFECA'DO, da, a. (Obs.) V. Depurauo. DEFECCIO'N, day-fec-thieTi-
on', sf. Defection, jvpostasy ; revolt. DEFECTI'BLE, '/« v-Zw-i-w'-
Stoy, a. Defectible, iir
DEH DEJ DEL DEGENERACIO'N, day-lien-erath-e-ari', sf.
Degeneration, degeneracy. DEGENEEA'DO, da, day-fiener-ah'-doe,
dah, a. Degenerate, degenerous. — pp. of Degemekar. DEGENEKA'K,
day-lien-er-ar\ vn. 1. To degenerate, to fall from its kind, to grow
wild or base : applied to plants. 2. To degenerate, to fiiU from the
virtue of our ancestors. 3. (Pict.) To disfigure any thing.
DEGLUCIO'N, day-gloo-thiehon\ sf. (Med.) Deglutition, swallowin;;.
DEGLUCI'R, m. (Obs.) To swallow, to devour. DEGOLLACICN, dav-
gol-lyathe-cn', sf. Decollation, beheading. DEGOLLADE'EO, day-gol-
lyalider'-o, am. 1. Throttle, windpipe. 2. Shambles, slaughter-house.
3. (Obs.) The scaffold on which noblemen were formerly beheaded.
4. In theatres, a place in the pit farthest from the stage, with no
seats, where men are admitted at a very low price. It is separated
from the pit by a partition as high as one's neck, from which it takes
its name. DegoUadero de bolsas, Cutpurse ; also, a shop where
goods are sold at au extravagant price, or bad measure or weight is
given. Llevar al degolladero, (Met.) To put one in very great danger.
DEGOLLADO'E, day-golAycihdofe', sni. Headsman, executioner.
DEGOLLADU'KA, day-gol-lyahdcor'-alt, sf. 1. Cutting of the throat. 2.
Inter-"i;3 between two bricks filled up wich mortar. 3. A slope out of
women's jackets. 4. Slender pert of balusters. DEGOLLAMIE'NTO,
sm. (Obs.) V. Degollacion. DEGOLLA'R, day-gol-lyar' ., va. 1. To
behead, to decapitate; to guillotine. 2. (Met.) To destroy, to ruin, U>
annihilate. 3. (Coll.) 'f o tease, to importune. Esta persona Me
degmlla, This person troubles and harasses me. Degollar a,
Sangrias, To debilitate by excessive olood-letting. DEGKADACIO'N,
day-graJidath-e-o/i', sf. 1. Detrradation, dismission from an office or
dignity ; fall. 2. Degradation, degeneracy. 8. (Pict.) Degradation,
diminution. DEG K AD A'K, day-gruh-dar' va. To degrade, to dejirivc
one oi his place, dignity, or honors. — vr. To degrade or demean
one's self. (Yo deguello, yo degiiells ; from Degollar. V. Acordak.)
DEGUE'LLO, day-goo-eV-lyo, Bin,. 1. Decollation, the act of
behea«ling or cutting one's throat. 2. Neck or narrow part of many
things. 3. Destruction, ruin. Tirar a degmlh, To endeavor to destroy a
person : to seek one's ruin. DEHENDE'E, va. (Obs.) To split, to
cleave, to divide longitudinally. DEIIENDIMIE'NTO, sm. (Obs.) The
act of splitting, cleaving, or Beparati ng. DEHE'SA, day-es'-saJi, sf.
Pasture-ground. JJefiesa concejil, Common, a pasture-ground.
DEHESA'E. day-es-sar', va. To turn arable land into pastureground.
210 DEHESE'EO, day-es-ser'-o, sm. Keeper of a pasture-ground.
DEHOETA'E, va. (Obs.) To dehort, to dissuade. DEICI'DA, day-itJi-
ee'-daJi, sm. Deicide : a term applied by some writers to those who
concurred in the crucifixion of our Saviour. DEICI'DIO, day-ith-ee'-
de-o, sm. Deicide, murder of Christ. DEIDA'D, day^e-dad', sf. 1.
Deity, divin'.iy. 2. Deity, goddess ; a term of flattery addressed to
women. DEIFE'EO, ra, day-e-fer'-o, all, s. (Littl. us.) One who carries
God in the depths of his heart. DEIFICACIO'N, ^ay-e-/«-ea^^.-eon',
sf. Deification. DEIFICA'E, day-efe-car', va. To deify, to praise
excessively or extravagantly. DEI'FICO, day-ee'fe-co, a. Deifical,
making divine; belonging to God. DEIFO'EME, day-efor'-may, a.
Deiform, of a godlike form ; godlike. DEI'PAEA, d^iy-ee'-par-aJi, sf.
Deiparous, that brings forth a Goi : applied to the blessed Virgin.
DEI'SMO, day-eesf-^mo, sm,. Deism. DEI'STA, day-ees'-tnTi, sm.
