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Migrants to the Coasts Livelihood Resource Management
and Global Change in the Philippines 1st Edition James
F. Eder Digital Instant Download
Author(s): James F. Eder
ISBN(s): 9780495095248, 0495095249
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.40 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
Migrants to the Coasts
This page intentionally left blank
Migrants to the Coasts
Livelihood, Resource
Management and Global
Change in the Philippines

JAMES F. EDER
Arizona State University

Case Studies on Contemporary Social Issues:

John A. Young, Series Editor

Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
Migrants to the Coasts: Livelihood, ª 2009, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Resource Management and Global
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
Change in the Philippines
copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or
James F. Eder used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
Executive Editor: Marcus Boggs
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
Acquisitions Editor: Lin Marshall information networks, or information storage and retrieval
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Assistant Editor: Liana Monari 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written
Editorial Assistant: Paige Leeds permission of the publisher.

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Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
U
To Palawan’s coastal dwellers and to those
who work with them to build a more sustainable way of life
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U

Brief Contents

List of Figures xiii

Fo reword xv
P r ef a c e x v ii
Chapter 1 Southeast Asian Coastal Ecosystems in Distress 1
Chapter 2 San Vicente, a Coastal Philippine Municipality 12
Chapter 3 San Vicente and the Global Economy 41
Chapter 4 Making a Living in a Coastal Ecosystem 61
Chapter 5 Enter the Coastal Resource Management
Project 93
Chapter 6 New Ways of Living 121
Chapter 7 Household Livelihoods and Conservation 136
Appendix A Common Fish, Mangroves, and Sea Grasses
in San Vicente 154
Refer ences 157
Index 16 3

vii
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U

Contents

List of Figures xiii

Foreword xv
About the Series xv
About the Author xv
About This Case Study xvi

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Southeast Asian Coastal Ecosystems

in Distress 1

Chapter 2 San Vicente, a Coastal Philippine

Municipality 12
Coastal Zone Habitats and Resources 14
Marine Habitats and Resources 15
Terrestrial Habitats and Resources 18
Anthropological Fieldwork in San
Vicente 22
The Municipal Government 22
Local Communities 23
Studying People 27
A Brief History of San Vicente 31

ix
x CONTENTS

Other Histories 32
Tagbanua 33
Cuyonon and Agutaynen 35
Visayans 36
Tony’s Story 38
Island Diversity on a Global Stage 40

Chapter 3 San Vicente in the Global Economy 41

The Nature of Philippine Development 41
The Logging Industry 42
The Mining Industry 44
A Plunder Economy 45
The Settlement and Development of
Palawan 46
The Plunder Economy and Coastal Palawan 49
Illegal Commercial Fishing 49
Cyanide Fishing and the Live Fish Trade 50
Blast Fishing 52
New Global Demands on Coastal San Vicente 53
Foreigners and Their Doings 54
Destination Palawan! 55
Privatizing Coastal Resources 57
The Future of Natural Resource Use in the
Philippines 59

Chapter 4 Making a Living in a Coastal Ecosystem 61

Household Economic Life 62
Livelihoods in the Coastal Zone 65
Fishing 65
Farming 76
Supplementary Economic Activities 81
Coping with Change 85
The Rising Price of Gasoline 85
Silkworms, Monitor Lizards, and Tourist Guides 86
How Gender Matters 87
Change Is Continuous 89
Coping Is Not Easy 90
Making a Living is Difficult Business 91
CONTENTS xi

Chapter 5 Enter the Coastal Resource Management

Project 93
The Philippine Experience with Coastal Resource
Management 94
The CRMP: Objectives and Components 95
Coastal Resource Management Planning with
the Municipal Government 97
Project Initiation and Local Community Acceptance 98
Documenting Local Knowledge 98
Environmental Education 103
Marine Protected Areas 103
Enterprise and Alternative Livelihood Development 105
The Port Barton Marine Park 106
The CRMP: Local Perspectives and Responses 108
Crackdown on Illegal Fishing Activities 109
Limitations on Use of Active Fishing Gear 110
Establishment of Marine Protected Areas 113
Enterprise Development 114
The CRMP: Project Results and Lessons Learned 117
Looking Forward 119
Chapter 6 New Ways of Living 121
Microfinance Programs 123
Overseas Employment 126
Evangelical Religious Conversion 128
Global Changes and Local Lives 132
Globalization Is Not Fair 134
Chapter 7 Household Livelihoods and Conservation 136
Local Livelihoods and Patterns of Resource Use 136
Global Forces and Local Lives 138
Toward More Effective Coastal Resource
Management 139
Coastal Zone Livelihoods for the Twenty-First
Century 147
Looking Ahead 152

