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THESDEEINIVEsVvila WA mG UID E
THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL GUIDE
Penguin
Random
House
Senior Editor Angela Wilkes
Senior Art Editors Gadi Farfour, Jane Ewart
Project Editor Hugo Wilkinson
Editors Anna Fischel, Sammy Kennedy,
Stuart Neilson
US Editor Jennette ElNaggar
Designers Stephen Bere, Phil Gamble
Picture Researchers Sarah Smithies, Liz Moore
Managing Editor Gareth Jones
Senior Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths
Producer, Pre-production Nikoleta Parasaki
Senior Producer Mandy Inness
Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh
Design Development Manager Sophia M.T.T.
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Art Director Phil Ormerod

ontents
Deputy Art Director Karen Self
Consultants Keith Baker, Professor Jonathan Woodham
Writers Alexandra Black, R. G. Grant, Ann Kay,
Philip Wilkinson, lain Zaczek

Delhi Team

WHAT ISDE IGN? ie

Senior Editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya
Senior Art Editor Anjana Nair
A tant Editor |ra Pundeer
Project Art Editor Neha Sharma
Art Editor Akanksha Gupta, Namita
ES ce eae)
Assistant Art Editors Meenal Goel, Priyansha Tuli
Managing Editor Pakshalika Jayaprakash
Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra Origins 12
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Chronology 14
Senior DTP Designer Sachin Singh, Vishal Bhatia
DTP Designers Syed Md Farhan
Color 16
Picture Researcher Surya Sankash Sarangi Proportion 18
Smithsonian Enterprises
President Christopher A. Liedel
Shape and Form 20
Senior Vice President Carol LeBlanc Pattern and Texture 22
Vice President Brigid Ferraro
Licensing Manager Ellen Nanney

24
Key Accounts Mar Chery! Stepanek
Product Development Manager Kealy Gordon
ARTS & CRAFTS
1850-1920
This American Edition, 2021
First American Edition, 2015
Published in the United States by DK Publishing
1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 Sa

Copyright © 2015, 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited

DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC Introduction 26
21 22 23 24 25 10987654321
001-316696-March/2021 The Age of Revivals 28
All rights reserved
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be
Glass and Iron 30
reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any
means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written
William Morris 32
permission of both the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Handcrafted Furniture 34
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Gustav Stickley 36
ISBN 978-1-4654-9137-4
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions,
The Aesthetic Movement 38
premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018
Aesthetic Movement Furniture 40
SpecialSales@[Link]
Japonisme 42
Printed and bound in China
Thonet 44
For the curious Evolution of Chairs 46
[Link]
Art Pottery 48
Rookwood 50
This book was made with Forest Stewardship
MIX Council ™ certified paper—one small step in Evolution of Bicycles 52
Paper from ,
responsible sources | DK'S commitment to a sustainable future.
ha Fsc™ C018179 | For more information go to
Metal Tableware 54
[Link]/our-green-pledge
Silver Footed Bowl 56
Wop r)
A