Deist. DE'JA, day'-Jiah, sf. Prominence between two fissures.
DE.JACIO'N, day-hath-e-on', sf. I. Act of leaving, relinquishing, or
giving up. 2. Abdication, resignation. Dejacion de lien£s, The act of
resigning one's property to his creditors. DEJA'DA, sf. V. Dejacion.
DEJADE'Z, day-MTi-deth', sf. Slovenliness, neglect, laziness,
lassitude. DEJAHDO, DA, day-TiaJi'-doe, dah, a. 1. Slovenly, idle,
indolent. 2. Dejected, low-spirited.—;^^, of Dejar. DEJADO'E, sm.
(Obs.) Procreator, he who leaves successors. DE.JAMIE'NTO, day-lial-
meen'-toe, sm. 1. Act of leaving, relinquishino', or giving up. 2.
Indolence, idleness, carelessness. 8. Languor, decay of spirits. 4.
Abdication, resig-nation. DEJA'E, day-har', mi. 1. To leave, to let, to
relinquish, to quit, to come from, to go from. 2. To omit saying or
doing any thinar. 3. To permit, to allow, not to obstruct. 4. To leave,
to forsake, to desert. 5. To yield, to produce. 6. To commit, to give in
charge. 7. To nominate, to appoint. Dejar dwJio, To leave word or
orders. Dejar escrito. To leave in writing. Di'jnJe que ven^ga. Let
him come. 8. To fling up, to give up. 9. To lay away. TO. To forbear,
to leave off, to cease. II. To leave a legacy to one absent. Dejar
atras. To excel, to surjiass. Dejar en cueros. To strip one of his
property. Dejar fresco a algurw. To frustrate, to bafiie. Dejar jxn'a
manana, To delay, to procrastinate. — vr. 1. Not to take care of one's
self. 2. To allow or suffer one's self to. 3. To become languid. 4. To
abandon one's self to. Dejarse Llevar, To suffer one's self to be led
by another. Dejarse rogar. To extend the concession required, that
the favor may be more estin.able. Dejarse veneer, To yield one's self
to the opinion of another. Dejarst caer ahujo por mi rio, (Nau.) Tc
drop down a river. Dejarse caer i la papa, (Nau.) To fall astern. De
jarse caer d sotavento, (Nau.) Tc fall to leeward. Dejarse alguna cosa
en el tintero, To omit something necessary to the subject.
DEJATI'VO, VA, 'a. (Obs.) Lazj languid, dejected. CE.JEMPLA'E, va.
(0b8.) Tg defame, to dishonor. DE.JI'LLO, day-hiV-lyo, sm. dim.
Slight relish or taste which remains after eating or drinking. DE'JO,
day' -live, sm. 1. End termination. 2. Negligence, carelessness,
laziness. 8. (Obs.) V. Abxegacion. 4. Eelish or taste which remains
after eating or drinking. 5. Result, effect, or remaint of a passion. 6.
Particular accentual tion on the lust syllable of words. DEJUGA'E,
day-lioo-gar', va. To extract the juice or substance ol any thing. DEL,
del. Of the, a contraction of the prepc'sition De and the masculine
article el; as, el merito del lihro, instead of eZ 7ninto de el lihro.
DELACIO'N, del-atli-e-on', sf. 1. Delation, accusation, impeachment.
2. Information. DELANTA'L, deb-an-taV, sm. Apron. DELA'NTE, del-
an'-tay, ad. 1. Before, in the presence of, in the sight of, in front of.
2. Before, anteriorly, preceding in time. 3, Before, in preference to,
prior to. DELANTE'RA, deUin-ter'-afi, sf. 1. Fore front, fore end, the
fore part of any thing. 2. The front seats, behind the barriers of a
place, where bull-feasts are held. 3. Foie skirts of clothes. 4.
Frontiers, confines. 5. Advantage obtained over another. 6. (Olis.)
Vanguard of an army. Coger la delanttra. To get the start of a
person. //■ en la delantera, To take the lead. DELANTE'EO, ra,
deUin-ter'-o, all, a. Foremost, first. DELANTE'EO, del-an-ter'-o, sm..
1. The first, one wlio takes the lead. 2. Postilion. DELATA'BLE, del-
ah-tah'-llay, a. Accusable, blamable. DEL AT A'N TE, dd-ah-fwn'-tay,
pa. Informer, accuser. DELATA'E, del-ah-tar', va. To inform, to
accuse, to denounce, to impeach. DELA'TE, del-ah!-tay,sm. (Obs.)
Highwayman. DELATO'E, del^aTi-tore' , sm.. Accuser, informer,
denouncer. DE'LE,j3re^. (Obs.) Now written Del, Of the. DE'LE, day'-
lay, sm. (Print.) Dele, a mark of erasure. DELECT A'BL K, del-ec-tal'-
Uay, a. (Obs.) Delectable, pleasing, de lightful. DELECTACIO'N,
del^ec-tath-eon', sf. Delectation, pleasure, delight. Delectacioii,
morosa, The deliberate indulgence of some sensual pleasure.
