DEPARTMENT: HEALTH EDUCATION

COURSE TITLE: INTERNATIONAL HEALTH CAREERS

COURSE CODE: HEE 404

LEVEL: 400 LEVEL

DATE: MONDAY 26TH MAY, 2025

GROUP 4

ASSIGNMENT

Discuss extensively on red cross, including; History of Red Cross, Founding and Early

years of ICRC, Battle of Solferino, Henry Dunalt's Vision, Humanitarian Legacy,

Emblems of Red Cross, Mission of ICRC, Principles of ICRC, Roles of ICRC,

Challenges faced by ICRC, History of Nigerian Red Cross, How to Join the Society

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S/N NAMES MATRIC NO

1. SUUARA MUMINAT ADEOLA 235820

2. KOLAWOLE OREOLUWA ROTIMI 229999

3. FRANK ESTHER

4. TORIOLA FIYINFOLUWA ADURAGBEMI 230008

5. ANYANWU PROMISE ONYINYECHI 229986

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
HISTORY OF RED CROSS .................................................................................................................. 5

Red Cross Principles........................................................................................................................... 6

The Movement Today ........................................................................................................................ 6

Legacy and Impact ............................................................................................................................. 7

The Founding and Early Years of ICRC ................................................................................................. 8

The Founding of International Committee of Red Cross ..................................................................... 8

Key Ideas Dunant proposed ................................................................................................................ 9

The Founding of the Committee of Five ............................................................................................. 9

The Battle of Solferino ......................................................................................................................... 12

HENRY DUNANTS VISION .............................................................................................................. 15

HUMANITARIAN LEGACY .............................................................................................................. 17

What Humanitarian Act Does the ICRC Perform? ............................................................................ 17

EMBLEMS OF RED CROSS .............................................................................................................. 18

THE RED CROSS............................................................................................................................ 18

THE RED CRESCENT .................................................................................................................... 18

THE RED CRYSTAL ...................................................................................................................... 19

Principles behind the Emblems ......................................................................................................... 19

The Protective and The Indicative Use of the Emblems .................................................................... 20

MISSION OF ICRC ............................................................................................................................. 21

PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS ..................................... 22

HUMANITY .................................................................................................................................... 22

IMPARTIALITY ............................................................................................................................. 22

NEUTRALITY ................................................................................................................................ 22

INDEPENDENCE............................................................................................................................ 22

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VOLUNTARY SERVICE ................................................................................................................ 23

UNITY ............................................................................................................................................. 23

UNIVERSALITY............................................................................................................................. 23

ROLES OF ICRC................................................................................................................................. 24

CHALLENGES FACED BY ICRC...................................................................................................... 25

1. ACCESS TO CONFLICT ZONES ............................................................................................... 25

2. LACK OF SECURITY AND SAFETY ........................................................................................ 25

3. Violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) .................................................................... 25

4. POLITICAL INTERFERENCE .................................................................................................... 25

5. LACK OF FUNDING AND RESOURCES .................................................................................. 26

6. DEALING WITH ALL TYPES OF CONFLICTS ........................................................................ 26

7.COMMUNICATION AND MISINFORMATION ........................................................................ 26

8. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS ON WORKERS. .......................................................... 26

9. REFUGEE AND DISPLACEMENT CRISES .............................................................................. 27

10. LONG-TERM CONFLICTS ...................................................................................................... 27

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 27

HISTORY OF NIGERIAN RED CROSS ............................................................................................. 28

HOW TO JOIN THE SOCIETY? ......................................................................................................... 30

HOW TO JOIN THE ICRC .................................................................................................................. 32

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HISTORY OF RED CROSS

Abbreviation ICRC and IFRC

9 February 1863; 162 years ago (International Committee of the Red Cross)
Founded
5 May 1919; 106 years ago (International Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies)
Henry Dunant

Gustave Moynier

Founders Théodore Maunoir

Guillaume Henri Dufour

Louis Appia
Type NGO, NPO
Focus Humanitarianism
Location Geneva, Switzerland
Origins Geneva

Area served Worldwide

Method Aid
Membership UN (United Nations General Assembly: both ICRC and IFRC)

Key people Mirjana Spoljaric Egger (President)

The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement
with approximately 16 million volunteers, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human
life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering.

FOUNDATION

The idea of the Red Cross was born on June 24, 1859, when a Swiss businessman named Jean-Henri
Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino in Italy. Horrified by the suffering of wounded
soldiers left without adequate care, Dunant organized local people to provide aid to both sides of the
conflict.

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1862 – A Call to Action

Dunant published a book titled "A Memory of Solferino”, in which he proposed the creation of:

Voluntary relief societies to help wounded soldiers.

An international agreement to protect the wounded and those caring for them.

Formation of the Red Cross

1863 – The Founding

Inspired by Dunant’s ideas, the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded was established in
Geneva, Switzerland. This later became the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The
founding members included Dunant and four other Geneva citizens.

1864 – The First Geneva Convention

Twelve countries signed the First Geneva Convention, which laid the foundation for international
humanitarian law. It ensured the protection of wounded soldiers and medical personnel during war. The
Red Cross symbol—a red cross on a white background—was adopted as a neutral emblem.

Expansion and Growth

Late 19th – Early 20th Century

National Red Cross societies began forming around the world, each committed to humanitarian aid based
on the same principles. These societies provided help in wars, disasters, and public health emergencies.

World Wars I and II

During both wars, the Red Cross played a vital role in: Caring for wounded soldiers, Aiding prisoners of
war, Reuniting families, Distributing relief supplies

Red Cross Principles

In 1965, the Red Cross Movement officially adopted Seven Fundamental Principles, which guide all its
activities:

Humanity Impartiality Neutrality

Independence Voluntary Service Unity Universality

The Movement Today

The Red Cross operates through three main components:

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) – Focuses on conflict zones and international
humanitarian law.

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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) – Coordinates responses to
natural disasters and health crises.

National Societies – Over 190 national Red Cross or Red Crescent societies exist today, including the
Nigerian Red Cross Society, established in 1960.

Legacy and Impact

The Red Cross has become a symbol of compassion, neutrality, and life-saving aid. It provides:

Emergency relief, Blood donation services, Health and safety training, Disaster response, Refugee support.

Its emblem—recognized globally—remains a protected symbol of humanitarian aid and neutrality.