Metal Homeware ART DECC

Christopher Dresser
Fabric and Wallpaper
1919-1940
I ePTFEGOS
SESE aes SES

Liberty
Introduction
Functional Furniture
ART NOUVEAU Luxurious Contours
Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann
1880-1910 Bold Ceramics
Introduction Clarice Cliff
Curved Furniture Domestic Metalware
Louis Majorelle Georg Jensen
Secessionist Furniture Streamlining
Antoni Gaudi Evolution of Trains
Baltic Pearl Deco Dome
Charles Rennie Mackintosh Product Design
Colorful Ceramics Early Plastic Pieces
Sinuous Metalware Elegant Timepieces
WMF Evolution of Clocks
Art Nouveau Jewelry Ekco Radio AD-65
Josef Hoffmann Machine-Age Products
Guardian Angels Lincoln-Zephyr
Decorated Vases Opulent Gems 148
Table Lamp Statement Glassware 150
Electric Lighting René Jules Lalique 152
Evolution of Lighting 100 Art Deco Lighting 154
Louis Comfort Tiffany 102 Words and Images 156
Furnishing Fabrics 104 Shanghai 158
Art Nouveau Posters 106 Artists’ Fabrics 160
Evolution of Cameras 108 All That Glitters 162
Mant
MODERNISM
104
Holistic Hotel 220
Charles and Ray Eames eee
1910-193 Molded Furniture 224
Restrained Ceramics 226
Introduction 166 Domestic Metalware 228
The Bauhaus 168 Lucienne Day 230
Tubular Metal Furniture 170
Plastics 232
New Forms 172
Domestic Appliances 234
Marcel Breuer 174
Evolution of Vacuum Cleaners 236
Barcelona Chair 176
Dieter Rams 238
Charlotte Perriand 178
Postwar Homewares 240
Modern Living 180
Decorative Glassware 242
Frank Lloyd Wright 182
Model 5380 Oriente Vase 244
Early Modernist Ceramics 184
Scandinavian Glass 246
Eileen Gray 186
Desert Heat 248
Geometric Metalware 188
Sculptural Lighting 250
Peter Behrens 190
Midcentury Posters 252
Pure and Plain Glass 192
Helvetica 254
Alvar Aalto 194
Evolution of Cars 256
Modernist Product Design 196
Evolution of Audio 198
Modernist Graphics
Penguin Paperback Covers
Constructivist Graphics
200
202
204
CULTURAL REVOLUTION
1960-1979
LE AUS (oS SPENSER TAI
208
De

Evolution of Writing Machines 206

Introduction 260
Concrete Curves 262
MIDCENTURY MODERN oDe 8 Evolution of Televisions 264
1940-1959 Experimental Furniture 266
Innovative Furniture 268
Introduction 210 Verner Panton 270
Festival of Britain Ze Herman Miller 272
Soft Modernism 214 Platner Coffee Table 274
Scandinavian Style 216 Habitat 276
Scandinavia and Italy 218 Cathedral of Light 278
Vitra 280 Ron Arad
Inventive Ceramics 282 Tangled Angles
Sleek Metalware 284 Studio Glass
Achille Castiglioni 286 Orrefors
Artistic Glass 288 European Glass
Radical Lighting 290 Northern Lighting
Flos 292 Postmodern Lighting
Dalilios Sofa 294 Tide Chandelier
Kartell 296 Muji
Audio-Visual Technology 298 Plastic Homewares
Home and Office 300 Philippe Starck
Kenneth Grange 302 James Dyson
Psychedelic Posters 304 Product Design
Exhibition Poster 306 Jonathan lve
Evolution of Guitars 308 Postmodern Posters
Advertising and Signs 310 Thomas Heatherwick
Bright Textiles 312 New Technology
Evolution of Telephones
Fluidity of Form
POSTMODERN &