DELECTA'E, del-ec-tar', va. To delight. DELE'CTO, del-ed-toe, sm.
(Obs.) Election, choice. DELEGACIO'N, del-ay-gatli-eon', sf.
Delegation, substitutiou.
DEL DEL DEM DELEGA'DO, del-ay-gal' -doe, ttn. Peleirate,
depnty, commissioner, minister. — Dekgado, da, pp. of Delegar. D EL
EG A'NTE, del-ay-gan'-fay, pa. Constituent, one that delegates.
DELEGA'K. del^aj/-gm-', va. To deletrate, to substitute.
DELEITABILIDA'D, del-ay-euih-he-le-dad', sf. Deleetableness,
delifflitfulness. DELEITA'BLE, del-ay-e-tah'blay, a. Delectable,
deliirhttul. i)ELElTABLEME'NTE, ad. Deligbtfullv. DELfilTACIO'N, del-
ay-e-tathe-an', sf. Delectation, pleasure, delight. DELEITAMIE'NTO,
del-ay-etah-m€-eiv'-toe, sm. Delight, pleasure. DELEITA'NTE, dd-ay-
e-tan'tai/,p(i. Delighting. DELEITA'R, dd-ay-€-tar\ va. To delight, to
please, to content. — vr. To "delight, to have delight or pleasure in.
DELE'lTE, del^ay'-e-tay, sm. 1. Pleasure, delight, gratification.
Deleite sensual, The emotion of any lawful pleasure. 2. Lust, carnal
appetite. DELEITOSAME'NTE, ad. Deliirhtfunv,jue?sanily, cheerfully.
"DELfilTO'SO; SA, detr-ay-e'-tos'so, s'lh, a. Delightful, agreeable,
pleasing. DELETE'EEO, ea, ,iel-ay-ter'ay-o, ah, a. (Med.) Deleterious,
deletorv. DELETREADO'R, deUay-trayah-dYJZ,dd-gaJi-dMh\ sf. 1.
Tliinness, tenuity. 2.' (Met.) Acuteness, ingenuity. 8. Sleuderness,
leaimess, smallness. DELGA'DO, DA, del-gah'-doe, diih, a. 1. Thin,
tenuous, delicate, light. 2. Thin, exiguous, slender, lean, lank, gaunt.
3"^ (Met.) Acute, fine, ingenious. 4. Short, little, scanty, poor,
extenuate. Delgados de vnnavio, (Nan.) The narrowing or rising of a
ship's floor. Navio delgado a, proa, (Nau.) A sharpbowed vessel.
Navio delgado para andar, (Nau.) A sharp-huilt vessel for sailing.
Kavio de miiehos delgados, (Nau.) A sharp-l)()tt(imed sliiji.
DELGA'DO, del-gah'-doe, .t?)i. A strait place. JJelgados, Flanks of
animals. DELGAZA'R, va. (Obs.) V. Adeloazat?. DELIBEEAOTO'N,
^«■-«<7ie-on', sf. 1. Deliberation, consideration, reflection. 2.
Eesolution, determination. 3. (Obs.) Liberation. DELIBERADAME'NTE,
ad. Deliberately. DELIBEEADO'E, del-e-her-ahdore', sm. (Obs.)
Deliverer. DELIBERAMIE'NTO, dd-e-bcrah-me-en'-toe, sm. (Obs.)
Deliverance. DELIBERA'E, del-e-her-ar> , m. 1. To consider, to
deliberate, to discourse. 2. To consult or take counsel together. — vr.
To have delight or pleasure in. — va. \. To deliberate, to think in
order to choose, to hesitate. 2. (Obs.) To rescue from captivity. 3.
(Obs.) To cmanciiiate. DELIBEEATI'VO, va, del-e-UraTi-tee'-ro, vah,
a. Deliberative. DELIBEACIO'N, DELIBEA'NZA, sf. (Obs.) V. Eescate.
DilLlBEA'E, del-e-hrar', m. (Obs.) 1. To deliberate, to determine. 2.
To liberate. 3. V. DesPACHAR. DELICADAME'NTE, ad. Delicately.
DELTCADE'Z, del-e-caJi-detV ,_ sf. 1. Delicacy, weakness of
constitution. 2. (Met.) Delicacy, tenderness, scrupi;lousness,
mercifulness. 3. Gentleness of manners, sweetness of temper. 4.
Faintness, idleness, cowardice. DELICADE'ZA, deUe-cah-defJi'ah, sf.
1. Delicateness, tenderness, softness, cflTeminacy ; nicety,
exquisiteness. 2. Delicacy, nicety in the choice of food, daintiness. 3.