Appendix A Common Fish, Mangroves, and Sea Grasses in

San Vicente 154

References 157

Index 163
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U

List of Figures

1.1 Beach seiners at New Agutaya 2

2.1 Map of Palawan Island 13
2.2 Restaurant and karaoke bar in Alimanguan 14
2.3 Map of San Vicente 15
2.4 Linkages between mangrove, sea grass, and coral reef
ecosystems 16
2.5 Mangrove forest at Darapiton River, Port
Barton 17
2.6 Human activities in the coastal zone 19
2.7 Places of origin of San Vicente residents (map) 25
2.8 Houses of fishing families at Alimanguan 31
2.9 Tony with his fishing gear 39
3.1 A fish pen for raising grouper at Panindigan 51
3.2 Condition of coral reefs, sea grasses, and seaweeds in
Palawan 53
3.3 A European retirement home on Buayan Island 54
3.4 The Swissippini beach resort at Port Barton 57
4.1 A fisherman and his pumpboat at Alimanguan 67
4.2 A farmer’s banca at New Canipo 67
4.3 A fisherman’s squid-jigging equipment 68
4.4 A fishing crew empties its nets 71
4.5 A fish-buying station in Alimanguan 72
4.6 Fish buyers compete for a fisherman’s catch 72
4.7 A man prepares fish for drying 73
xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES

4.8 Fish put out to dry 74

4.9 A lowland farm at New Canipo 78
4.10 An upland farm near Port Barton 78
5.1 CRMP objectives and components 97
5.2 Coastal habitats identified by local residents 99
5.3 Coastal resource map of New Agutaya 100
5.4 Fish catch trend maps for Poblacion and
Caruray 102
5.5 An educational poster promoting marine protected
areas 104
5.6 A woman inspects newly harvested seaweed 106
5.7 An informational brochure for the Port Barton
Marine Park 107
6.1 A store in Port Barton with a satellite TV dish 122
6.2 An evangelical church in Alimanguan 129
6.3 Two friends go for a boat ride 133
6.4 Brothers ride the family water buffalo 134
U

Foreword

ABOUT THE SERIES

This book explores the practical applications of anthropology in understanding

and addressing problems faced by human societies around the world. Each case
study examines an issue of socially recognized importance in the historical,
geographical, and cultural context of a particular region of the world, while
adding comparative analysis to highlight the local effects of globalization and
the global dimensions of the issue. The authors write with a readable narrative
style and include reference to their own participation, roles, and responsibilities in
the communities they study. Their engagement with people goes beyond obser-
vation and research, as they explain and sometimes illustrate from personal
experience how their work has implications for advocacy, community action,
and policy formation. The authors demonstrate how anthropological investiga-
tions can build our knowledge of human societies and at the same time provide
the basis for fostering community empowerment, resolving conflicts, and pursu-
ing social justice.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

James Eder received his PhD in anthropology from the University of California,
Santa Barbara, and is currently Professor of Anthropology in the School of
Human Evolution & Social Change at Arizona State University. His interests
in the Philippines trace to 3 years he spent there as a Peace Corps Volunteer,
teaching high school biology and adult literacy on Palawan Island. Since then,
Jim has returned to Palawan numerous times for a total of 6 years of anthro-
pological fieldwork. His research interests include the subsistence activities of the
Batak, a foraging people of the island’s forested interior, and the interplay of
xv
xvi FOREWORD

economic change and social inequality in frontier farming communities. Jim’s

previous books include Who Shall Succeed? Agricultural Development and Social
Inequality on a Philippine Frontier, On the Road to Tribal Extinction: Depopulation,
Deculturation, and Adaptive Well-being among the Batak of the Philippines, and A
Generation Later: Household Strategies and Economic Change in the Rural Philippines.
He first became interested in fishing communities during his travels by fishing
boat to some of the many small islands of the Palawan region.

