🌟 Key Points to Memorize (Exam POV):

🔹 Q. Why are some foods sour or bitter?

 Sour taste → Due to acids in food.

 Bitter taste → Due to bases in food.

🔹 Q. What remedy would you suggest for acidity after overeating? Why?

 Baking soda solution is the correct remedy.

 Because it is basic in nature, it neutralizes the excess acid in the stomach.

🔹 Q. Which property is used in choosing this remedy?

 Acids and bases neutralize each other’s effect.

(This is called a neutralization reaction.)

🔹 Indicators: How do we test acids and bases without tasting?

Indicator Acid Effect Base Effect

Blue Litmus Turns red No change
Red Litmus No change Turns blue
Turmeric No change Turns reddish-brown
Methyl Orange Turns red Turns yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Turns pink

🔹 Do You Know? (Mug-up Facts)

 Litmus solution is a purple dye obtained from lichens (division: Thallophyta).

 In neutral solutions, litmus stays purple.
 Other natural indicators:
o Red cabbage leaves
o Turmeric
o Flower petals of Hydrangea, Petunia, Geranium

Olfactory Indicators –Points

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🔹 Definition:
Substances that change their smell (odour) in acidic or basic media are called olfactory
indicators. 🔹
How they work:
They help us identify whether a solution is acidic or basic based on change in smell.
🔹 Examples of Olfactory Indicators:
1.Onion
2.Clove oil
3.Vanilla essence

🔹 Important Point:

 In acidic medium, the smell of these substances may be retained or changed

 .In basic medium, the smell may disappear or change.

🔥 Reaction of Acids with Metals ✅

General Reaction: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
✅ Example Reaction (Very Important): Zn (s) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → ZnSO₄ (aq) + H₂ (g)

🧪 Activity Summary (Board-style Q/A Format):

Q. What happens when zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid?
1.Effervescence is observed.
2.Hydrogen gas is released.

Q. Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution?

Because the evolved hydrogen gas gets trapped in the soap solution, forming bubbles.

Q. What happens when a burning candle is brought near the gas bubble?
The gas burns with a pop sound → confirms the presence of hydrogen gas.
🧠 Important to Remember:
This reaction is exothermic (releases energy).
Same observation happens with HCl, HNO₃, CH₃COOH → all release hydrogen gas when
reacting with zinc.

✍️Final Board Tip:

Write answers like this:
"Metals react with acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas. For example, zinc reacts with
dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas."

🧪 Activity 2.4: Reaction of Metal with a Base

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 🔥 MUG-UP POINTS
✅ General Reaction:
Base (NaOH) + Metal (Zn) → Salt (Sodium zincate) + Hydrogen gas
✅ Balanced Chemical Equation:
2NaOH (aq) + Zn (s) → Na₂ZnO₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)
(Na₂ZnO₂ = Sodium zincate)

✍️Exam-style Answer:
Q. What happens when zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide solution?
 Zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide on heating.
 Hydrogen gas is released.
 A salt called sodium zincate is formed.
 This reaction does not occur with all metals.

🧠 Key Concept to Remember:

 Some metals react with bases to give hydrogen gas, just like they do with
acids.
 Not all metals show this property. Zinc is an exception.

💯 Revision Line
"Zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate and
hydrogen gas:
2NaOH + Zn → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ ↑"

🔥 : Reaction of Metal Carbonates & Hydrogencarbonates

with Acids
✅ General Reaction:
Metal carbonate / Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

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🔹 Important Reactions to Memorize:
1. Sodium carbonate + HCl:
Na₂CO₃ (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g)

2. Sodium hydrogencarbonate + HCl:

NaHCO₃ (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g)

🔹 Test for CO₂ Gas:

 Pass the gas through lime water (Ca(OH)₂):

o Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) → CaCO₃ (s) + H₂O (l)
o Result: Lime water turns milky due to white precipitate of calcium carbonate.
 On passing excess CO₂:
o CaCO₃ (s) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) → Ca(HCO₃)₂ (aq)
o Milky solution turns clear because calcium hydrogen carbonate is soluble.

✍️Exam-Style Sample Answer:

Q. What happens when metal carbonates or hydrogencarbonates react with acids?
Answer: They produce salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.
For example:

 Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

 NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
The evolved CO₂ turns lime water milky, confirming its presence.