Subtlety, dexterity. 4. Exility, fineness, tenuity. 5. (Met.) Acuteness of
understanding, refinement of wit ; perspicacity ; curiosity ;
mellifluence. DELICA'DO, DA, del-e-cah'-doe, dali, a. 1. Delicate,
sweet, pleasing, tender. 2. Weak, faint, eff'eminate, finical, feminine,
lady-like. 3. Delicate, exquisite, nice, delicious, dainty, pleasing to
the taste ; of an agreeable flavor. 4. Thin, slender, subtile. 5. Nice,
scrupulous, fastidious. 6. Beautiful, pleasing to the eye. 7; Arduous,
difficult, perplexing. DELTCADU'EA, sf. DELICAMIE'NTO, sm. (Obs.)
V. Delicadeza. DELI'CIA, day-lee'-tMe-aJi, sf. Delitrht, comfort,
satisfaction. DELICIA'ESE, day-le-tUe-ars'say, vr. (Obs.) To delight, to
have delight or pleasure in. DELICIOSAME'NTE, ad. Deliciouslv,
daintily, deliffhtsomely. DELICIO'SC), SA, day-U-thk-os'. so, sah, a.
Delicious, dchghtfnl, pleasinar. DELICUESCE'NCIA, ^ay-Z^-^-ooes-
then'-thieh-ah, sf. (Chem.) Deliquescence. DELICUESCE'NTE, day-le-
cooes-then'-tay, a. (Chem.) Deliques cent. D ELINCUE'NTE, day-Un-
cooen'-tinrjia. Delinquent, otl'cndor. DELINEACIO^, day-k-mvath-e-
on', sf. Delineation, draft, sketch. DELTNEAME'NTO, DELTNEAM 1
E'NTO, day-k-vay-ah-merJUie, sm. Delineament. V. DelineaCION.
DP'LTNEA'R, day-le-nay-ar', va. 1. To delineate, to draw the first
draft of a thing ; to sketch, to figure. 2. (Met.) To describe, in prose
or verse. DELINQUIMTE'NTO, deUrvl-ee-me-en'-toe, sm.
Delinquency, fault, transgression. DELINQUl'E, del-in-Her, nil. To
transcrress the law, to oU'end. DELI NTA'E, DELI NTKRA'R, va. V.
Ceder and Traspasau. DELI ?? A'E, vn. (Obs.) To dress, to adorn.
DELl'QUTO, day-ke'-lt-o, sm. Swoon, a fainliii2--rit, ecstasv.
DELIEAME'NTO, da y-lier-ali^ men'-toe. sm. Delirium. DELIEA'NTE,
pa. Delirious, light-headed ; raving DELIEA'R, day-lier-ar', vn. 1, To
delirate, to dote, to rave. 2. (Met.) To rant, to talk nonsense.
DELI'RIO, day-lier'-e-o, sm. 1. Delirium, alienation of mind, dotage.
2. (Met.) Rant, nonsense, idle talk. DELl'TO, day-ke'-ioe, sm.
Transgression of a law ; fault, crime, guilt, delinquency. DE'LLA,
de'llo, del'-lyah, del'lyo. Contractions of the words d^ elUt, de elk, Of
her, of it. Dell-a con dello. Reciprocally, sdternatively. one with the
other, good and bad as they come. DELONGA'E, va. (Obs.) To
enlarire, to pi'olong. DELU'BRO, day-M-hro, sm. (Obs.) 1. Temple or
altar dedicated to an idol. 2. An idol. DELUSI'VO, VA, day-loos-see'-
vo, vah, a. Delusive, fidlacious. DELUSO'R, day-loos-sore', sm (Littl.
us.) Cheat, impostor, deluder. DELUSORIAME'NTE, ad. Delusively,
deceitfully. DELUSO'RIO, RiA, day-loos-sore'e-o, aJi, a. Deceitful,
fallacious. DEMA'ES, ad. (Obs.) V. Demas. D E M .\ G O'G 0, day-mah
-go--(j^, sm,. Demairosrue. DEMA'NDA, day-mwn'-dah, sf. 1.
Demand, claim, pretension, complaint, challenge. Morir en. la
demanda. To assert one's right to the last extremity. Salir a, kt
dtmanda, To appear in one's own defence. Demandas y respuestas,
Haggling about the price between sellers and buyers. 2. Request,
petition, the act of asking charity; gathering. 3. Charity-box ; an
image carried about by hermits and other devotees wlio ask charity.
4. (Nau.) Look-out, the look-out for land or another vessel. 5.
Interrogation. DEMANDAT^LE, a. (Obs.) V. Apetecible.