ABOUT THIS CASE STUDY

This case study explores the impact of globalization on environmental and human
well-being in the coastal zone of Palawan Island in the Philippines. The reader
will learn about histories, livelihoods, gender roles, socioeconomic hierarchies
and the interdependency of fishing and farming in communities whose members
are of different ethnic backgrounds and who originally settled or recently
migrated to this region. Each of these communities has a unique pattern for
using resources with a corresponding impact on the environment. Globalization
affects local patterns of resource exploitation by causing population growth and
introducing technologies and market forces that intensify destructive kinds of
resource use. The movement to conserve the natural environment also has a
global reach, as illustrated by an unsuccessful attempt to establish a series of
marine protected areas in the municipality of San Vicente. The author bases his
assessment of this failure on interviews conducted in four of the ten communities
in San Vicente, and on a comparative analysis of similar projects in the Philip-
pines and elsewhere. Although officials cited technical problems, the failure to
establish viable marine protected areas was primarily the lack of real local
participation and inattention to people’s daily needs in pursuing their livelihoods.
As infrastructure and the social environment change, some households on their
own find new ways to make a living that reduce the pressure on marine
resources. The author concludes by suggesting that conservation policies and
projects have greater chance for success by facilitating appropriate new ways of
making a living.

John A. Young, Series Editor

U

Preface

F or those concerned about the health of the world’s coastal ecosystems and the
well-being of the millions of people who rely upon them for their livelihood,
the news from coastal Southeast Asia is sobering. Such catch phrases as “the rush
of poverty to the coasts” and “too many people chasing too few fish” only begin
to suggest the environmental damage caused by excessive human exploitation of
the region’s coastal resources during the past 50 years. Dwindling fish stocks
reflect relentless destruction of coral reefs, sea grass beds, and mangrove forests. As
the health of Southeast Asia’s coastal ecosystems has deteriorated, the livelihoods
of millions of the region’s inhabitants have suffered apace; fish catches are every-
where in decline, and earning a satisfactory living from other coastal resources has
grown increasingly difficult, even as the numbers of coastal dwellers continue to
grow. A pressing global need for biodiversity conservation and an insistent local
demand for food and income security seem to pull in opposite directions.
How did such a state of affairs come about, and why should Americans be
concerned about it? For most readers of this book, Southeast Asia may seem an
exotic and faraway place, but increasingly, it is neither. Romantic images of the
region aside, the concerns of most of Southeast Asia’s ordinary rural inhabitants
are not unlike our own. These concerns center on such everyday matters as how
to earn a living and to prosper in a world of diminishing natural resources and
greater economic competition, and how to educate and secure a better future for
our children. A web of global interconnections has drawn Southeast Asia closer
to us than it might first appear. Whether as beachgoers, as scuba-diving ecotour-
ists, or as patrons of upscale restaurants with “live fish” on the menus, hundreds of
thousands of Western tourists affect the region’s coasts annually. If you are a
tropical fish fancier or have purchased any shrimp at your local supermarket,
there is a good chance you have become a consumer of coastal Southeast Asian
resources without even leaving home.
The unprecedented demands that development and population growth now
place on coastal resources are well known to scholars, policy makers, and a
xvii
xviii PREFACE

growing proportion of the general public. Marine biologists have documented

the decline of fish stocks and the destruction of coral reefs. Ecologists have
studied the destruction of shellfish habitat, sea grass beds, and mangrove forests.
Social scientists have researched the role of human activities in all of these
changes to better understand their causes. Meanwhile, throughout coastal South-
east Asia, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations are attempt-
ing to arrest or reverse these alarming trends with a variety of coastal resource
management projects that draw financial support from the international envir-
onmentalist community. One goal of such projects is to foster local participation
in biodiversity conservation initiatives.
The track record of these coastal resource management projects has been
mixed. Scattered local successes in some communities continue to be negated
elsewhere by illegal commercial fishing in municipal waters, by continued use of
destructive fishing techniques, and by the lack of alternative livelihood opportu-
nities in coastal areas. Would-be conservers of Southeast Asia’s coastal zone
resources are still trying to get things right.
Answers to Southeast Asia’s coastal resource dilemmas have proven elusive,
but I firmly believe that answers exist. I believe that anthropologists can find
answers by examining in detail the successes and failures of past projects, by
listening more carefully to what local people themselves have to say about how
best to strike a balance between livelihood and conservation, and by a holistic
approach that focuses on all human activities in the coastal zone, rather than just
on fishing.
I will show in this volume how anthropology can contribute to biodiversity
conservation and better human livelihoods in the coastal zone. At the same time,
I will also show that the local residents of coastal Southeast Asia—in particular
those who reside in San Vicente in the Philippines—are not “exotic others” but
people who attempt to cope with global changes much as we do. Knowing when
to see differences with others and when to see similarities is one of the central
challenges of cross-cultural understanding, and I shall have something to say
about that as well.
This book grew out of a field research project in the Philippines that began
in spring 2002, with the support of a Fulbright Award from the Council for the
International Exchange of Scholars and a sabbatical leave from Arizona State
University (ASU). I continued the project with a series of return visits, during the
summers of 2003, 2005, and 2006, the last visit supported by an A. T. Steele
Travel Grant from ASU’s Center for Asian Studies. Also I would like to
acknowledge the generous assistance of two ASU undergraduate students, Noah
Theriault and Melanie Tluczek, who helped me to tabulate and think through
my field data. Thanks are also due to University of Hawaii Press for permission to
use, in altered form, material that originally appeared in a Generation Later:
Household Strategies and Economic Change in the Rural Philippines. For their assis-
tance during fieldwork or for helpful comments on the manuscript, I thank Meng
Amihan, Rebecca Austin, Regino Balofiños, Jovita Borres, Maribel Buñi,
Romeo Cabungcal, Dante Dalabajan, Michael Fabinyi, Katherine Jack, Flora
Leucadio, Inocencio Magellanes, Wilson Pambid, Noah Theriault, Lilibeth
PREFACE xix