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The Founding and Early Years of ICRC
Since the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, its sole objective has been the
protection and assistance for victims during a war or armed conflict. The International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel
Prize laureate. The organization has played an instrumental role in the development of rules of war and
promoting humanitarian norms.

The ICRC is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, along with the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and 191 National Societies. It is the oldest
and most honoured organization within the movement and one of the most widely recognized
organizations in the world, having won three Nobel Peace Prizes (in 1917, 1944, and 1963)

The Founding of International Committee of Red Cross

The ICRC's story begins with Henry Dunant, a Swiss businessman. In 1859, he was traveling in northern
Italy when he witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino. This bloody battle in the Franco-Austrian
War left tens of thousands of soldiers dead or wounded, with woefully inadequate medical care. Dunant,
deeply moved by the horrific suffering, organized local villagers to provide aid to the wounded, regardless
of their nationality. This experience profoundly impacted Dunant. He returned to Switzerland determined
to do something to prevent such scenes from happening again.

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Key Ideas Dunant proposed
• National relief societies: Dunant advocated for the creation of national voluntary relief societies in
peacetime that would be trained to assist the wounded in wartime.

• An international treaty: He envisioned an international agreement guaranteeing the neutrality and

protection of medical personnel and facilities on the battlefield.

The Founding of the Committee of Five

What was to become the International Committee of the Red Cross met for the first time in February 1863
in Geneva, Switzerland. Among its five members was a local man named Henry Dunant who, the year
before, had published a book (A Souvenir of Solferino) calling for improved care for wounded soldiers in
wartime.

By the end of the year the committee had brought together government representatives to agree on
Dunant's proposal for national relief societies, to help military medical services. And in August 1864 it
persuaded governments to adopt the first Geneva Convention. This treaty obliged armies to care for
wounded soldiers, whatever side they were on, and introduced a unified emblem for the medical services:
A Red Cross on a white background.

The ICRC's primary role was a coordinating one. But it gradually became more involved in field
operations, as the need for a neutral intermediary between belligerents became apparent. Over the
following 50 years, the ICRC expanded its work while national societies were established (the first in the
German State of Württemberg in November 1863) and the Geneva Convention was adapted to include
warfare at sea.

The original members of the Committee of Five were:

• Henry Dunant: The initiator of the idea.

• Gustave Moynier: A prominent lawyer and philanthropist who became the Committee's first president.

• Dr. Louis Appia: A surgeon.

• Dr. Théodore Maunoir: A surgeon.

• General Guillaume-Henri Dufour: A respected Swiss army officer.

The Geneva Convention of 1864

The Committee of Five organized a diplomatic conference in Geneva in 1864. This conference, attended
by representatives from 16 European nations, resulted in the adoption of the First Geneva Convention.
This landmark treaty:

• Established the principle of neutrality for medical personnel and facilities on the battlefield.

• Guaranteed the protection of the wounded and sick soldiers.

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• Introduced the red cross on a white background as a distinctive emblem to identify protected medical
personnel and facilities. The emblem was chosen as the inverse of the Swiss flag, to honor Switzerland's
neutrality and role in the Convention.

First World War, 1914-18

At the outbreak of the First World War, based on experience in other conflicts, the ICRC opened a Central
Prisoners of War Agency in Geneva, to restore links between captured soldiers and their families.

It continued to innovate: its visits to prisoners of war grew during this period and it intervened over the
use of arms that caused extreme suffering – in 1918 it called on belligerents to renounce the use of mustard
gas. That same year it visited political prisoners for the first time, in Hungary.

The national societies themselves undertook an unprecedented mobilization that saw volunteers running
ambulance services on the battlefield and caring for the wounded in hospitals. For the Red Cross in many
countries, it was their finest hour.

1918-1939

After the war, many national societies felt that, with the coming of peace and hopes for a new world order,
the role of the Red Cross had to change. In 1919, they founded the League of Red Cross Societies, intended
as the future coordinating and support body for the Movement. But conflicts during the 1920s and 1930s
emphasized the need for a neutral intermediary, and the ICRC remained active – increasingly outside
Europe (Ethiopia, South America, the Far East) and in civil wars (notably in Spain).

The ICRC persuaded governments to adopt a new Geneva Convention in 1929 to provide greater
protection for prisoners of war. But despite the obvious broader threats posed by modern warfare, it was
unable to have them agree on new laws to protect civilians in time to prevent the atrocities of World War
II.

Second World War, 1939-45

The Second World War saw a huge expansion of activities as the organisation tried to work to assist and
protect victims on all sides. The ICRC and the League worked together to ship relief supplies across the
globe, reaching both prisoners of war and civilians. ICRC delegates visited POWs (Prisoners of War)
around the world and helped exchange millions of Red Cross Messages between family members. For
years after the war, the ICRC dealt with requests for news about missing loved ones.

However, this period also saw the ICRC's greatest failure: its lack of action on behalf of victims of the
Holocaust and other persecuted groups. Lacking a specific legal basis, bound by its traditional procedures
and hindered in its ability to act by its ties with the Swiss establishment, it was unable to take decisive
action or to speak out. It was left to individual ICRC delegates to do what they could to save groups of
Jews.

Since 1945

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Since 1945 the ICRC has continued to urge governments to strengthen international humanitarian law –
and to respect it. It has sought to deal with the humanitarian consequences of the conflicts that have marked
the second half of the 20th century – starting with Israel and Palestine in 1948.

In 1949, at the ICRC's initiative, states agreed on the revision of the existing three Geneva Conventions
(covering wounded and sick on the battlefield, victims of war at sea, prisoners of war) and the addition of
a fourth: to protect civilians living under enemy control. The Conventions provide the ICRC's main
mandate in situations of armed conflict.

And in 1977, two Protocols to the Conventions were adopted, the first applicable to international armed
conflicts, the second to internal ones – a major breakthrough. The Protocols also laid down rules
concerning the conduct of hostilities.

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The Battle of Solferino
The battle of Solferino in June 1859 was a decisive battle in the Italian war of independence. Fought
between the imperial forces and a Sardinian army on the other side. It lasted for 14 hours.

Solferino was a huge battle compared to the relatively small battles fought in wars today. There were
300,000 troops in the field. 30,00 of them were killed and thousands of others were wounded. Dozens of
churches and public buildings in the villages around Solferino were used as temporary hospitals to try and
nurse the wounded with thousands of Italians volunteering to care for them for many days after the battle.

The Battle of Solferino was a pivotal battle in the 19th century and a major catalyst for the development
of international humanitarian law.

