cen58933_ch12.

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CHAPTER

R A D I AT I O N H E AT T R A N S F E R 12
n Chapter 11, we considered the fundamental aspects of radiation and the

I radiation properties of surfaces. We are now in a position to consider

radiation exchange between two or more surfaces, which is the primary
quantity of interest in most radiation problems.
CONTENTS
12–1 The View Factor 606
12–2 View Factor Relations 609
We start this chapter with a discussion of view factors and the rules associ- 12–3 Radiation Heat Transfer:
ated with them. View factor expressions and charts for some common config- Black Surfaces 620
urations are given, and the crossed-strings method is presented. We then 12–4 Radiation Heat Transfer:
discuss radiation heat transfer, first between black surfaces and then between Diffuse, Gray Surfaces 623
nonblack surfaces using the radiation network approach. We continue with ra- 12–5 Radiation Shields and
diation shields and discuss the radiation effect on temperature measurements the Radiation Effect 635
and comfort. Finally, we consider gas radiation, and discuss the effective 12–6 Radiation Exchange
with Emitting and
emissivities and absorptivities of gas bodies of various shapes. We also dis-
Absorbing Gases 639
cuss radiation exchange between the walls of combustion chambers and the
Topic of Special Interest:
high-temperature emitting and absorbing combustion gases inside.
Heat Transfer from
the Human Body 649

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HEAT TRANSFER

Surface 1
Surface 2
12–1 ■
THE VIEW FACTOR
Surface 3 Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the orientation of the
surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and tem-
peratures, as illustrated in Figure 12–1. For example, a camper will make the
most use of a campfire on a cold night by standing as close to the fire as pos-
sible and by blocking as much of the radiation coming from the fire by turn-
Point
source ing her front to the fire instead of her side. Likewise, a person will maximize
FIGURE 12–1 the amount of solar radiation incident on him and take a sunbath by lying
Radiation heat exchange between down on his back instead of standing up on his feet.
surfaces depends on the orientation To account for the effects of orientation on radiation heat transfer between
of the surfaces relative to each other, two surfaces, we define a new parameter called the view factor, which is a
and this dependence on orientation is purely geometric quantity and is independent of the surface properties and
accounted for by the view factor. temperature. It is also called the shape factor, configuration factor, and angle
factor. The view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse
emitters and diffuse reflectors is called the diffuse view factor, and the view
factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters but spec-
ular reflectors is called the specular view factor. In this book, we will consider
radiation exchange between diffuse surfaces only, and thus the term view fac-
tor will simply mean diffuse view factor.
The view factor from a surface i to a surface j is denoted by Fi → j or just Fij,
and is defined as

Fij the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that strikes surface j directly

The notation Fi → j is instructive for beginners, since it emphasizes that the

view factor is for radiation that travels from surface i to surface j. However,
this notation becomes rather awkward when it has to be used many times in a
problem. In such cases, it is convenient to replace it by its shorthand ver-
sion Fij.
Therefore, the view factor F12 represents the fraction of radiation leaving
surface 1 that strikes surface 2 directly, and F21 represents the fraction of the
radiation leaving surface 2 that strikes surface 1 directly. Note that the radia-
tion that strikes a surface does not need to be absorbed by that surface. Also,
radiation that strikes a surface after being reflected by other surfaces is not
considered in the evaluation of view factors.
To develop a general expression for the view factor, consider two differen-
n2 tial surfaces dA1 and dA2 on two arbitrarily oriented surfaces A1 and A2, re-
dA2
n1 θ2 spectively, as shown in Figure 12–2. The distance between dA1 and dA2 is r,
and the angles between the normals of the surfaces and the line that connects
r A2
dA1 and dA2 are 1 and 2, respectively. Surface 1 emits and reflects radiation
θ1 diffusely in all directions with a constant intensity of I1, and the solid angle
d21 subtended by dA2 when viewed by dA1 is d21.
dA1 The rate at which radiation leaves dA1 in the direction of 1 is I1 cos 1dA1.
Noting that d21 dA2 cos 2 /r 2, the portion of this radiation that strikes
A1 dA2 is
FIGURE 12–2
Geometry for the determination of the · dA2 cos 2
Q d A1 → d A2 I1 cos 1dA1d21 I1 cos 1dA1 (12-1)
view factor between two surfaces. r2