Uapal, Jess Velete, and John Young. I owe many debts of gratitude to the people
and families in San Vicente, but I particularly want to acknowledge the hospi-
tality and kindness of Boy and Eden Collado, Tony and Winnie Manook, Bruce
Lee and Russielle Prudenciado, and Abraham and Leah Uapal.
Other documents randomly have
different content
Placing the syrup right off the stove in the covered tank causes it
to hold the heat so as you draw it for each batch, you start each
batch with hot syrup, which saves time in cooking and accuracy in
measuring, aids much toward uniform products.

Stock No. 113-1

Knott’s Pop-Corn Stove

Stove top of seven rings, drum of heavy sheet steel, with steel
band top and bottom.
Burners of ample capacity and interchangeable.
19 inches in diameter, 25 inches high and weighs 57 pounds.
Stock No. 113-1 Knott’s Pop-corn Gas Stove
Stock No. 113-2 Knott’s Pop-corn Gasoline Stove
Stock No. 113-3 Knott’s Pop-corn Gas Stove with Electric blower
The Knott Pop-corn Stove is made to be used especially with the
Knott Pop-corn Kettle (Stock No. 2004-2) which fits into just the
right position so that the fire may boil the syrup for a batch in a few
minutes.
These stoves are made so that if you want the other fuel burner
you can get it from us and put it in by the aid of a screw-driver.
Read the directions under Pop-corn Popper for generating the
gasoline burners and follow them in using gasoline stoves.
The gas stove burner you can regulate for air supply and for gas.
This burner is a special one which we recommend because the heat
is drawn to the center in a revolving shape like a whirlwind,
concentrating the heat on the bottom of the kettle where you want
it.
The Electric Blower Stove gives a much hotter fire and the cost of
running it is small.

Stock No. 2004-2

Knott’s Pop-Corn Kettle

Copper kettle, 19 inches in diameter by 17 inches deep, with

single grip handles.
Special sizes. If you want them tell us.
Made light for lifting, but especially strong and durable to stand
the stirring of pop-corn.
Weight about 14½ pounds.
Knott’s kettle is the right one to use for all around factory pop-
corn work. It is the style used in the pop-corn factories of New
England, because they find this method requires the least labor and
because it uses less candy to cover the corn. It enables you to cook
the candy higher than other methods and thus increases the keeping
quality of the pop-corn confection.
You boil your syrup in this kettle. Because you are boiling for
each batch less than a gallon of stock, it is not convenient when
working fast to use a thermometer. Pop-corn makers use one of four
tests, according to their experience in the business. 1.—The so-called
“water test,” half a teaspoonful of syrup dropped in cold water. 2.—
The test by the color of the syrup. 3.—The test by how it leaves the
paddle when scooped up on it. It will string off or come off in lumps,
so-called “ragging off the paddle.” 4.—A test by the steam or smoke
which rises from the kettle.
You are advised to get a confectioner’s thermometer and make
the other tests at the same time you use the thermometer, doing it
with syrup over a slow fire and in that way learn how the syrup you
finally determine to use will act at the temperature you require.
Practical experience is the one way to learn. Do not expect to
make a good batch the first time nor the third time, but you need
have no discouragement if you have not reached perfect results on
your twelfth batch.
In beginning, you are likely to cook candy too high to be easily
worked into shape.
Efficient pop-corn making is not to be learned very easily; it
comes with practice.
When you are running on one kind of pop-corn as a specialty so
that you want to get out one batch after another as fast as possible,
it is well to use two fires and two kettles. One kettle with syrup may
be warming up while you are boiling the other.
You will find it well to use a cover on your kettle, part of the
time, one of Stock No. 2005-1, or one that you can make yourself
out of thin wood. The object is to let the condensing steam run
down and thus clean the sides of the kettle.
Copper or wood covers are best, an iron cover rusts out quickly.
Stock No. 2005-1 Copper Steaming Cover for kettle
Stock No. 2005-2 Nickeled Copper Steaming Cover for kettle
These covers will last you a long time because they are of heavy
material and handle riveted with copper rivets.
STIRRING STAND