DEMANDADE'RO, ra, dayman-dah-der'-n, an. s. 1. A servant man or
woman who attends at tlio door of a nunnery or convent, to run
errands. 2. A servant in a jail. 211
DEM DEM DEN DEMANDATDO, da, day-man^ dalL'-(l
DEN DENOSTADO'R, day-no&-tahdore', s)ii. Vilitier, railler,
reviler. DENOSTA'K, day-n.o»-tar', va. To insult a person with foul
lauguaije, to revile, to abuse. DENOTACIO'N day-no-talitliie-oii', sf.
(Obs.) Designation, denotation. J')£K<_ dai="" va.="" t:=""
denote="" to="" signify="" e.xpress.="" exiilain.="" denutatl=""
va="" day-no-talitet="" vah="" a.="" denoting="" denota=""
densame="" ad.="" closely="" densely.="" densa="" d=""
condense="" thicken.="" densida="" ihii="" sf.="" density=""
closeness="" compactness="" grossness.="" obscurity=""
confusion="" darkness.="" de="" sa="" den="" sah="" dense=""
thick="" condense.="" close="" compact.="" densu="" v.=""
juntamente.="" dent="" pron.="" used="" for="" el="" ello=""
aqaello.="" denta="" da="" dah="" furnished="" with="" teeth.=""
denticulated="" dentated="" toothed.="" crenated="" indented.=""
pp.="" of="" dentar-.="" dent-atk="" is="" sometimes="" as=""
a="" substantive.="" dentadu="" den-fak-doo="" set="" sm.=""
bed="" which="" the="" ploughshare="" fi.xed.="" vvcvoaen=""
fork="" separate="" straw="" from="" corn.="" instrument=""
fcr="" extracting="" t.iri="" h-shell="" tubular="" univalve=""
uhell.="" dental="" belonging="" pronounced="" principally=""
by="" agency="" and="" n.="" tooth="" furnish="" teeth=""
indent="" cut="" into="" breed="" den-tar="" tooth-="" wort._=""
dentaria="" l.="" denteabru="" denteagru="" dentegl="" den-tuyali-
broon="" royal="" polypody="" great="" spleen-wort.=""
polypodium="" lonchitis="" denteoe="" den-tay-ther="" vn.=""
endentecer="" dentar.="" denteci="" den-teth-u="" dim.=""
small="" tooth.="" dente.j="" den.-tay-l="" yoke-tree="" oxen=""
are="" yoked="" cart.="" dentela="" derir-tel-ar="" lead-wort.=""
plumbasro="" europsba="" ent="" e="" ll="" den-teuyah=""
gnashing="" nip="" pinch="" impression="" made="" derddladas=""
snappishly="" peevishly.="" dar="" b="" sacndir="" dentelliiias=""
speak="" sjrlily="" uncivilly.="" dentella="">e, dah, a. 1.
Denticulated, dented. 2. Bit or wounded with the teeth. — jw. of
Dentellar. DENTELLA'R, den-tel-lyar', vn. To gnash, to grind or collide
the leetii. DENTELLEA'R, den-tel-lyayjt,r', va. To bite, to fix the teeth
in any thing. DEP DENTELLO'N, den-teUyond , sm. 1. Moulding or
ornament of the Coriiitliian cornice. 2. Piece of a door-lock which
represents a large tooth. DENTE'RA, den-ter'-ah, sf. 1. An
uni)le:isant sensation or tingling pain in the teeth. 2. (,Met.) V.
E.NVlDIA. DENTEZUE'LO, den-tay-thooel'-o, s?/i.. dim. A little tooth.
DENTlClO'N, den,-te-thie-rm\ sf. 1. Dentition, breeding the teeth. 2.
Dentition, the time at which children's teeth are bred, D ENTIC U L
A'R, den-te-coo-hr', a. Like teeth, as a tooth ; denticulated, toothed.
DENTI'STA, dsn-tees'-taJi, sm. Dentist. DENTIVA'NO, na, dm-te-
vah'no, nah, a. Having long and large teeth: ap]>lied to horses.
DENTO'N, NA, den-tom\ ah, a. Havinir large uneven teeth. DENTO'N,
dm-t
DEP DER DER DEPOPULADO'E, day-po-poo'/iJi-dore^, srn.
Depopulator, devastator of a country or city. DEPOETACIO'N, 'day-
por-tahthie-on' sf. Deportation, transport'ltion, banishment. DEPORT
A'R, day-por-tav', va. To transport, to exile, to banish. — v^. (Obs.)
1. To take a diversion. 2. To rest. DEPO'RTE, day-por'-tay, sm.
Diversion, aousement, pastime. DEPORTO'SO, SA, day-por-tosf*o,
saJij a. (Obs.) V. Diveetido. DEPO'S, ad. rObs.) V. Despdes.
DEPOSA'NTE, day-pos-san
(LcM^-'P^ DER DES DES uhed. 5. (Obs.) To assess taxes.