🧠 Other Key Mug-Up Facts:

 Limestone, chalk, and marble are forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).
 All metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates give the same type of products with
acids:
Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

🧪 : Reaction of Acids with Bases (Neutralisation Reaction)

✅ Definition of Neutralisation Reaction:

Acid + Base → Salt + Water
🧠 This reaction is called a neutralisation reaction because the acid and base
cancel (neutralize) each other’s effects.

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🔹 Important Reaction to Memorize:
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l)
(Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid → Sodium chloride + Water)

🔹 Phenolphthalein Indicator Observation (from Activity):

Step Observation Explanation

Add phenolphthalein Solution turns Phenolphthalein is pink in basic
to NaOH pink solution
Pink colour Solution becomes neutral, so
Add HCl drop by drop
disappears phenolphthalein becomes colourless
Pink colour
Add NaOH again Solution becomes basic again
reappears
✍️Exam-Style Q&A:
Q. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give an example.
✅ Answer: The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called
a neutralisation reaction.
Example:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
Q. Why does phenolphthalein change colour during the reaction?
✅ Answer: Phenolphthalein is pink in basic medium and colourless in acidic or
neutral medium. The colour disappears when acid is added to the base.

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Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids (Activity 2.7)

✅ General Reaction
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
🧠 This is similar to acid + base reaction. Hence, metallic oxides are basic in
nature. 🔹 Important
Example Reaction (to memorize): CuO (s) +
2HCl (aq) → CuCl₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)
(Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid → Copper(II) chloride + Water)

🔹 Observation from Activity:

 Copper oxide (black) dissolves in dilute HCl.

 The solution turns blue-green due to formation of copper(II) chloride.

Exam-Style Answers:
Q. What happens when a metallic oxide reacts with an acid?
✅ Answer: It forms salt and water. This shows that metallic oxides are basic in
nature.

Q. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of copper(II) oxide

with hydrochloric acid.
✅ Answer: CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O

🧠 KEY CONCEPT:
Metallic oxides are basic oxides because they react with acids to form salt and
water (just like bases do)

🌫️Reaction of Non-metallic Oxide with Base ✅

General Reaction: Non-
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metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water
🧠 This is similar to acid + base reaction → so non-metallic oxides are
acidic in nature.

🔹 Example Reaction (Important!):

CO₂ (g) + Ca(OH)₂ (aq) → CaCO₃ (s) + H₂O (l)
(Carbon dioxide + Calcium hydroxide → Calcium carbonate + Water)

🔹 Key Concept:

 Carbon dioxide is a non-metallic oxide.

 It reacts with calcium hydroxide (a base) to form a salt (CaCO₃)
and water.
 This proves that non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.

✍️Board-Style Answer:
Q. What happens when a non-metallic oxide reacts with a base?
What does this prove?
✅ Answer: Non-metallic oxides react with bases to form salt and water.
This shows that non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
Example: CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O

🧪 What Do All Acids and Bases Have in Common?

🔴 ALL ACIDS HAVE IN COMMON:

✅ All acids produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.

✅ These H⁺ ions are responsible for acidic properties.
✅ Acids conduct electricity in water due to ions.
Examples of ions formed by acids:
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 HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻
 HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻
 H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻
 CH₃COOH → H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻

Solution Bulb Glows? Reason

HCl (acid) ✅ Yes Contains ions → conducts electricity
H₂SO₄ (acid) ✅ Yes Contains ions → conducts electricity
Glucose ❌ No No ions → does not conduct
Alcohol ❌ No No ions → does not conduct
✅ All acids generate hydrogen gas (H₂) when reacting with metals → proves the
presence of H⁺ (Activity 2.3).
✅ Not all hydrogen-containing compounds are acids.
– Glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen but do not behave as acids.
– They do not release H⁺ ions in solution, so they do not conduct electricity. 🔬
ACTIVITY 2.8: Glowing Bulb Experiment
📌 Setup:
Use a bulb, battery, and two nails dipped in different solutions (HCl, H₂SO₄,
glu,al)

📌 Observation:
🟢 ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON:
✅ All bases produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solution.
✅ These OH⁻ ions are responsible for basic properties.
✅ Bases like NaOH and Ca(OH)₂ conduct electricity because of mobile OH⁻ ions.