Take the kettle off of the fire and set it in your stirring stand. The
stirring stand may be made of a band of iron supported on three or
four angle iron legs, or you can cut off a barrel to fit your height and
use that as a stirring stand. Put some stones or sand in the bottom
to steady it.
Stirring pop-corn is not as easy as it looks. A beginner’s courage
is tested sometimes by giving him a batch to stir in which there is no
grease. He makes no start at all. Again he may be tried on a
wintergreen-flavored batch with an extra dose of flavor. His eyes run
so with water that usually he does not finish the batch.
Try this plan: Put the corn in the kettle, then with your left hand
on the middle of the paddle (Stock No. 2006-1) and your right hand
over the end, make strokes down against the side of the kettle and
up through the middle of the batch, at the same time walking
around the kettle. Efficient stirring will come with practice.
Stir the pop-corn quickly, but have the batch light, not soggy.
MACHINE MIXING OF POP-CORN AND CANDY

The use of the Knott Pop-Corn Mixing Machine has been well
considered and yet the mechanical mixing of pop-corn cannot be
emphasized too much.
Many failures in the pop-corn confection business are due to poor
mixing. Soggy confection, “hot spot,” that is spots in the confection
where there is much more candy than anywhere else. Uneven
appearance and texture to the confection, due to slow mixing.
See that you make the best, and only by using Knott’s Pop-Corn
Mixing Machine can the best be made.
You must realize that a dough mixer is not a cake mixer, is not an
egg beater, is not a concrete mixer, is not a pop-corn mixer.
You know the materials are not alike and the result wanted in
each case is different.
You see why you should use a machine specially developed for
pop-corn, to distribute the hot syrup quickly and evenly over the
pop-corn and give a light fluffy mixture.
Knott’s Pop-Corn Mixing Machine is made specially for Pop-corn,
to give the result you want.
Use this method for quality and economy. Mix your Pop-corn in
the hot kettle, in which you have just boiled your syrup, and use
Knott’s Pop-corn Mixing Machine.
You mix all kinds of pop-corn on this machine better than it can
be done any other way.
Whole pop-corn is mixed without breaking the kernels.
Goods are mixed up light, fluffy, thoroughly, evenly.
You distribute the syrup so quickly over the pop-corn that you
can cook it higher.
The goods eat better.

Economy.
You do away with hand mixing entirely.
Make more goods with less labor.
Not so many containers.
The cook makes no difference.
You get more cakes from the same batch; that is, you save in
any case more than fourteen per cent. on your bills for material.
Stirs a bushel of pop-corn without throwing any out of the kettle.
Mixes different kinds of batches without any change of
adjustment of either paddles or speed.
Nothing to wear the kettles.
So quickly is the syrup distributed that it takes less syrup to cover
the pop-corn.
Patented Nov. 4, 1919, No. 1320766

Stock No. 114-2

KNOTT’S POP-CORN STIRRING OR MIXING MACHINE

CAPACITY One bushel
POWER ½ H.P.
Pulley 500 R.P.M.
SPEED
Paddle 125 R.P.M.
2″ Belt
BELT
7″ dia. Pulley
9 ft. of Head Room
MEASUREMENT 24″ wide
43″ deep
700 lbs. net
WEIGHT
800 lbs. crated

Stock No. 114-1. Knott’s Pop-corn Mixing Machine with two Stock No.
2004-2 Kettles
Stock No. 114-2. Knott’s Pop-corn Mixing Machine with motor attached,
with two Stock No. 2004-2 Kettles
DUMPING BATCH