Broke
CONTEMPORARY Glossary
Designers A-Z
1980s onward
Pee SESE index
Acknowledgments
Introduction 316
Ettore Sottsass 318
Postmodern Furniture 320
IKEA 322
Experimental Furniture 324
Knoll 326
The Spread of Postmodernism 328
Marc Newson 330 € Smithsonian
Office Equipment and Computers 332 Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum and research complex—includes
19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The Smithsonian is a renowned
The Art of Ceramics 334 research center, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship
in the arts, sciences, and history.
Experimental Metalware 336
Industry,
invading like
a river that rolls
(o its destiny.
brings us
new tools.
Le Corbusier
Man loves
everything
that satisfies
his comfort.
Adolf Loos
Furniture designer
WHAT IS
DESIGN?
Design |S an attitude.
ROGER TALLON, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNER
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
complete alphabetical index, preceded by the errata of the two first
volumes, terminates this second instalment.
Before bringing to a close this very imperfect notice we must mention a
brochure recently published containing, first, an article by M. Courajod on a
marble bust of Beatrice d’Este, preserved at the museum of the Louvre, and
which, if not the work of Leonardo da Vinci, was certainly executed by one
of his pupils; secondly, an essay by M. Ravaisson-Mollien on the great
artist’s botanical knowledge, together with a letter of M. Fillon treating of
the same subject.
Let us, in conclusion, pay a just tribute of praise to the liberality with
which M. Quantin, the publisher, has facilitated the production of this
splendid monument raised to the memory of Leonardo da Vinci.
In English Etchings, Part xl. (D. Bogue, 3, St. Martin’s-place), we have
another of those beautifully executed “bits” of “Old London” which are
worth preserving, before they are swept away to make room for
“improvements.” The spot represented is that portion of Lower Thames-
street opposite Billingsgate. The church of St. Magnus, close by London-
bridge, forms the centre of the picture. This is one of Wren’s churches, and
was built in 1676, the old church, which was founded at the beginning of
the fourteenth century, having been destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The
etching is the work of Mr. Frank J. Short, and is most effective in its
treatment.
Obituary Memoirs.
“Emori nolo; sed me esse mortuum nihil æstimo.”—Epicharmus.
Mr. Thomas W. Lidderdale, for over thirty years an officer of the
British Museum, and latterly a first-class assistant in the Printed Book
Department, died suddenly in the Strand, on September 4, when returning
home from his ordinary duties. Mr. Lidderdale was a scholar of rare
attainments in Scandinavian literature, and particularly in the more
contracted sphere of Icelandic bibliography.
The death is recorded of M. Stanislas Guyard, a distinguished Semitic
scholar. At the end of last year he was appointed Professor of Arabic at the
Collége de France, in succession to the late M. Defrémery. His publications
on the language and literature of the Arabs have been numerous; but to
English readers it will be enough to point out his great article on “The
Eastern Caliphate,” in the sixteenth volume of the new edition of the
“Encyclopædia Britannica.” His interests, says the Academy, were by no
means confined to Arabic. He had recently taken up with ardour the study
of Assyrian. He shares with Professor Sayce the credit of finding the
interpretation of the mysterious inscriptions of Van; and, to the
astonishment of English students, he declared himself a convert to the
theory of M. Halévy—that the so-called “Accadian” of the cuneiform
tablets is no language at all, but only a secret mode of writing Assyrian. M.
Guyard was assistant secretary and librarian of the Société Asiatique, and
one of the four editors of the Revue Critique. He died by his own hand at
Paris, in his forty-first year.
Mr. E. A. Roy, Assistant-Keeper of the Printed Books in the Library of
the British Museum, died on August 14, aged 64. Mr. Roy had been
employed at the British Museum since 1841, and was appointed by Mr.
Winter Jones, the Principal Librarian, in 1871, to the post of Assistant-
Keeper of Printed Books, a post then specially created for an officer
charged with the superintendence and acceleration of the progress of the
catalogue of books and final revision of the titles.
Mr. Henry G. Bohn, F.S.A., the oldest bookseller and publisher, and
himself the author of sundry “Handbooks” of London, of Games, &c., died
at the age of 88, at Twickenham, on the 22nd August. He first brought his
name into notice by his “Guinea Catalogue of old English Books,” which he
printed in 1841; to our readers he will be best known by his “Historical”
and “Antiquarian” Libraries.
The death is announced of Mr. James Napier, of Stonehaven, author of