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Henry Dunant, a visiting Swiss businessman was one of these volunteers and worked for five days in the
cathedral church in the small town of Castiglione delle Stivere. The experience had a profound effect on
him, and he had his big idea to create national relief societies to care for the wounded in every country
supported by international relief organization. He also envisaged the protection of those wounded in war
to be agreed by states in a new international treaty.

Belligerents:

• Franco-Sardinian Alliance: France, under Emperor Napoleon III, allied with the Kingdom of Sardinia
(Piedmont) under King Victor Emmanuel II.

• Austrian Empire: Led by Emperor Franz Joseph I.

• War: Part of the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Franco-Austrian War), aimed
at unifying Italy. The Kingdom of Sardinia was seeking to liberate Lombardy and Venetia from Austrian
rule.

The Battle

The battle was a chaotic and bloody affair, lasting for about nine hours. It was characterized by:

• Confusion and Lack of Coordination: The battlefield was a sprawling area with difficult terrain, leading
to confusion and poor communication among the various units on both sides.

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• Heavy Fighting: The fighting was intense and involved infantry assaults, artillery bombardments, and
cavalry charges. Some of the fiercest fighting took place around key locations like the village of Solferino
(from which the battle takes its name), and the heights of Cavriana.

• High Casualties: The battle resulted in massive casualties on both sides. Estimates vary, but it's generally
believed that the combined casualties (killed, wounded, and missing/captured) were around 40,000-50,000
men. The wounded were left to suffer on the battlefield due to a lack of adequate medical care.

The Aftermath

• Franco-Sardinian Victory: The Franco-Sardinian Alliance won the battle, but at a terrible cost.

• Territorial Changes: As a result of the war, Austria ceded Lombardy to France, who then transferred it
to the Kingdom of Sardinia. This was a significant step towards the unification of Italy.

• Horrific Conditions for the Wounded: The immediate aftermath of the battle was a scene of immense
suffering. Thousands of wounded soldiers were left lying on the battlefield without adequate medical care.
Existing medical services were overwhelmed by the sheer number of casualties. It was this scene of horror
that deeply affected Henry Dunant, who was a witness to the aftermath.

• Catalyst for Humanitarian Action: As mentioned earlier, the experience of witnessing the suffering at
Solferino led Henry Dunant to write A Memory of Solferino. This book became a call to action and
inspired the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the adoption of the Geneva
Convention.

Significance

The Battle of Solferino is significant for several reasons:

• Turning Point in Italian Unification: It was a key battle in the Second Italian War of Independence,
contributing to the unification of Italy.

• Humanitarian Impact: The battle's most lasting legacy is its impact on the development of international
humanitarian law and the creation of the Red Cross movement. It highlighted the urgent need for improved
medical care for wounded soldiers and for the protection of medical personnel and facilities during
wartime.

• Reminder of the Brutality of War: The battle serves as a stark reminder of the human cost of

war and the importance of efforts to prevent and mitigate suffering during armed conflict.

In essence, the Battle of Solferino was a bloody and chaotic battle that had a profound impact on the course
of European history and the development of international humanitarianism. It is remembered not only for
its military significance but also for its enduring legacy as a catalyst for the creation of the Red Cross
movement and the principles of the Geneva Convention.

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HENRY DUNANTS VISION
Following the battle of Solferino in 1859, Swiss businessman Henry Dunant witnessed the horrifying
aftermath of the conflict. He was shocked by the level of suffering of thousands and thousands of wounded
soldiers and the lack of organized medical assistance, he then took it upon himself to document the
experience.

Over the next three years, Dunant developed his thoughts into a powerful book titled: A Memory of
Solferino, published in 1862. The book vividly described:

 The horrors of the battlefield

 The immense suffering of the wounded

 The heroic but disorganized efforts of local civilians trying to provide care

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In his book, Dunant called for three revolutionary ideas that would change the course of humanitarian aid
and international law:

1. National Relief Societies

Formation of volunteer-based national societies

These groups would be trained and ready to care for wounded soldiers during wartime

2. An International Relief Organization

Creation of an international body to support and coordinate the work of the national societies

3. An International Convention

Establishment of legal protection for the wounded and for medical workers through an international treaty.
Dunant’s proposal quickly gained international attention. As a direct result; An International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) was founded by Dunants and four Geneva colleagues

In 1864, the First Geneva Convention was signed by 12 countries. This historic agreement formally
protected the wounded, medical staff and a volunteer caregiver during war. The Red Cross Movement was
born comprising the ICRC, the IFRC and a network of National Societies around the world.

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HUMANITARIAN LEGACY
The word HUMANITARIAN means helping people who are suffering, especially in times of war,
violence, or disaster, in a kind, fair, and respectful way.

The ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) is a special organization that gives this kind of help
during wars and emergencies, without taking any monetary compensation. And they Protects People’s
Lives and Dignity. The ICRC works to keep people safe and treat them with respect, especially those hurt
or affected by war (like the sick, wounded, prisoners, and those who lost their homes). They make sure
people are not treated badly and that basic human rights are respected.

Beyond providing aid in times of war, Dunant also advocated for peace and reconciliation, recognizing
that war is a “cruel and senseless thing” (Dunant, 1862). He believed in the importance of promoting
understanding and mutual respect to prevent conflict and create a peaceful world.

1. Gives Help Without Discrimination:

The ICRC helps people based on need only, not because of their tribe, religion, country, or political group.
Everyone is treated equally and fairly.

2. Stays Neutral and Independent:

The ICRC doesn’t take sides in any war or conflict. It doesn’t work for any government or political group,
so it can be trusted to help people in all situations.

3. Provides Emergency Help when a war or disaster happens, the ICRC quickly brings:

Medicine and medical care, Clean water and food, Shelter and clothe. They also help reconnect family
members who got separated by war.

4. Teaches the Laws of War: The ICRC teaches International Humanitarian Law (IHL) —

These are rules that say how war should be fought and how people must be treated during war. They teach
soldiers, leaders, and others to follow these laws and not harm civilians.

What Humanitarian Act Does the ICRC Perform?

1. Visits prisoners of war to check they are treated well.

2. Helps injured people in war zones by providing hospitals and doctors.

3. Gives food and water to families who lost their homes in war.

4. Helps find lost family members and sends letters or messages to them.

Today, the ICRC and the whole Red Cross and Red Crescent movement continue to uphold Dunants vision,
providing humanitarian aid and promoting respect for international humanitarian aid and promoting
respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The welfare of humanity is the ultimate goal.