Showing the easy way

In regard to swinging the kettle to dump the batch. Pop-corn

kettle (Stock No. 2004-2) is not heavy, weighing but fourteen and
one-half pounds, and with the pop-corn batch in it, it weighs but a
few pounds more. The kettle is swung away from the face thus: take
hold of the two handles, swing the kettle underneath from left to
right, upward, still keeping the left hand away from yourself and the
right hand near you, until the kettle is more than half-way up. Then
hold the two handles the same distance away from you. That rotates
the kettle upon its center axis while you are swinging up the rest of
the way to the top position, at which you stop to dump the batch.
You will notice by this motion that the kettle bottom comes nowhere
near your face. During the swinging you are moving the kettle so
that when you stop the batch falls out right upon the bench or
machine just where you want it.
The first two or three times you try this feat, all the pop-corn
may not go where you want it, but after that you will have no
difficulty.
PANS. STOCK No. 2007-1

You see, in making square corn cakes, bricks or bars, there are
three operations: panning, pressing and cutting; each quickly
performed, but the tools used must be right in detail in their
dimensions or the greatest difficulty will be experienced, even to the
point that you will not be able to make the goods at all.
The kettle of pop-corn, all stirred, yet hot, is dumped into the
pans arranged together on the bench. You pan the corn evenly and
quickly by hand. Now turn each pan of corn upside down on the
bench. Take off the pan and slip it under the pop-corn. The pop-corn
is then in the pan bottom-side up so as to present a more even
surface to the pressing plate in the press.
Stock No. 2007-1 pans are the right size for you to pan the corn,
by moving your two hands toward you across the pan, with a side
motion of your wrists, leaving an even pan of corn and taking to the
next pan whatever surplus comes over in your hands. This is
certainly the quickest pan to use.
These pans are made from heavy galvanized sheet steel with
heavy wired rim. The clearance of the sides is right. This is the pan
that will stand considerable usage.

Stock No. 2007-1

KNOTT’S POP-CORN PANS

Stock No. 2007-1 Measurement inside on bottom, 16 inches by 9 inches,
Pop-corn Pan
Stock No. 2007-2 12 inches by 18 inches, Pop-corn Pan
Special sizes at your request.
CRISPETTE WRAPPING FORM. STOCK No. 2018-1

Place a paper wrapper across the top of the

form and put the crispettes, four, five or six, in
the paper into the form. Bring the paper
together over the corn, fold it a couple of
times, then tuck down the ends, fold them in
and crease the bottom to hold them. See
illustration in colors.

CRISPETTE OR ROUND CAKE MOULDS FOR HAND PRESS

Arrange moulds side by side on bench, dump your mixed batch

on the moulds, fill the moulds with the corn. Slide moulds under the
press. The number of moulds used for each batch is determined by
the space you have to work in and the quantity you want to make.

Stock No. 2002-3 Crispette Round Cake Moulds and Plunger for hand
press
KNOTT’S POP-CORN HAND PRESS

Stock No. 110-2 with screws for fastening to the bench, and plate for pan
work
This hand press is rugged, simple and efficient.
You bolt it to a bench with the arch twenty inches from the front
edge of the bench. Slip in the plate for pan work, and fasten it in
place by means of cap screw. Slide a pan under and screw down
plate into pan. This locates the pan so that you can bring against it
the three guides, two sides and back; tighten them in place so that
you can slide the pan in between them and bring the press down
without danger of the plate coming down on the edge of pan.
Do not press your pop-corn too solid; it does not eat as well and
takes more stock per box.
Put the three sets of round cake plungers on the press cross-bar,
locating them by putting the mould plate under the press and
fastening them by tightening the cap screws. Adjust and clamp the
guides each side and at the back of mould plate, so that when you
fill it you can slide it in and bring the plungers down without their
striking on the edges.
You may put a block under each end of the press cross-bar
against the inside of the arch as a stop to regulate the thickness of
your cakes.
Three plunger castings are made with small cap screws to fasten
them on top of the bench.
Use them to push the cakes out of the mould plate, by pushing
this plate down over them.
KNOTT’S POP-CORN POWER PRESS

Stock No. 110-1

Knott’s Pop-Corn Press.

The press that does not hesitate.

PULLEY 7 inches
BELT 2-inch flat
SPEED 500 R.P.M.
POWER ½ H.P.
WEIGHT 350 lbs.