✍️Exam-style Sample Q&As:

Q1. What is common in all acids?
✅ Answer: All acids produce H⁺ (hydrogen) ions in aqueous solution, which are
responsible for their acidic behaviour.

Q2. Why does a solution of glucose or alcohol not show acidic behaviour?
✅ Answer: Although glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen atoms, they do not
ionize in water to release H⁺ ions. Hence, they are not acidic.

Q3. What is common in all bases?

✅ Answer: All bases release OH⁻ (hydroxide) ions in aqueous solution, which
are responsible for their basic properties.

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Q4. Why does a bulb glow in acid/base solutions but not in glucose/alcohol?
✅ Answer: Acids and bases produce ions in solution that carry electric current.
Glucose and alcohol do not ionize and hence do not conduct electricity.

PG 10 AND 11 ( SUMMARY)
📘 FINAL SUMMARY – MUST MUG UP LINES

1. Acids produce H⁺(aq) ions only in water.

2. Dry HCl gas does not change litmus → not acidic.
3. H⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion)
4. Bases produce OH⁻ ions in water.
5. Alkalis are water-soluble bases.
6. Neutralisation reaction: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
7. Dissolving acid/base in water is exothermic.
8. Always add acid to water slowly with stirring.
9. Dilution decreases ion concentration.

🧪 MUG-UP POINTS: What Happens to an Acid or Base in

Water Solution

🔴 1. Do Acids Produce Ions Only in Aqueous Solution?

✅ Yes. Acids produce H⁺ ions only in the presence of water.
❌ In the absence of water (e.g. dry HCl gas), no H⁺ ions are released, so no acidic character is
shown.

⚗️Activity 2.9 – Testing Acidic Nature of Dry HCl vs HCl Solution

Test Substance Litmus Paper Result Conclusion

Dry HCl gas No colour change No H⁺ ions → Not acidic
HCl solution (in water) Blue litmus turns red H⁺ ions released → Acidic

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✅ This proves H⁺ ions are formed only in water, not in dry acid.
✅ The H⁺ ions combine with H₂O to form H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion). 💡
Reaction:
HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻
🧠 Always show hydrogen ions as H⁺(aq) or H₃O⁺ in solution. 🟢 2. What Happens to a
Base in Water? ✅ Bases produce OH⁻
(hydroxide ions) in aqueous solution.
✅ Bases like NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)₂ dissociate in water to give ions. 💡
Examples:
NaOH (s) → Na⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq)
KOH (s) → K⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq)
Mg(OH)₂ (s) → Mg²⁺ (aq) + 2OH⁻ (aq) 🧼 Alkalis:
✅ Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water.
🧠 Not all bases are soluble, but all alkalis are bases.
❌ Never touch or taste — they're soapy, bitter, and corrosive. ⚡ Neutralisation Recap
(MUST MUG UP):

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)
(This is the ionic form of neutralisation)

🔥 3. Activity 2.10 – Is Mixing Acid/Base with Water Exothermic?

✅ Yes! Dissolving an acid or base in water is a highly exothermic
process.
✅ Always add acid to water slowly with stirring. Never the other way
round ❗ ❌ If
water is added to acid:
1.Heat is released very rapidly
2.Causes splashing and burns
3.May break glass beaker due to local heating
✅ This is why acid containers have danger symbols on them
.🧊
Dilution:
✅ Mixing an acid/base with water is called dilution.
✅ It decreases the concentration of H₃O⁺ or OH⁻ ions per unit
volume.
🧠 The acid or base becomes less reactive and safer to handle.
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🧪 MUG-UP POINTS: How Strong Are Acid or Base
Solutions?

🔹 1. What is the pH Scale?

✅ pH scale is used to measure the concentration of H⁺ (or H₃O⁺) ions in a solution.
✅ pH stands for "potenz" (a German word meaning power).
✅ pH tells us how acidic or basic a solution is.