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EMBLEMS OF RED CROSS

THE RED CROSS

The first emblem, a red cross on a white background was adopted in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland. It was
inspired by the Swiss flag (the colours were reversed). It symbolized neutrality, protection and humanity
not religion.

The governments attending the diplomatic conference, which adopted the original First Geneva
Convention in 1864, decided that a clear neutral sign was needed on the battlefield to protect medical staff
and facilities. The resulting symbol had the advantage of being easily produced and recognizable at a
distance because of its contrasting colours. The emblem was not meant to represent Christianity, even
though it resembled a cross.

Despite its intended neutrality, some countries – particularly during wars involving both Christian and
Muslim powers, viewed the red cross as a Christian emblem. This became politically and religiously
sensitive. Example of country using this is Switzerland, Nigeria

THE RED CRESCENT

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The red crescent was first used in the late 19th century. The ottoman Empire used a red crescent in the
Russo-turkish War (1876 – 1878) believing the red cross was too closely linked with Christianity.

Initially the Red cross movement discouraged alternative symbols fearing it would weaken universal
recognition, but with increasing use by Muslim countries, the red crescent was officially recognized in
1929. Example of country using this Turkey, Iran

THE RED CRYSTAL

In 2005, the Red Crystal was introduced; It was a red square tilted like a diamond on a white background,
it was meant to be a neutral emblem free of religion or cultural meaning

Other countries tried to introduce other emblems but the Red Cross Movement believed too many
emblems would confuse combatants and weaken protection, they resolved that countries can use preferred
emblems domestically (Red star of David in Israel) but when working internationally they have to switch
to the Red crystal for universal recognition. Example of country using this is Israel

Principles behind the Emblems

1. Protection

Emblems mark individuals or building under Protection of IHL (International humanitarian Law)

2. Identify

Emblems serve as a form of identification for Red cross/Red Crescent workers in humanitarian activities

3. Neutrality and Universality

The reason for limiting emblems is to ensure global understanding and avoid confusion or political
implications

4. A sign of hope

For people enduring armed conflict, a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster, the red cross and red crescent
symbols are a sign of hope. People trust those who wear them, knowing they will do everything they can

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to relieve their suffering. The symbols signify that the wearers will provide assistance – including food,
water, shelter and medical care – to anyone in need, without taking sides, anywhere in the world.

The use of the emblems: Clearly defined in law

The use and misuse of the red cross, red crescent and red crystal emblems is clearly defined in law. The
Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols contain several articles on the emblems. Among other
things, they specify the use, size, purpose and placing of the emblems, the persons and property they
protect, who can use them, what respect for the emblems entails and the penalties for misuse. Moreover,
they also require each state party to the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols to enact
legislation defining the use and preventing the misuse of the emblems on the national level.

The Protective and The Indicative Use of the Emblems

There are two main uses of the emblems: the “protective use” and the “indicative use”.

First, the emblems are a visible sign in armed conflict of the protection given under international law to
the medical services, equipment and buildings of the armed forces. That protection extends to certain
humanitarian organizations who also work to relieve the suffering of the wounded, prisoners and civilians
caught up in the conflict. This first use is usually referred to as “protective use”.

Second, National Crescent Societies around the world are allowed to use the emblems to identify
themselves as part of a global network known as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
This use is called the “indicative use”.

The rules for both uses are very precise.

In armed conflicts, the protective emblem must be in red on a white background with no additions. It must
be clearly displayed in a large format on protected buildings, such as hospitals and vehicles. Emblems on
armbands and vests for protected personnel must also be clear and stand alone. A deliberate attack on a
person, building or equipment carrying a protective emblem is a war crime under international law.

The indicative use by National Societies is different. National Societies may in peacetime make use of the
name and emblem for their activities other than assistance to the medical service of the armed forces. The
indicative use is therefore primarily a peacetime use. The emblems are in effect used as a logo. In wartime,
National Societies may continue to use the indicative emblem, but only under the condition that it cannot
be considered as implying the protection of the convention, i.e. that it cannot be confused with the
protective emblem. To this end, the indicative emblem must be comparatively small in size and may not
be placed on armlets or on the roofs of buildings.

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MISSION OF ICRC
The mission of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is centered around humanitarian
action, particularly in situations of armed conflict and other situations of violence. The mission of the
ICRC is to safeguard human dignity and provide aid in armed conflicts and violence-affected areas, while
promoting and ensuring respect for international humanitarian laws. It does so while maintaining a strictly
neutral, impartial, and independent stance to gain access to those in need on all sides of a conflict.

This mission is rooted in International Humanitarian Law (IHL), especially the Geneva Conventions,
which the ICRC helped to develop and promotes worldwide. The mission is to:

1. Protection

The ICRC works to protect Wounded and sick Soldiers, Prisoners of war and detainees, Civilians affected
by war, including children and the elderly. Medical personnel and facilities. Protection includes
monitoring detention conditions, visiting prisoners, ensuring humane treatment, and advocating for
compliance with IHL.

2. Assistance

The ICRC provides: Emergency aid: food, water, shelter, and medical care during conflicts.

Health services: including surgical care in war zones. Restoring family links: reuniting families separated
by conflict or disaster. Promotion of International Humanitarian Law

3. Humanitarian Advocacy

The ICRC plays a major role in disseminating knowledge of IHL to governments, armed forces, and the
public. encouraging governments to respect and implement IHL. Advising on new developments in
humanitarian law.

4. Neutral and Impartial Mediation

The ICRC maintains strict neutrality, impartiality, and independence, allowing it to: Access both sides in
a conflict. Act as a mediator between warring parties and provide confidential reports and
recommendations.

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PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED
CROSS
The ICRC’s mission is shaped by the Seven Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement

The Fundamental Principles are the result of a century of experience. Proclaimed in Vienna in 1965, they
bond together the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the International Committee of the Red
Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and guarantee the
continuity of the Movement and its humanitarian work. In this succinct commentary intended for the
general public, Jean Pictet explains the meaning of each of the seven Fundamental Principles; he analyses
them on the basis of different criteria and presents all their various aspects, thus making this essential part
of Red Cross doctrine accessible to all.

HUMANITY
The Red Cross, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the
battlefield, endeavors – in its international and national capacity – to prevent and alleviate human suffering
wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human
being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, co-operation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.
To prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it is found by providing aid to victims of war,
regardless of nationality or affiliation.