You will find this press is durable and easily operated. It is

adjustable as to thickness of cake from zero inches to two inches.
The press is started and stopped by the treadle on the floor;
putting down your foot starts the press, lifting your foot stops it. A
positive lock is arranged so that when the treadle is released the
machine locks against operation, preventing accidents.
Power press may be driven by our motor (Stock No. 2016-13, No.
2016-14, No. 2016-15, or No. 2016-16.)
Speed, twenty-five strokes per minute.
Capacity. It will take our 16 × 9-inch or 18 × 12-inch pans of
pop-corn and press the corn without hesitating.
Stock No. 110 Power Press with foot trip, one plate 16 × 9 inches,
and adjustable guides
Stock No. 2002-1 Plate for “Two-fers,” 12 × 18 inches, with fins to cut
pan of corn into 56 pieces. Made of special
non-sticking metal
Stock No. 2002-2 Press casting for holding “Two-fers” plate or Pressing
Pans 12 × 18

Stock No. 2008-1

KNOTT’S POP-CORN CUTTING RACK

These are the very best style of hand

cutting rack you can use, made of maple.
Nickel-plated handle on straight edge. This
rack is made to stay in shape and give long
service.
Stock No. 2008-1 Rack, to match pan 16 inches by 9 inches for cutting
package corn
Special racks for bars, squares, etc.
Prices at your request.
On the bench, about two feet to the right of the press, fasten a
board two feet long to the edge, letting it project an inch above the
bench.
Place your cutting rack frame against this board on the bench
with the bottom board in it and the end toward you.
Take the pan of pressed corn, and turn it upside down on the
bench between the press and this cutting rack. A sharp rap will drop
the corn out of the pan.
Lift this sheet of corn, put the back end into the cutting rack,
bend the sheet into a bow shape so that the front end will go into
the rack. Then press down the center.
Hold the straight edge by the handle in the left hand and draw
quickly a well sharpened knife (Stock No. 2009-1) toward you along
the straight edge to make the cut, passing it through the slots in the
sides of the rack. To cut the other way, turn the rack around.
To remove the pop-corn from the rack, lift up the rack frame,
leaving the bottom board. The corn will fit tight enough to be lifted
with the frame. Set the frame down on the bench to the right. Place
your right hand on the pop-corn and lift off the rack with your left
hand.
KNOTT’S POP-CORN BRICK AND BAR CUTTING MACHINE

Stock No. 111

TRANSFER RACK STOCK No. 2022-1

Showing cutting rack with transfer rack on it and showing transfer rack
separate
Stock No. 111-1 Knott’s Pop-Corn Brick and Bar Cutting Machine for 16
× 9-inch pans with one cutting rack
Stock No. 2017-1 Extra Rack for cutting 19 × 9-inch pans of pop-corn
Stock No. 2022-1 Transfer Rack for cutting machine
Special Cutting Racks for cutting 16 × 9-inch pans into any size
cakes made to order.
This gives the pop-corn brick finished for wrapping, five cakes of
different flavors all cut together, making a much better package than
hand cutting.
Cuts five sheets in the time it takes to cut one by hand. Pushes
five sheets out of rack in one-eighth time that it takes to push five
sheets out of hand cutting rack and register one on top of the other
for bricks.
Does away with the hand tiring work of cutting with a knife.
Cut your corn with machine accuracy.
Save seventy-five per cent. of your cutting labor.
Increase output per day of pop-corn bricks one hundred per cent.
Drive this by belting from overhead or from motor under the
bench. Made with tight and loose pulleys and belt shipper.

63 in. × 27 in. plus

MEASUREMENTS
overhang of 18 in.
PULLEY 12 in.
BELT 2½ in. flat
SPEED 500 R.P.M.
POWER 1 H.P.
WEIGHT 450 lbs.

In the making of assorted flavor bricks of pop-corn, you run five

batches and fill five pans out of each batch.
First batch, white, vanilla flavor. Second batch, molasses. Third
batch, chocolate. Fourth batch, molasses. Fifth batch, pink with
wintergreen flavor.
You use five transfer racks and put them in a row on the bench.
Turn a pressed pan of corn right from the press upside down on the
table to get out the sheet of corn; take the sheet of corn and put it
in the transfer rack by putting the back end down first, bend sheet in
the middle, put the front end down and then press down the middle.
You have five sheets, or pans from a batch; put one in each transfer
rack. Do the same with each of the five batches. Sheets being made
each one inch thick, the transfer racks will be just filled.
Place a full transfer rack of pop-corn in place on the cutting rack
and push the pop-corn down into the cutting rack. Remove the
transfer rack. Now run the full cutting rack of pop-corn under the
knife in the cutting machine.
The push-out stand should be placed conveniently on the bench,
so that you put the cutting rack of cut pop-corn on this push-out
stand. As the rack goes down over the stand, the bottom board goes
up with the corn on it, so it may be lifted off and the corn slid off
onto the packing table.
TWO WAY CUTTING MACHINE