Derranuir doctrlna, (Met.) To diffuse a doctrine. — cr. 1. To be
scatfj^red or spread, to fly abroad. 2. To abandon one's self to
sensual pleasures. 3. To disembogue itself, as a river. 4. (Obs.) To
escape. DERRA'ME, (kr-rah'-inai/^lsm. 1. The portion of liquor or
seedilost iu measuring. 2. Lealvagc, allowance for accidental loss in
liquid measures. 3. Bevel of a wall at h window or door, to facilitate
tljie entrance of light. 4. Declivity.! DEKRA'MO, iler-rah'-)tio, l«?i. 1.
Profusion, prodigality, lavistncss. 2. The sloping of a wall in
tlie\aperture for a door or window. ', DiliKANOA'E, der-raii-car', vn.
fObs.) To assault; to fight imjijetuously and hastily. tchah'-doe, dah,
a. (Obs.) disordered, deranged. '■ DEKRASPA'DO, der-ras-pah>doe^
a. Beardless : applied to wheat. DERREDO'R, der-ray-dore\ sm.
Circumference, circuit ; round about : genenilly used in the plural, or
witlithe article al^ or the preposition en. Al derredor or en derredor,
Round about. DERRENEGA'R, der-ray-ndygar\ rn. (Coll.) To hate, to
detest. DERRENGA'DA, der-ren-gah'dah, sf. (Prov.) Step in dancing. :
DEREENGA'DO, da, der-reiigah'-doe, dah, a. Incurvated, bent,
crooked, lame, crippled.— ^j^. of Derrkn»ar. ' DERRENGADU'EA.
der-rej%aah-doc'-raJi, xf. (Obs.; Weakness in the hip, dislocation of
the hip '" L oneness. DEEEENGA'E, der-ren-gar*, va 1. To hip, to
sprain the hip, to cripple. 2. (Prov.) To knock otf the fr'uit of a tree.
— on. (Low) To abominate, to detest. DEEEE'NGO, d^r-ren'-go, sm.
(Prov.) Stick with which fruits are knocked otf. DEERENIE'GO, der-
ray-ne-ay'go, int. and sm. (Coll.) V. Eexiego. DEEEERI'A(A'la), der-
rer-ee'ah (ah'-kiJi), ad. (Obs.) At length, iu the end.
DERRETIMIE'NTO, der-ray-teme-en'-toc, ««i. 1. Thaw, liquefaction,
fusion, meltinsr. 2. Violent affection. DEERETl'E, der-my-tir', va. 1. To
liquefy, to melt, to dissolve, to fuse. 2. (Coll.) To chansre money. 8.
To CMUsume, to expend. — vr. 1. To be deeply in love. 2. To fall in
love very easily. 3. To liquefy, to fuse, to melt or to be melted, to
become liquid. 4. To melt, to grow tender or loving. DEREIBA'DO,
der-re-haJi'-doe, a. Applied to horses having the croup or buttocks
rounder and lower than usual. — pp. of Derribak. URRRIBA'E, der-
re-har', va. 1. To demolish, to level with the p-oand. 2. To throw
down, to Knock down, to fell, to bring tu the srciund ; to flatten ; to
lay flat, to Todge. 3. To depose, to displace, to divest. 4. To ruin, to
destroy. 5. (Met.) To incite, to impel. — vr. To tumble down, to throw
one's self on the ground. DEERI'BO, der-ree'-ho, sm. 1. Demolition,
as of a building. 2. Euins of a demolished buildir.;C. ( To derriengo,
yo d^rriengue ; from Derre/igar. V. Aoertar.) ( Yo dtrrito, yo derritu ;
el dirritib, el dirritlera ■ from Derretir. V. Pedui.) DERROCA'E, der-ro-
car', va. \. rObs.) To preci})itate or fling down tVom a rock. 2. To pull
down, to demolish, to fell, to lay. 8. (]\let.) To rob one of his fortune
or luippiness. 4. To precipitate, to distract any thing spiritual or
intellectual. — V)i. (Obs!) To tumble, to fall down. DEEROCIIADO'R,
der-ro-tchahdore', sm. A prodigal, a spendthrift. DEEEOCllA'E, dev-
ro-tchav\ va. 1. To dissipate, to waste or destroy property, to make
way with. 2. (Obs.) To conqiier, to beat down. DEEROMPE'E, der-
rom~pet\ va. (Obs.) To break, to violate. DERROSTRA'ESE, dsr-i-
ostrars'-say, vr. (Obs.) To liave one's face disfiirured by blows.
DEERO'TA, der-ro'-tah, sf. 1. (Nau.) Ship's course, the tack on which
a sliip sails. Derrota esti■mada, (Nau.) Dead reckoning. Segnir en
directa derrota, (Nau.) To steer a straitrbt course. 2. Road, path. 3.
Rout or defeat of an army; overthrow. 4. (Prov.) Opening made in
hedges or fences for the cattle which pasture in the stubbles.