🔹 2. pH Scale Range:

pH Value Type of Solution Meaning

0 to < 7 Acidic More H⁺ ions
7 Neutral Equal H⁺ and OH⁻ ions
> 7 to 14 Basic (alkaline) More OH⁻ ions
✅ Lower the pH, stronger the acid
✅ Higher the pH, stronger the base🔹 3. Universal Indicator:
✅ Universal indicator is a mixture of indicators
✅ It shows different colours at different pH values
✅ Used to measure pH of solutions — available as solution or impregnated paper🔹 4.
Strength of Acids and Bases:
✅ Strength depends on the number of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions released in solution.
✅ More H⁺ ions → Stronger acid
✅ More OH⁻ ions → Stronger base🔹 5. Example of Strong vs Weak Acids:

Acid Type Ionization

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Strong acid Fully ionizes → More H⁺ ions
Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) Weak acid Partially ionizes → Less H⁺ ions
🧠 KEY TERMS TO MEMORIZE:

 pH scale: Measures strength of acid/base based on H⁺ ion concentration

 Universal indicator: Shows colour change based on pH
 Strong acid: Completely ionizes in water (e.g., HCl, HNO₃)
 Weak acid: Partially ionizes in water (e.g., CH₃COOH)
 Strong base: Produces more OH⁻ ions (e.g., NaOH, KOH)
 Weak base: Produces fewer OH⁻ ions (e.g., NH₄OH)

✍️Sample Exam Questions (1 Marker / 2 Marker Ready):

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Q. What is the pH of a neutral solution?
✅ Answer: 7
Q. What does pH stand for?
✅ Answer: 'potenz', a German word meaning power
Q. What is a universal indicator?
✅ Answer: A mixture of indicators that shows different colours at different pH values
Q. What is the difference between a strong and a weak acid?
✅ Answer: A strong acid completely ionizes in water, giving more H⁺ ions; a weak acid partially
ionizes.

🌡️MUG-UP POINTS: Importance of pH in Everyday Life

✅ 1. Are Plants and Animals pH Sensitive?

 Yes. All living organisms survive in a narrow pH range.

 Human body functions between pH 7.0 to 7.8.

🌧️2. Acid Rain

 If pH of rainwater < 5.6, it is called acid rain.

 Acid rain lowers the pH of river water, making it hard for aquatic life to survival

🌱 3. Soil pH for Plant Growth (Activity 2.12)

 Plants need a specific pH range in soil for healthy growth.

 Soil pH is tested using universal indicator.
 Soil + water → filtrate → test with pH paper.
 pH helps determine which crops grow best in which soil.

🌍 4. Venus and pH

 Venus has clouds of sulphuric acid.

 Life cannot exist due to extreme acidic atmosphere.

🧪 5. pH in Our Digestive System

 Our stomach produces HCl to help digest food.

 Excess acid → indigestion, pain.

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 Remedy: Antacids (mild bases) like magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
neutralize excess acid.

😬 6. Tooth Decay and pH

 Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth < 5.5.

 Tooth enamel = Calcium hydroxyapatite (hardest substance in body).
 Acids from bacteria degrade sugar → lower pH → corrode enamel.
 Toothpaste is basic and neutralizes acid → prevents tooth decay.
 Always rinse mouth after eating.

🐝 7. Self-Defence in Nature: Acids and Bases

 Bee sting contains methanoic acid → causes pain.

Remedy: Apply baking soda (a mild base).
 Nettle plant has stinging hair that inject methanoic acid.
Traditional remedy: Rub with dock leaf (basic in nature) — grows near nettles.

📋 8. Table – Some Naturally Occurring Acids

Source Acid
Vinegar Acetic acid
Sour milk (curd) Lactic acid
Orange, Lemon Citric acid
Tamarind Tartaric acid
Tomato Oxalic acid
Ant/Nettle sting Methanoic acid

✍️Short Sample Exam-Style Answers

Q. What is the pH range in which human body functions?
✅ 7.0 to 7.8
Q. What is acid rain?
✅ Rainwater with pH less than 5.6 is called acid rain.
Q. What causes tooth decay in terms of pH?
✅ Tooth decay starts when mouth pH falls below 5.5.
Q. What is the remedy for a bee sting and why?
✅ Baking soda is applied because it is a mild base that neutralizes the methanoic acid from the

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sting.
Q. Which acid is found in vinegar?
✅ Acetic acid

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