IMPARTIALITY
It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavors
only to relieve suffering, giving priority to the most urgent cases of distress. Aid is given solely based on
need, without discrimination; with priority given on the basis of need. No favouritism based on nationality,
race, religion, political beliefs

NEUTRALITY
In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Red Cross may not take sides in hostilities or engage
at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. The movement does not
take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies so as to retain the trust of all parties. Her workers do
not publicly citizen any side in a war to preserve access to those in need.

INDEPENDENCE
The Red Cross is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of
their Governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their
autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with Red Cross principles. Although
the society works with government they maintain autonomy from political or military influence in their
humanitarian work. The ICRC can operate in a conflict are without any instruction from any government.

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VOLUNTARY SERVICE
The Red Cross is a voluntary relief organization not prompted in any manner by desire for gain and not
driven by profit. Its strength comes from choosing to help others out of compassion.

UNITY
There can be only one Red Cross Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its
humanitarian work throughout its territory. There can only be one Red Cross or Red Crescent in each
country. It must be open for all and carry out its humanitarian work across the entire region. For example,
The Nigerian Red Cross Society serves all regions of Nigeria without division.

UNIVERSALITY
The Red Cross is a world-wide institution in which all Societies have equal status and share equal
responsibilities and duties in helping each other. It is a Movement with shared responsibilities and mutual
aid. For example, when an earthquake strikes Turkey, Red Cross societies from around the world send aid
and volunteers.

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ROLES OF ICRC
1. Protecting Victims of Armed Conflict

The ICRC ensures the protection of civilians, prisoners of war, the wounded, and medical personnel during
conflicts. It visits detention centers to monitor the treatment and conditions of detainees. It speaks
confidentially with authorities when violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) are found.

2. Providing Humanitarian Assistance

The ICRC delivers emergency aid such as food, water, shelter, and medical care in war zones and disaster-
affected areas. It supports hospitals, clinics, and surgical teams, especially in conflict-ridden areas where
health services have collapsed.

3. Promoting and Developing International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

The ICRC is the guardian of the Geneva Conventions—the legal foundation for IHL. It works to ensure
that all parties in a conflict understand and respect IHL rules. It promotes the adoption and implementation
of IHL in national laws and military training.

4. Restoring Family Links

The ICRC operates the Restoring Family Links (RFL) program to reunite family members separated by
war, disaster, or migration. It organizes Red Cross Messages and tracing services to find missing persons.

5. Acting as a Neutral Intermediary

The ICRC often serves as a mediator between warring parties to deliver aid, facilitate prisoner exchanges,
or arrange ceasefire negotiations. Its neutrality allows it access to areas and parties where others may not
be welcome.

6. Supporting National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

The ICRC helps build the capacity of national societies in conflict-affected countries. It ensures
coordination in humanitarian responses involving multiple components of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement.

7. Confidential Dialogue with Governments and Armed Groups

The ICRC conducts private, direct dialogue with governments, military commanders, and armed groups
to prevent or stop violations of IHL and human rights.

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CHALLENGES FACED BY ICRC
The ICRC is one of the most respected humanitarian organizations in the world. However, in doing its
important work, especially in dangerous places like war zones, it faces many serious challenges. These
challenges affect how well the ICRC can protect and help people during conflicts, disasters, or
emergencies.

1. ACCESS TO CONFLICT ZONES

Problem: It is often hard for ICRC workers to reach the people who need help the most.

• Some areas are too dangerous because of ongoing fighting.

• Some governments or armed groups may refuse to allow the ICRC to enter certain places.

•Sometimes roads, bridges, and hospitals are destroyed, making it hard to travel or work

Effect: This limits how much help the ICRC can give, and some people may be left out.

2. LACK OF SECURITY AND SAFETY

Problem: ICRC workers often work in very risky environments.

• They can be attacked, kidnapped, or even killed during their missions.

• In some countries, humanitarian workers are not respected and may be seen as enemies.

• Their vehicles or health centers may be bombed or looted.

EFFECT: This puts staff at great risk and may force the ICRC to stop its activities in some areas.

3. Violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

• Problem: Many armed groups and soldiers do not follow the rules of war.

Civilians, hospitals, and schools are attacked, which is against the law.

• Prisoners of war are mistreated or tortured.

• Some groups don’t respect the red cross symbol and attack ICRC workers.

• Effect: It becomes harder for the ICRC to do its job and protect people in war.

4. POLITICAL INTERFERENCE
• Problem: The ICRC must be neutral and not take sides, but politics often interfere.

• Some governments or armed groups try to control or influence what the ICRC does.

• They may spread false information about the ICRC’s work.

Sometimes, humanitarian aid is blocked for political reasons.

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• Effect: This causes delays in helping people and loss of trust in the ICRC.

5. LACK OF FUNDING AND RESOURCES

•Problem: The ICRC depends on donations from governments and organizations.

•During global crises, like pandemics or economic problems, donations may reduce.

•The cost of helping people in different countries is very high.

•Sometimes, there is not enough medicine, food, or staff to meet the needs.

•Effect: The ICRC may have to limit its services or stop helping in some areas.

6. DEALING WITH ALL TYPES OF CONFLICTS

• Problem: Wars and violence today are becoming more complex.

• There are many non-state armed groups (like rebels or terrorists), and it’s hard to make them follow rules.

• New weapons (like drones, cyber-attacks, and bombs) create new problems.

•Urban warfare (fighting in cities and towns) affects more civilians and causes mass destruction.

• Effect: It becomes more difficult to protect civilians and follow humanitarian laws.

7.COMMUNICATION AND MISINFORMATION

• Problem: It is sometimes hard to explain the ICRC’s neutral mission to local people.

• Some people think the ICRC is spying or supporting one side.

• Social media spreads lies about humanitarian groups.

• There is language or cultural misunderstanding in some areas

• Effect: This can lead to loss of trust, resistance from communities, and even violence against ICRC staff.

8. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS ON WORKERS.

• Problem: ICRC staff face a lot of trauma, pressure, and emotional stress.

• They see death, injury, hunger, and suffering almost every day.

• They often live far from family in unsafe places.

• They must make hard decisions like who to help first.

• Effect: Many workers experience burnout, depression, or leave the job early.

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9. REFUGEE AND DISPLACEMENT CRISES
• Problem: In many countries, millions of people are forced to flee their homes.