Stock No. 115

In the manufacture of penny-pop-corn, it is good to cut them one

sheet at a time, then when the goods have become cold pack them.
It is necessary to cut them while warm. When the sheets are piled
up and cut together as in the Brick and Bar cutting machine, Stock
No. 111, they stick together and in the case of the assorted brick,
that is just what is wanted. When cutting penny goods, the cakes
are wanted separated.
This machine cuts one sheet at a time, but at many times the
speed of hand cutting. The sheet is put in the rack and passed
through one way, cutting the corn in strips, then the rack is turned
and passed through the second part of the machine, which
completes the cutting by severing the strips into blocks.
You arrange this machine on your bench in the position as above
in the picture. It is best to drive it from a motor on the bench by a
chain, but it may be driven from a shaft overhead by belt.
MEASUREMENTS 48″ × 80″
PULLEY 5″
BELT 2″
SPEED 500 R.P.M.
POWER 1 + 1 H.P.
WEIGHT 200 lbs.

Machine complete with 5 racks as shown, may be made to

handle sheets of corn 12 inches × 18 inches, Stock No. 2007-2 12-
inch pans, and cut the corn 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 divisions on the 12-inch
side and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 divisions on the 18-inch side. You see a
large variety of sizes are possible by having racks for each.
The machine may be made to cut 9 × 16 sheets, pan 2007-1.
Stock No. 115-1 Knott’s Two Way Cutting Machine, with two 1 H.P.
motors, one to drive each set of knives
Stock No. 115-2 Knott’s Two Way Cutting Machine, with countershafts for
belt drive
SELF-FILLING CORN CAKE MACHINE

S. F. 3 Machine Making Crispettes

Driven by one-horse motor, then no belt is in the way.

S. F. 3 Machine makes three crispettes at a stroke, 50 strokes per
minute, 150 cakes per minute, 2 5-16 inch diameter cakes with the
thickness of cake adjustable.
S. F. 6 Machine makes six crispettes at a stroke, 50 strokes per
minute, 300 cakes per minute, 2 5-16 inch diameter cakes with the
thickness of cake adjustable.
Specify what electricity your motor should be and how long you
want the conveyor. 20 feet is good length.
You see at last we have a machine that will make the mixed corn
into cakes faster than you can get the batches to it. No longer need
you blister your hands filling corn into moulds and make your cakes
too solid, or have the batch get cold before all are moulded. As the
name says, this machine is a “self filling” machine. You simply place
the freshly mixed corn in the hopper on the feed rolls and the
machine lays the finished cakes on the conveyor.
Not alone is this machine making in many places the round whole
corn fritters, but it works well on ground pop-corn.
It is made up special for cakes of square and oblong shape. It is
also used in putting out strips of corn marked to be broken into
penny pieces. In fact new applications of this machine are being
found constantly. Even a ball of pop-corn is one of the products this
machine can be made to produce.
With this automatic means of moulding corn, you can now make
at a profit small and thin cakes of corn that could not be made by
hand.
BRITTLE BITTS

The Dainty Pop-Corn Confection

Vanilla Brittle Bitts

Chocolate Brittle Bitts
Wintergreen Brittle Bitts
Molasses Brittle Bitts
Orange Brittle Bitts
Lime Brittle Bitts
Sassafras Brittle Bitts
Moulds for Making Brittle Bitts

Stock No. 2007-3 Pans for Brittle Bitts

Stock No. 2002-4 Pressing Plate for Brittle Bitts
Special Racks for cutting Brittle Bitts

YOU make Brittle Bitts

Use formula No. 5 on page 51 of Knott’s Pop-Corn Book for the
syrup in your stock tank.
To make a batch to fill five pans, Stock No. 2007-1 for half
round shape, try 1¼ quarts stock and ¾ peck of Ground Pop-Corn,
then vary the proportions the next time to suit you.
To make a batch to fill five pans Stock No. 2007-3 for round
shape, try 2½ quarts stock and 1½ pecks of Ground Pop-Corn, then
vary the proportions the next time to suit you.
Each pressed sheet of Brittle Bitts is 9 inches wide by 16 inches
long and composed of 12 sticks 16 inches long.
You may cut them into any length that will divide into 16 inches
without waste. Thus, you cut 16 pieces 1 inch long, or 4 pieces 4
inches long.
You can break them apart so as to have each cake made up of
two sticks, three sticks or four sticks without waste.
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