two local historical works, entitled “Stonehaven and its Historical
Associations,” and “The Honours of Scotland,” the latter being an account
of the preservation of the Scottish regalia when Dunottar Castle was
besieged by the army of the Commonwealth in 1651.
Meetings of Learned Societies.
METROPOLITAN.
The British Archæological Association.
The forty-first annual congress of this Association commenced at Tenby, on
Tuesday, September 2, the Bishop of St. David’s presiding. The reception of
the members, by the Mayor and Corporation of Tenby, took place at the
Town-hall, where the maces and regalia of Tenby, Pembroke, and
Haverfordwest, which were exhibited, were made the subject of some
observations by Mr. George Lambert, F.S.A., who said that the last two
were of the reign of Charles I., while those of Tenby were later. All three, he
said, were in poor condition. The Bishop then delivered his inaugural
address, in the course of which he expressed his belief that since he took
part in a meeting of the Cambrian Archæological Society at Tenby some
twenty years ago antiquarian research had begun to take rank as a science,
having ceased to content itself with collecting dry facts and having begun to
systematise them in an orderly manner. He drew attention to the character
of the county which they were about to visit, which, though it might be
somewhat poor in its churches, was so rich in castles that it might almost be
styled their paradise. These castles were well worthy of attention, for even
in their ruins they served to illustrate history, showing, as they did, that the
feudal nobles who inhabited them were almost princes in their
independence, like those of the northern borderland, and for the same
reason—namely, their great distance from the central seat of royal authority.
He ended his address by some excellent remarks on the five leading eras to
which the antiquities of Pembrokeshire might be referred—the pre-historic,
the Roman, the Anglo-Saxon, the mediæval, and the post-Reformation
periods respectively; adding, at the same time, some remarks upon his own
cathedral of St. David and its surroundings, its peculiar grandeur and charm
of grace, instancing it and Bishop Gower’s Palace close by as the finest
specimens of mediæval architecture, ecclesiastical and domestic, to be seen
in the Principality.
The rest of the afternoon was spent by the members of the congress in
the inspection of the various objects of antiquarian interest in which the
town abounds, notably its ancient walls, which, if they are not so strong or
so ancient as those of York, are of a good and original type. They are fairly
perfect on the western and northern sides of the town, and probably were
never built on the east and south sides, where the cliffs, rising abruptly out
of the sea, were a sufficient protection. The leading features of these
fortifications were explained by Mr. Edward Laws, a local antiquary, who
has acted as local secretary to the present congress, and has the antiquities
of Tenby at his fingers’ ends. The company also inspected several arched
vaults, Gothic windows, ornamental chimneys, and other architectural
details in various houses in the town. They also visited the local museum,
where the civic charters of Tenby and other curious specimens of
antiquarian lore were on view. These found an expounder in Mr. Walter De
Gray Birch, of the British Museum, who pronounced them far above the
average in interest, though not in good preservation. At the church the party
were met by the rector, the Rev. G. Huntington, who pointed out to them a
number of fine effigies and other monuments, especially the curiously
sculptured alabaster memorial to John and Thomas White, enterprising and
opulent merchants of the town, one of whom was of great service to Henry
VII., when he was only Earl of Richmond, in enabling him to make his
escape by sea to France—a service for which he was afterwards rewarded
by a Royal grant of land. Amongst the other tombs that were inspected was
that of William Risam (A.D. 1633), in the attitude of prayer; that of Walter
Vaughan, of Dunraven, a noted wrecker; and, perhaps the most interesting
of all, a marble effigy of a skeleton in a recess in the wall near the north
door—probably erected by a priest as a memento mori. The curious figures
supporting the roof of the chancel, the ogee arch over the western doorway,
the old aumbries, the fine wooden roof, and entrance to the rood-screen,
were all much admired, as were also the remains of a Carmelite priory
adjacent to the west end of the fabric. These were commented on by the
Rector and by Mr. Loftus Brock, who gave good reasons for believing that
the church was erected in detail at various dates, as the necessity for
enlargement arose, and stated that St. Mary’s, Tenby, was not only one of
the finest of Pembrokeshire churches, but also a very excellent example of
what a town church ought to be. Before leaving the church the Bishop
moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Brock for his valuable and most suggestive
paper. The day’s proceedings were brought to a close by a dinner at the
Temperance Hall, at which nearly a hundred sat down.
On Wednesday, at Brownslade, their first halting-place, through the
kindness of the Hon. Colonel Lambton, a raised tumulus, which had long
been suspected to be a barrow, was opened, and at a distance of little more
than 2 ft. below the turf a variety of human bones were brought to light,
and, amongst others, the skeleton of a very tall man, which was laid bare
before the eyes of the assembled congress, the rough stones which had
covered the bones being carefully removed. As the body lay exactly east
and west, it was surmised that it must be that of a Christian; and, if so, then
it clearly must be of post-Roman date. This supposition was confirmed by
the discovery of some crosses and other emblems of Christianity being
found among the bones in the neighbouring graves, which were grouped
thickly around. In some of these the bones were thrown in apparently at
random, and others were found in a crawling posture, so that in all
probability the cemetery had been used for heathen interments before the
Christians made use of it. At a short distance to the north were seen the
débris of what was thought, from its orientation, to have been a chapel or
church, though the masonry showed marks of Roman mortar and
handiwork. Between the church and the above-mentioned tumulus the
surface of the ground is very uneven, rising every here and there into
hillocks, and it was thought probable that further excavations, if carried out,
would probably reveal here the existence of an early British village. At
Brownslade Mr. E. Laws and Mr. Loftus Brock and the Dean of St. David’s
acted as interpreters and guides. The dean also accompanied the party to the
next halting-place, the church of Castle Martin, a miniature reproduction in
some respects of St. David’s Cathedral. Here the dean drew the attention of
the congress to the south porch, in which were the remains of what certainly
looks like a rood-loft, though why a rood-loft should be introduced into a
porch it is not easy to determine. The Norman font, the tall slim tower, and
other features of the church were much admired. The visitors also inspected
the old vicarage, adjoining the church, now inhabited as a cottage. In it they
saw a pillar of apparently Norman date, and having on its capital grotesque
sculptures.
Afterwards the party drove on, under the guidance of Mr. E. Scott, to
Angle, or Nangle, a village prettily situated on an arm of Milford Haven,
and famous as having been once the home of Giraldus Cambrensis. Here
they were shown the remains of a curiously fortified rectory-house (not
unlike one of the smaller “Peel” castles of the northern border counties),
consisting of a tower with Gothic windows, and elegantly adorned with
carvings. Close by it is a round dovecote, probably coeval with the rectory,
and dating from the Edwardian era. They also inspected a little detached
mortuary chapel, with a crypt below, which stands in the churchyard a little
to the north of the sacred edifice. On their way thence to Ross-Crowther the
party visited a curious cromlech on Newton Burrows. At Ross-Crowther
itself they were received by the rector, the Rev. Mr. Scott, who entertained
the whole party at tea in his garden. He also showed them a curiously
engraved stone (possibly of Roman origin) which is worked into the wall at
the entrance of the churchyard, and a fine stone cross in the churchyard,
remarkable as still having a perfect cavity in which money was dropped as
offerings to the preacher. The altar slab, the low-browed arches, the font,
and other portions of the church were much admired, as also was the
“sanctus” bell, which still hangs outside the roof at the eastern end of the
nave.
The party walked across the fields from the rectory in order to visit the
fortified manor-house of Jestington, or Eastington, one of the most singular
structures in this part of Wales. It is remarkable for its external staircase of
stone, and for the curious patterns in which its stone floor is laid down.
From Eastington the drive was made on the return journey to Pembroke,
whence the members of the Congress were conveyed by train to Tenby.
Owing to the late hour of their return only one paper was read at the
evening meeting—namely, by Mr. Arthur Cope, upon the subject of “Little
England beyond Wales.” The reading of this paper was followed by an
animated discussion, in which Mr. G. Lambert, Mr. E. Loftus Brock, and
other gentlemen took part.
Thursday was devoted to a long drive by carriages to Manorbeer Castle
and Lamphey Palace. On their way to the former they paid a visit to
Lydsted, a quaint little place on the coast, where their attention was
attracted by some curious ancient specimens of domestic architecture. At