• The ICRC must care for large numbers of refugees and displaced people.

• There are not enough shelters, food, and water for all.

• Helping people in crowded refugee camps is a huge challenge.

•Effect: The ICRC’s resources are stretched, and the needs become too much to handle.

10. LONG-TERM CONFLICTS

• Problem: Some wars last for many years (like in Syria, Yemen, Sudan).

• The ICRC must stay in these places for a long time, which is very hard.

• People may become tired of waiting for peace and lose hope.

• It’s hard to bring long-term solutions, like rebuilding schools and hospitals, when fighting continues.

• EFFECT: Humanitarian aid turns into long-term support, which costs more and needs better planning.

CONCLUSION
Even though the ICRC is a strong and respected humanitarian group, it still faces many serious challenges.
These include safety risks, lack of access, funding problems, political pressure, and new forms of conflict.

But despite these challenges, the ICRC continues to work bravely and faithfully to help those who suffer
during war and disaster.

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HISTORY OF NIGERIAN RED CROSS
Red Cross activities in Nigeria started in 1917 when a Play by Adamu Orisha was staged in Nigeria with
the aim of raising funds for Red cross to provide relief for soldiers returning from the first World war.

In 1951 before Nigerian gained independence, the country operated under the British Red Cross.

Figure 1. Photograph showing members of the Nigerian Branch of the British Red Cross outside their office

Nigeria gained independence from Britain on the 1st of October, 1960 which opened the door for national
institutions like the Red Cross to become fully autonomous. Following independence, the Nigerian Red
Cross was established through an Act of the Parliament in 1961. The Act called The Nigerian Red Cross
Act of 1960, CAP 324 states in section 5 that “the society shall be recognized by the government of the
Federation as a Voluntary Aid society, auxiliary to the public authorities. Which means the Nigerian
government officially acknowledges the Red Cross Society as a legal and legitimate organization, it is
more than a private charity but has a legal status.

It is simply saying the Nigerian Red Cross is officially recognized by the government as a group of
volunteers that supports public authorities in emergencies but remains independent and neutral. This legal
recognition positions the NRCS as an independent but supportive partner to government agencies
particularly in times of emergencies.

The same year, the NRCS gained international recognition by being elected on the League of Executives
of the International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies (IFRC) which is a major global
milestone because it was the top decision-making body of the IFRC as they are responsible for supporting
and coordinating National Red cross and Red crescent societies around the world.

In 1977, Hon. Justice J.A Adefarasin who was the President of the NRCS was elected President of the
IFRC which marked a historic achievement, placing Nigeria at the forefront of the society.

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The mission of the National Society is to alleviate the situation of the vulnerable people which include
those affected by disaster, epidemics, armed conflicts and the poorest communities in both urban and rural
areas amongst whom are women, children, aged, displaced and other vulnerable people.

NATIONAL REACH AND VOLUNTEER STRENGTH

The NRCS is Nigeria’s largest humanitarian organization with a volunteer network exceeding 800,000
individuals. These volunteers are active across all of Nigeria’s 774 Local Government areas, ensuring
nationwide coverage and community engagement.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

The NRCS is a frontline responder during natural and man-made disasters.

 Key interventions includes: Emergency shelter, food, clean water and medical care
 Rapid response team for immediate First aid

All these efforts are put towards saving lives in the short term and build stronger more prepared
communities

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HOW TO JOIN THE SOCIETY?
Joining the International Committee of the Red Cross is a competitive but rewarding process, it is open to
people from diverse professional backgrounds who are committed to humanitarian principles.

To join the Red Cross International, you'll likely want to focus on volunteering or joining a National Red
Cross Society. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) are the international organizations, while National Red
Cross Societies (like the Nigerian Red Cross) are the ones that operate on the ground.

There are various positions available in the ICRC at different capacities. they include;

Data management and analytics

ICRC data management and analytics specialists support evidence-based decision-making by providing
internal and external stakeholders with complete, accurate and on-time information on the organization’s
activities, enabling them to make informed decisions. They are responsible for applying best practices,
standards and guidelines and ensure compliance with established internal and external needs and
regulations.

Archive and information management

The Archives and Information Management Division drives and guarantees effective and secured
management of information and knowledge, thereby contributing to quality decision-making and
accountability by the ICRC. We promote and facilitate access to ICRC archives and library collections,
and thus help to position the organization as a reference on international humanitarian law (IHL) and
humanitarian action. As the guardians and custodians of the ICRC’s institutional memory, we guarantee
the integrity and authenticity of our archival collections.

Health care

Treating and caring for the wounded and sick in armed conflict, other situations of major violence and
natural disasters has always been bound up with the history, identity, values and reputation of the ICRC.
Today, in an increasingly unstable and violent world and an extremely challenging humanitarian
environment, the ICRC continues to address the main issues affecting people’s health.

Forensics

The ICRC’s forensic services promote and support forensic best practices, in order to ensure the proper
management and identification of dead bodies and to help prevent and resolve the tragedy of people
unaccounted for as a result of armed conflict and other situations of armed violence. Their objective is to
guarantee the dignified management of the dead and uphold the right of bereaved families to know what
happened to their loved ones.

Communication

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Communication plays a special and unique role at the ICRC. It is key to ensuring respect for the lives and
dignity of people affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence. Around the globe, hundreds
of field communication experts work to strengthen acceptance of the ICRC’s work by populations and
authorities and facilitate its access to people in need. Powerful field communication helps our organization
to influence decision-makers and the public at large by shaping the debate on the need to protect people
in war, and it generates financial and other support for the ICRC.

Delegate

Delegates are deployed all over the world to fulfil the organization’s mandate of protecting the lives and
dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence and providing them with assistance.
Deployments are driven by our operational needs; the experience gained on different assignments as a
delegate in the field enables our staff members to grow within the organization according to their areas of
interest and the competences and skills that they develop.

Economic and food security

ICRC economic security staff are responsible for carrying out emergency-relief distributions of food,
material items and cash, as well as food-security and livelihood programmes. The activities are diverse
and aim at ensuring that people affected by conflict and other situations of violence are able to meet their
most urgent needs in times of crisis and have access to relevant and appropriate recovery opportunities,
including the rebuilding of sustainable livelihoods. ICRC staff provide assistance in a timely and flexible
way to ensure that those in need can cover their essential needs and expenditures sustainably and with
dignity.