DEEEOTA'E, d,r-ro-tar', va. 1. (Nau.) To cause to drive or fall otf:
applied to' the wind or stormy weather. 2. To destroy health or
fortune. 3. To rout, to defeat. — vn. To arrive in a place in a ruined
state, or in the utmost confusion and disorder. DEEEO'TE, der-ro'-
fay, sm.. 1. Defeat, rout, destruction. 2. (Pi'ov.) Dilapidation.
^DEEEOTE'EO, der-ro-ter'-o, sm.. 1. (Nau.) Collection of sea-charts.
2. (Nau.) Ship's course. 3. (Met.) Course, way, or plan of life,
conduct, or action. DEEEUBIA'E, der-roo-le-ar', va. To break the
bounds of a river or rivulet insensibly ; to undermine or wash awav
the ground. DEEEU'BIO, der-roo'-he-o, s?n. The insensible overflow
of water from a river or rivulet over the level grounds near to its
bed, and the e.arth wliich falls or moulders away by this means. '
DEEEUECA'E, der-roo-ay-car', va. To unhorse : applied to a horse.
DEEEUPE, der-roo-kr', va. To demolish, to destroy, to ruin. V.
DERRHiAR. DEEEUMBADE'RO, der-ronmha]i-der'-o, sm. 1. Precipice ;
craggy, steep, and broken ground. 2. (Met.) A tbornv or arduous
affair. DERRUMBAMIE'NTO, derromn-hali-me-en.'-toi, sm.
Precipitation. DERRUMBA'E, der-room-hir' , va. 1. To precipitate, to
throw down headlong. 2. (Met.) To emit rays of light. — vr. To
precipitate one's self headlong. DE'EVIS. der'-vis, sm. Dervis, a
Turkish priest or monk. DES, de.-', va. 1. To render a thing tasteless,
to make it insipid or disgusting. 2. (Met.) To discfust, to vex.
DESABOEDA'ESE, des-sah^lordars'-say, vr. (Nau.) To get clear of a
ship which fell on board of one's vessel. DESABOEI'DO, da, des-
saM>&ree'-doe, dah, a. Tasteless, insipid. DESABOTONA'E, des-sah-
botoe-nar', va. To unbutton. — vn. To blow, to bloom, to blossom.
DESABEIDAME'NTE, ad. Bitterly, rudelv, harshly. DESABEl'DO, da,
des-sah-bree'doe, dah, a. 1. Tasteless, insipid. 2. Soar, peevish,,
severe. 3. Hard, difficult: applied to guns that rebound on
clischarging them. 4. Bleak, sharp: applied to the air and wind. 5.
Disgusted, dissatisfied, at variance with. DESABEIGADAME'NTE, ad.
1. Nakedly, without covering. 2. Without shelter, without harbor.
DESABEIGA'DO, da, de-^-sahbre-gah'-doe, dah, a. 1. Uncovered,
wanting covering or clothes. 2. Shelterless ; harborless ;
unsheltered. 3. (Met.) Ab.andoned, without support. — pp. of
Desabrtgar. I>V&Km\GK''R,des-sah-bre-gar>, va. 1. To uncover, to
divest of covering ; to strip, or to take off covering. 2. To deprive of
shelter or harbor. DESABEPGO, dtg-sah-hreef-go, sm. 1. Nudity,
nakedness. 2. Want of shelter or harbor. 3. (Met.) Destitution, want
of support or protection. DESABEIMIE'NTO, des-sah. bre-me-en'-tne,
sm,. 1. Insipidity, want of taste or flavor, flatness. 2 Severity or
asperity of temperj 215
DES DES DES rudeness of manners ; acerbity. 3. Desponi
ieucy, dejection, lowuess of spirils. 4. The rebound of guns when
discharged. DESABKl'K, des-sah-brli-', va. To vex, to plague, to
torment, to harass. DESABEOCHA'E, des-sa7i-lretchai 1. To unclasp.
2. To unbutton. 8. To open, to burst open. — vr. To unbosom, to
reveal in confidence, t« disclose. -DESACABALA'E, des-saTi^caJihah-
liir\ va. To pilfer. V. DescaBAI.AR. DESACALOEA'RSE, des-sah(uih-loi'-
ars'-say, or. 1. To take the fresh air. 2. (Met.) To grow less warm.
DESACATADAME'NTE, ad. Disrespectfully. DESACATA'DO, da, des-
sai,^ cah-tiih'-doe^ dah, a. Acting in a disresjjectful manner. — -j}j).
of DesaCATAR. DESACATADO'E, ea, des-salicah-tal(-do)'e' , ah, s. An
irreverent, uncivil, or disrespectful person. DESACATAMIE'NTU, des-
sahcaJir-taJi-iiie-eu'-toe, sin. Disrespect. DESACATA'E, d^s-sah-cah-
tar' , va. 1. To treat in a disrespectful manner : generally used in its
reciprocal sense. 2. To desecrate, to profane, to dishonor.