Manorbeer Mr. E. Loftus Brock explained all the details of this most
interesting structure, more remarkable for its picturesque position at the
head of an inland bay than for its strength, as it is commanded on almost
every side by hills which would place it at the mercy of heavy cannon. The
castle is approached by a drawbridge, which spans a moat now dry.
Crossing this and passing through the fortified entrance gateway, the visitor
finds himself in the outer bailey, with the windows of the chapel, the hall,
the kitchen, and the other domestic offices facing him. His attention cannot
fail to be arrested by the external stone staircases which lead up to these
rooms. Between the hall and the chapel is a large apartment, which
probably was used as a drawing-room. Here, as in the chapel, the vaulting
of the roof remains, as also do the chimneys in the hall; the dais also can be
traced, and the stairs leading up from the kitchen are nearly perfect. Much
has been done of late years to show the proportions of the chapel by
removing the bricks and plaster with which its chancel windows were
blocked up. The walls are almost entire, and so are the ramparts which run
round them internally, thus placing both ends of the castle in immediate
communication with each other, and both with the centre—an arrangement
very useful in the time of constant wars and forays. Mr. Brock was able to
show that the walls were of different date, the original Norman walls having
been raised, apparently twice, in order to secure additional defence. Some
controversy arose at the end of Mr. Brock’s remarks as to the meaning of
the latter portion of the word “manorbeer,” and Sir James Picton, suggested
that as the castle was under the Edwards the property of the family of Barry,
or Berry, of which Giraldus Cambrensis was a member, it might mean the
manor house of the Berrys; but this was negatived by the Vicar, the Rev. A.
H. Wratislaw, who stated that in old college documents there was no
reference to the Barry family, and that there is still in the parish a farm
termed Beer, to which possibly the lands now covered by the castle
belonged. On leaving the castle the party proceeded to the church, which
stands on a lofty eminence looking down upon the castle and the sea. The
many singular points in its structure, its utter irregularity of plan, the
strange, heavy arches on either side of its nave, the large rood-loft in the
north aisle, and the equally large “hagioscope” in the south aisle, and the
knightly figure in armour on the north side of the communion rails, were all
in turn commented upon by the Rev. Mr. Wratislaw in an address which he
delivered in the nave. The party next hastily inspected the ruins of the old
priory and the old rectory house adjoining the church on the south, and then
proceeded on foot along the edge of the cliffs to see a cromlech, which is
famous throughout the neighbourhood. It much resembles those seen in
Cornwall, consisting of two short upright stones, supporting another flat
stone of larger size. This was probably used for the purposes of sepulture in
prehistoric times. Returning to the village the party took their luncheon in
the schoolroom, which was placed at their disposal by the Vicar. After this
they drove on in their brakes and waggonettes to Hodgeston, where they
inspected the church, and duly admired the richly-carved sedilia, piscina,
and decorated chancel, for which it is famous among Pembrokeshire
churches. From Hodgeston their route led them to Lamphey, one of several
palaces once belonging to the see of St. David’s, though separated from it
by Henry VIII. at the Reformation, and since allowed to go to ruin by the
Devereuxes, to whom it was first granted, and by subsequent owners down
to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, to whom it now belongs. The old hall,
with its long and fine arcade of windows—an emulation, or rather a
reproduction on a smaller scale, of Bishop Gower’s Palace of St. David’s—
and the chapel, with its elegant east window, were both much admired, and
great regret was expressed at the ruin caused by courtiers to sacred
buildings which the ancient Church did its best to preserve. From Lamphey
the return journey was made along the ridgway to Tenby, but in their way
back the archæologists paid a short and hasty visit to Penally Abbey, only a
small portion of which—namely, St. David’s Chapel—now remains. It
stands in private grounds, and the chapel is now a fernery, of which the
gardener is very proud. The church, which is small, and has lately been
renovated and adorned with painted windows, was much admired, and so
were the crosses in the churchyard. The party reached Tenby between seven
and eight o’clock, and at the evening meeting papers were read by Sir
James Picton on “Place Names and their Teachings, especially with
reference to Pembrokeshire,” and by Mr. Edward Laws on “The Local
Ethnology of the District.” The former paper gave rise to a long and