Logistics

The mission of the Logistics Division is to provide professional support for the ICRC’s diverse and
complex activities, developing timely, cost-efficient and specifically tailored supply chain management
solutions, while ensuring quality, compliance and accountability and maintaining high ethical standards.
The division is responsible for: 1) supporting ICRC operations with supply chain management-related
activities (order management, procurement, warehouse management, transport and customs); 2) providing
and maintaining safe and efficient means of transport for passengers and cargo by air, sea and land.

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HOW TO JOIN THE ICRC
Resident employees

These are employees whose contracts are signed with a national or regional delegation and governed by
domestic law. Resident employees work in a set location in a specific country or region, which may be

Mobile employees

These are employees whose contracts are signed with the ICRC’s headquarters in Geneva and then sent
on field assignments. Mobile employees can work in any country where there is an operational need except
their country of nationality. They typically change country for each new assignment, each of which usually
lasts around 12 months.

Headquarters employees

Employees working at our headquarters in Geneva hold contracts governed by Swiss law. They support
the work of our employees in countries around the world. There are around 1,000 employees at
headquarters, carrying out more than 160 different roles.

Associates

The ICRC offers students and young professionals opportunities within a variety of departments at our
headquarters in Geneva or, in a few cases, at our diplomatic delegations around the world. Each year,
nearly 80 associates (i.e. interns), join our teams to develop their expertise and benefit from an enriching
professional experience in the world’s leading humanitarian organization.

Before you start your application process, here a number of things you have to know:

Their Values

At the ICRC, they value impact, collaboration, respect, and compassion. These values guide their
interactions and relationships, both within the organisation and with affected populations and our partners.
They seek to integrate these values into every step of how their work, behaviours, and attitudes. They are
seeking candidates who demonstrate behaviours based on their shared values of impact, collaboration,
respect, and compassion.

BEFORE APPLYING FOR A POSITION

 Learn more about our activities and employees

The work and daily life of our teams vary from one country to another. Each area of work involves a set
of challenges and difficulties for which specific skills are required. For these reasons, our needs evolve
according to the country we work in.

Before applying, you should understand the conditions under which we operate, and know which countries
we work in and what our activities are in the field. We work in potentially dangerous environments, so
you must consider carefully whether you want to join us now or in the near future.

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Visit our website icrc.org and follow us on social media to gain greater insight into our working
environment and find answers to questions you may have. You will also see many testimonials from our
employees, giving you more details about the profiles we recruit and working conditions in the field.

2. WHEN YOU APPLY FOR A POSITION

 Make your CV stand out

Your CV is a key part of your application, so make sure you present your experience and highlight your
skills to catch our attention. Read the job description carefully, then focus on the experiences and skills
that fit the job you are interested in.

Remember to adapt your CV to the position you are applying for. Personalization is very important and
will be decisive when we pre-select candidates.

Finally, please note that our recruitment team receives a large volume of applications, so clarity and
concision are important. Before applying, make sure your profile matches our requirements in the
“Professional experience required” and “Desired profile and skills” sections of the job description.

 Tell us your story

Your story is unique. At the ICRC we give careful attention to your cover letter, so be authentic in telling
us why you want to work with us and what drives you to join our organization.

Understanding your motivation to work in the humanitarian sector and the reasons that convinced you to
apply to the ICRC is decisive.

It is very important for us to identify your personality and ensure that you understand what working with
us entails. Places affected by armed conflict are dangerous, and it is our duty to make sure that you are
prepared for this type of environment and have a clear understanding of what is expected of you.

 Prepare your documents

At the application stage of the process, please make sure you provide the following documents.

Please note that this list is not exhaustive and that other documents may be requested at different stages
of the recruitment process.

 CV

Please be sure to provide clear and readable copies.

 Cover letter

Please be sure to provide clear and readable copies.

 Manual driving licence (field positions)

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Please be sure to provide clear and readable copies. To learn more about this requirement, visit
our Working In The Field page.

 Work certificates

Please be sure to provide all your work certificates or any other documents confirming your past
employment (with job titles and start and end dates). These will be taken into account when determining
your salary.

 Diplomas

Please be sure to provide clear and readable copies. For health positions, a valid license to practice in your
country of residence will be requested.

 Passport copy

Please be sure to provide clear and readable copies (if possible in colour).

Please note:

 we do not accept unsolicited applications

 in line with the ICRC’s Fundamental Principle of neutrality, we do not send employees to countries
of which they are nationals.

3. AFTER APPLYING FOR A POSITION

To learn more about the recruitment process, visit Our Recruitment Process page.

1 – Application

All current vacancies are published on our jobs page. You can check the status of your application at any
time. Please note that we do not accept unsolicited applications.

Please ensure that your CV and cover letter reflect your motivation to join the ICRC.

2 – Screening of your application

Our dedicated recruitment team will carefully review all applications and shortlist those who best match
the given role and our values. If you are shortlisted for the next stage, you will receive an email inviting
you to participate in tests and/or interviews. While we cannot provide detailed feedback at this initial stage,
we appreciate your interest in the ICRC.

3 – Pre-recorded video and tests (may be required)

If your application is shortlisted, you will be invited to start the assessment process. This may include:

 Pre-recorded videos: you record your answers in front of a camera on our dedicated
platform. We will assess your motivation and fit for the position.

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 Language tests: you are assessed on your language skills using our testing tools. We will test your
listening, speaking, reading and writing skills.

 Technical tests: we ask you to perform a test to assess your technical skills. This can be done
online or offline.

4 – Interviews

The recruiter will invite you for an HR interview and/or technical interview and/or panel interview. The
interviews may be held either online or in person at our headquarters or in one of our delegations,
depending on where you are based.

5 – Selection and hiring

You will be informed by the recruiter and/or line manager whether you have been selected for the position
you applied for.

FOR EMPLOYEES ON A MOBILE CONTRACT

 Salary

A monthly salary paid in 13 instalments during the calendar year. 13th salary to be taken in cash or in
extra days off.

Regular salary increases, based on performance for most employees under Geneva contract. Your level of
experience and academic qualifications are taken into consideration to determine the starting salary.

Salary scales are benchmarked against a mix of international NGOs, international organizations and
companies from the private sector. Salary scales are reviewed on an annual basis.

 Mobility Benefits

Accommodation during field assignments is arranged and fully covered by the ICRC. Compulsory
medical check-ups and vaccinations are covered by the ICRC.

