Masculine Gender - Noun Declension
Case Singular Number Endings Plural Number Endings
Mianownik
(Nominative)
(kto? co?)
- y/i123 e4
Dopełniacz
(Genitive)
(kogo? czego?)
u1 a2 ów5 y/i6
Celownik
(Dative)
(komu? czemu?)
owi9 om
Biernik
(Accusative)
(kogo? co?)
=N3 =G4 =N7 =G8
Narzędnik
(Instrumental)
(z kim? z czym?)
(i)em8 ami
Miejscownik
(Locative)
(o kim? o czym?)
‘e5 u6 ach
Wołacz
(Vocative)
(hej!)
=L7 =N9
‘ means soften the stem before applying the ending
= means the same form as another case in the same number
- means that there are no ending
Singular Number Rules Plural Number Rules
1. use for inanimate objects, although there 1. use this ending for nouns ending with a hard
are many exceptions which use the -a ending consonant
2. use this ending for animate objects 2. if the noun is a personal noun soften the hard
3. inanimate objects have the same Accusative consonant (-'y / 'i)
and Nominative form 3. some nouns describing titles or relations take
4. animate objects have the same Accusative -owie ending
and Genitive form 4. use this ending for nouns ending with a soft
5. use this ending for nouns whose stems end consonant
with a hard consonant, except for k, g and 5. use this ending for nouns ending with a hard
ch/h consonant or c, dz, j
6. use this ending for nouns whose stems end 6. use this ending for nouns ending with a soft
with a soft consonant or k, g, ch/h consonant, except for c, dz and j
7. the Locative and Vocative forms are the same 7. if the noun is not personal, use the
8. if the stem ends with k or g, then add Nominative Case form
additional -i- between the stem and the ending 8. if the noun is personal, use the Genitive Case
9. some nouns take irregular ending -u form
9. the Vocative and Nominative forms are the
same
y/i ending rule
if the stem of the noun ends with k, g, ć, dź, ś, ź, ń, l, ść, źdź, śl, śń, źń or j use -i otherwise use -y
Hard and soft consonants
hard p b f w m t d s z n ł r k g ch st zd sł zł sn zn
ć dź ś ź ń ść źdź śń źń
soft pi bi fi wi mi l rz c dz sz śl źl cz ż j
ci dzi si zi ni ści ździ śni źni
© Course of Polish https://courseofpolish.com/
Feminine Gender - Noun Declension
Case Singular Number Endings Plural Number Endings
Mianownik
(Nominative)
(kto? co?)
a178 -1 y/i1 e2
Dopełniacz
(Genitive)
(kogo? czego?)
y/i -3 y/i4
Celownik
(Dative)
(komu? czemu?)
‘e2 y/i3 om
Biernik
(Accusative)
(kogo? co?)
ę4 -5 =N5
Narzędnik
(Instrumental)
(z kim? z czym?)
ą ami
Miejscownik
(Locative)
(o kim? o czym?)
=D6 ach
Wołacz
(Vocative)
(hej!)
o4 y/i5 =N5
‘ means soften the stem before applying the ending
= means the same form as another case in the same number
- means that there are no ending
Singular Number Rules Plural Number Rules
1. it is the basic dictionary form of the noun, so 1. use this ending for nouns whose stem ends
no need to choose an ending with a hard consonant or -ść
2. use for nouns endings with a hard consonant 2. use this ending for nouns whose stem ends
+ -a in Nominative with a soft consonant except for -ść
3. use for nouns endings with a soft consonant 3. use this ending for nouns ending in a vowel
+ -a or a consonant in Nominative 4. use this ending for nouns ending in a
4. use for nouns endings with -a in Nominative consonant
5. use for nouns endings with a consonant in 5. the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative case
Nominative all have the same forms
6. both the Dative and Locative case have the
same forms and rules of applying endings
7. there are some feminine nouns that end with
-i, i.e. gospodyni, pani
8. some masculine nouns take the -a ending. To
decline them use feminine endings in singular
number, and masculine endings in plural
number.
y/i ending rule
if the stem of the noun ends with k, g, ć, dź, ś, ź, ń, l, ść, źdź, śl, śń, źń or j use -i otherwise use -y
Hard and soft consonants
hard p b f w m t d s z n ł r k g ch st zd sł zł sn zn
ć dź ś ź ń ść źdź śń źń
soft pi bi fi wi mi l rz c dz sz śl źl cz ż j
ci dzi si zi ni ści ździ śni źni
© Course of Polish https://courseofpolish.com/
Neuter Gender - Noun Declension
Case Singular Number Endings Plural Number Endings
Mianownik
(Nominative)
(kto? co?)
o5 e a
Dopełniacz
(Genitive)
(kogo? czego?)
a -12
Celownik
(Dative)
(komu? czemu?)
u om
Biernik
(Accusative)
(kogo? co?)
=N3 =N
Narzędnik
(Instrumental)
(z kim? z czym?)
(i)em4 ami
Miejscownik
(Locative)
(o kim? o czym?)
‘e1 u2 ach
Wołacz
(Vocative)
(hej!)
=N3 =N
‘ means soften the stem before applying the ending
= means the same form as another case in the same number
- means that there are no ending
Singular Number Rules Plural Number Rules
1. use this ending if the stem ends with a hard 1. some soft stem nouns (with a collective or
consonant, except for k, g and ch/h naming areas meaning) take the -y / i ending
2. use this ending if the stem ends with a soft here
consonant or k, g, ch/h 2. a few nouns (mostly those ending with -um in
3. the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative case Nominative singular) take the -ów ending here
all have the same forms
4. if the stem ends with k or g, then add
additional -i- between the stem and the
ending
5. there are some neuter nouns ending in -ę or
-um. They have irregular declension
y/i ending rule
if the stem of the noun ends with k, g, ć, dź, ś, ź, ń, l, ść, źdź, śl, śń, źń or j use -i otherwise use -y
Hard and soft consonants
hard p b f w m t d s z n ł r k g ch st zd sł zł sn zn
ć dź ś ź ń ść źdź śń źń
soft pi bi fi wi mi l rz c dz sz śl źl cz ż j
ci dzi si zi ni ści ździ śni źni
© Course of Polish https://courseofpolish.com/