DESAC'A'TO, des-saJi-cah'-toe, im. 1. Disrespect, incivility, want Df
reverence. 2. Desecration, protanation, dishonor. DESACEITA'DO, da,
des-atliay-e-tali -doe, dah, a. Destitute of the necessary quantity of
oil. DESACEltBA'E, des-sah-tJierba?', va. To dulcorate, to make less
acrimonious, to assuage, to mitigate. DESACEETADAME'NTE, ad.
Inconsiderately. DESACEETA'DO, da, des-salther-tak'-dm, dah, a.
Inconsiderate, imprudent, without reflection.^?/). of Desaoektar.
DESACEETA'E, des-sah-ihertar', va. To err, to commit- a
misDESACIE'ETO, des-sah-thie-er'toe, sm. Error, mistake, blunder. (
Yo desacUHo, from Vesacertar. DESACUBAEDA'E, des-sah-cobar-dw',
va. To remove fear or cowardice, to inspire couratje. DESACOLLA'E,
des-suh-collyar', m. (Prov.) To dig up the ground about vines, to
cultivate vines. DESACOMO DADAME'NTE, des-sah-co-m o-dah-dah-
taen'-tay, ad. Incommodi-ously, inconveniently. DESACOMo'DA'DO,
da, destah-co-iHO-dali'-d(ie, dah, a. 1. DeBtitute of the conveniences
of life. 2. Out of place or employment ; out of service. 3. That which
causes trouble or inconvenience.— />/. of Desacomodar.
DESACOMODAMIE'NTO, sm. Inconvenience, trouble.
DESACOMODA'E, d^s-sah-como-dar', va. 1. To incommode, to
molest. 2. To deprive of ease or convenience. 3. To turn out of place.
— vr. To lose one's place, to be out of place : connnonly applied to
servants. DESACOMPAJfAMIE'NTO, 216 des-sah-eom-pan-yalt-me-
ehf-toe, sm. Want of corapan\;_or societv. DESACOMPAXA'R, des-
sahcom-jmii^yar' , va. To leave the company, to retire.
DESACONSEJA'DO, da, dessah-con-say-hah' -doe, dah, a. Acting
without prudence or reflection, inconsiderate, ill-advised. — /»/>. of
Desaoonsejar. DESACONSEJA'E, dts-saJi-consay-har', va. To
dissuade, to dehort. 'DESACOEDADAME'NTE, ad. Inconsiderately,
unadvisedly. DESACOEDA'DC), da, des-salicor-dah' -doe, dah, a.
(Pict.) Discordant.— pp. of Desacordab. DESACORDAMIE'NTO, sm.
(Obs.) V. Desacuerdo. DESACOEDA'NZA, sf. (Obs.) V. Discobdancia.
DESACOEDA'K, des-sah-cordar', va. To untune : said of musiCiil
instruments. — vn. (Obs.) V. Discordar. — vr. 1. To be forgetful, or of
short memory. 2. To be at variance, to disagree. DESACO'EDE, des-
sah-cor'-day, a. Discordant. DESACOEEALA'E, des-sah-ccrralir-ktr',
va. 1. To let the flock or cattle out of the penfold. 2. To bring a bull
into the open field. 3. (Met. Obs.) To inspirit, to animate, to
encouraare. D ES A OOSTUMBEADAME'NTE, ad. Unusuallv.
DESACOSTUMBEA'DO, da, des-sah-cos-toom-lfrah^-doe, dah, a.
Unusual, unaecustomed.^sp. of Desacostumbrar.
DESACOSTUMBRA'E, des-sahcos-toonir-hrar' , va. To disuse, to drop
or lose the custom. DES ACOT A'E, des-sah-co-tar', va. 1. To lay
open a pasture-ground which was before inclosed. 2. To raise or
withdraw a jirohibition. 3. To relinquish a contract, to withdraw from
an agreement. 4. Among boys, to play without conditions or rules.
DESACO'TO, des-sah^co'-toe, sm. The act of withdrawing the
prohibition to enter a pfisture-ground. DESACEEDITA'R, des-sahcray-
de-tar', va. 1. To discredit, to impair one's credit or reputation, to cry
down. 2. To dissemble or conceal the merits of any thing.
DESACUE'EDO, des-sah-coo-er'doe, sm. 1. (Obs.) Forgetfulness,
oblivion. 2. Derangement of the mental faculties. 3. Discordance,
disagreement, disunion. 4. Error, mistake, lilunder. 5. Want of
accuracy and exactness. ( Yo desaciierdo, yo desacuerde ; from
Desacordar. V. Acokdar.) DP:SADEREZA'E, des-sah-deray-thav', va.
To- undress, to divest of ornaments, to ruffle. D ES A DEU D A 'E,
des-saJi-dayoo-dar', va. To pay one's debts. DESADOEA'E, des-sah-
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