Travel between the employee’s contractual domicile and the assignment location at the beginning and the
end of the assignment are arranged and fully covered by the ICRC.

Transport of luggage as unaccompanied freight between the employee’s contractual domicile and the
assignment location, and back, is arranged and fully covered by the ICRC: 50 kg for the outward journey
and 100 kg for the return journey for assignments from three months.

Hardship incentives of five to 15 per cent of the total salary in certain grades for employees after 24
months of employment, to be taken in cash or leave.

Cost-of-living allowances in the most expensive assignment locations.

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A generous occupational pension plan: the ICRC contributes 17 per cent of the pensionable salary (the
employee contributes 8.5 per cent). Contributions are credited to the individual account at different
percentages based on age. Possibility to take early retirement from age 58 and retirement at age 62. Swiss
pension plans cover a wide range of risks (death, disability and old age).

Loss of earnings/salary continuance insurance in case of illness/accident for 720 days.

Employer contribution to health insurance premiums. Health insurance under Swiss law with favourable
premiums.

Occupational and non-occupational accident insurance and a repatriation insurance.

Complementary death and disability insurances, including war risks.

 Holidays and Leave

Paid leave/holidays: between 25 and 27.5 working days per calendar year depending on age.

Maternity and adoption leave of four months and paternity leave of ten days. Possibility of working at 80
per cent (paid at 100 per cent) in the first year after childbirth.

Training

Ten-day integration course (when possible) and several organization-wide and technical training courses
available.

FOR HEADQUARTERS EMPLOYEES.

 Salary

A monthly salary paid in 13 installments during the calendar year. 13th salary to be taken in cash or in
extra days off.

Regular salary increases, based on performance for most headquarters (HQ) employees. Your level of
experience and academic qualifications are taken into consideration to determine the starting salary.

Salary scales are benchmarked against a mix of international NGOs, international organizations and
companies from the private sector. Salary scales are reviewed on an annual basis.

 Benefits and Insurances

A generous occupational pension plan: the ICRC contributes 17 per cent of the pensionable salary (the
employee contributes 8.5 per cent). Contributions are credited to the individual account at different
percentages based on age. Swiss pension plans cover a wide range of risks (death, disability and old age).

Loss-of-earnings/salary continuance insurance in case of illness/accident for 720 days. Possibility to join
a private health insurance with favorable premiums.

 Holidays and Leave

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Paid leave/holidays: between 25 and 27.5 working days per calendar year depending on age.

Maternity and adoption leave of four months and paternity leave of ten days. Possibility of working at 80
percent (paid at 100 percent) in the first year after childbirth.

 Training

A ten-day integration course (when possible) and several organization-wide and technical training courses
available

They work in multidisciplinary teams that bring together employees from around the world and locally
hired talent. We look for professionals who are highly motivated and committed to doing impactful
humanitarian work: providing assistance to people affected by armed conflict and other violence.

1. National Red Cross Societies:

 Find your local Red Cross Society: Identify the Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in your country
or region.

 Volunteering: Most National Societies offer volunteer opportunities, ranging from community-
based activities to disaster response.

 Register as a Volunteer: Look for online registration forms or visit the local office to complete the
necessary paperwork.

 Complete Volunteer Activity Reports: You may need to fill out reports each time you volunteer.

2. ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross):

 Job Openings:

The ICRC primarily hires professionals with relevant skills and experience for various roles, including
humanitarian aid workers, engineers, and more.

 Recruitment Process:

The ICRC's recruitment process involves applying for open positions, screening, assessments (like
language and technical tests), and interviews.

 No Unsolicited Applications:

The ICRC generally doesn't accept unsolicited applications, so look for open positions on their
website.

3. IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies):

 Support for National Societies: The IFRC doesn't directly recruit volunteers; they support and
coordinate the work of National Societies.

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 Explore Career Opportunities: The IFRC also has job and internship openings, particularly for
those with relevant experience and skills.

 Look for IFRC Recruitment: Check the IFRC's website for job and internship openings.

In summary:

 To volunteer, focus on your local National Red Cross Society.

 To work for the ICRC or IFRC, check their websites for job openings and follow their application
processes.

 The IFRC supports National Societies, so volunteering with your local Red Cross is a great way
to contribute to the larger Red Cross movement.

References:

 Oxford ELAC. (n.d.). Dunant’s original humanitarian vision. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from
https://www.elac.ox.ac.uk/programmes-projects/solferino-21/dunants-original-humanitarian-vision/

 International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.). History of the ICRC. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc

 International Committee of the Red Cross. (n.d.). Our history. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from
https://www.icrc.org/en/our-history

 Battlefield Anomalies. (n.d.). The Battle of Solferino. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from
https://battlefieldanomalies.com/category-second-italian-war-of-independence/the-battle-of-solferino/

 ICRC. (n.d.). ICRC Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-
are/history/archives

 Haumer, S. (2012). The ICRC: 150 years of humanitarian action. International Review of the Red
Cross, 94(888), 1273–1291. Retrieved from https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/irrc-
888-haumer.pdf

 Bugnion, F. (2012). Birth of an idea: The founding of the Red Cross. International Review of the Red
Cross, 94(888), 1293–1310. Retrieved from https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/irrc-
888-bugnion.pdf

 Anonymous. (n.d.). The early years of the Red Cross. International Review of the Red Cross (1961–
1997). Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-
the-red-cross-1961-1997/article/abs/early-years-of-the-red-cross-henry-dunant-the-founder-of-the-red-
cross-his-compassion-has-saved-millions/27B0DE43B93B95AA7EFC45E7AE5F2E33

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 University of Chicago Law School. (n.d.). Article from Chicago Journal of International Law.
Retrieved May 23, 2025, from
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1520&context=cjil

 Brown, P. (1988). Henry Dunant: The founder of the Red Cross—His compassion has saved millions.
Watford: Exley Publications Ltd.

 Boissier, P. (trans. 1985). Henry Dunant: A life. Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute.

 Forsythe, D.P. (2005). The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Pictet, J.S. (Ed.) (1952). The Geneva Conventions: A commentary. Geneva: ICRC.

 Dunant, H. (1862). A memory of Solferino. Geneva: ICRC.

 Chandler, D. (1980). Solferino 1859: The battle that redeemed Italy. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

 Stevenson, D. (2004). The Crimean War, 1854–56. London: Pearson Education.

 McKnight, S. (2018). War and humanity: A reader’s guide to the Geneva Conventions. New York:
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

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