interesting discussion.
On Friday the archæologists had a long and pleasant day. Reaching
Pembroke by special train soon after ten o’clock, they found their carriages
ready to convey them to the Stack Rocks and to Stackpole Court, Lord
Cawdor’s noble seat, near the southern coast of Pembrokeshire. They
reached the cliffs in good time, and saw them in their entire stretch from
Linney Head to St. Govan’s Head, and were shown in turn the Caldrons,
Bullslaughter Bay, the Hunter’s Leap, and the other points which are so
familiar to tourists in these parts. The sea was quite calm, and the sky was
bright, so that the party were specially favoured in point of weather. They
were most pleased, however, with St. Govan’s Chapel, which is situated
about half-way down the cliffs in a narrow gorge, which it almost entirely
blocked up. Here it is said that St. Govan was miraculously brought, and
still more miraculously preserved from his enemies, and here he spent many
years in fasting and prayer. The rooms which served as his dwelling and his
oratory are partly hewn out of the solid rock, and partly built into it and on
it. The window is primitive in its simplicity, and the roof with its little bell
turret above is all that shows us now that it was a chapel once. Close by it
and almost forming part of it is a rock, in which there is a hollow cavity just
large enough for a person to stand in it; and there is a firm and fixed belief
in the neighbourhood that whoever, whilst inside of it, makes a wish,
turning himself or herself, as the case may be, round three times, will see
that wish gratified within the next twelvemonth. From St. Govan’s Head the
party passed along the cliff, inspecting very briefly a Danish encampment
which occupies one of the bold headlands close by. In their way from St.
Govan’s to Stackpole the archæologists paid a visit to Bosherston Church,
where the tall tapering tower and the interior monuments, including two
recumbent figures, a knight and a lady in stone, under noble canopies, were
much admired. The church in other respects scarcely differs from the
ordinary type so common all over the southern portion of Pembrokeshire.
From Bosherston they drove on to Stackpole Court, the seat of Lord
Cawdor, where they were not sorry to find luncheon awaiting them. Some
of the party were content to inspect the state rooms of this lordly mansion,
and to admire the family portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Romney, and Sir
Thomas Lawrence, and the stands of arms which were used by the late Lord
Cawdor’s regiment of militia in repelling the descent of the French troops at
Fishguard, or taken from their prisoners. Meantime the more adventurous
portion of the party walked across the park, under the guidance of Colonel
and Lady Victoria Lambton, to inspect the site of a supposed pre-historic
British village on the high ground about half-way between the Court and
the sea cliffs. The remains are very irregular in plan, and from what is seen
above ground it is difficult to make out their use, for they are scarcely
strong enough to support roofs, and so could hardly serve for the purpose of
domestic life. It was thought by some of those present that they were
intended as places of safety for their oxen and flocks, and that the sites of
their dwellings were a little further towards the sea. The subject, however, is
reserved for future discussion, as soon as some further excavations can be
made by Lord Cawdor, Colonel Lambton, and Mr. E. Laws. The large
quantities of bones, burnt and calcined, of flints cut for arrow-heads, &c.,
found just under the turf led the archæologists to believe that further
excavations would probably be found productive of satisfactory results; and
one thing was regarded as certain—namely, that in very distant ages these
bleak and barren sea-cliffs bristled with a native population. In returning
through the park the party were shown some specimens of a breed of white
cattle which are said to have been here from the Danish and British times,
not unlike those at Chillingham Castle, in Northumberland, but smaller and
not so fierce. The return drive was accomplished in good time to Pembroke,
the party being able en route just to take a hasty glance at Cheriton Church,
which has been lately restored by Lord Cawdor, and is remarkable for the
noble monuments, under sculptured canopies, which it contains. They much
admired the monument of Sir Elias de Stackpole, who took the cross and
went off to Palestine, being led thereto by the preaching of Archbishop
Baldwin; and also an ivy-crowned stone cross, which stands in the
churchyard, apparently unmutilated. The papers read at the evening meeting
in the Town-hall, Tenby, were two—the first by Mr. Thomas Morgan on
“The Plantagenets,” and the other on “The Flemings in England and their
Architecture,” by the Rev. Osborn Allen. The latter was followed by a long
and interesting discussion.
On Saturday morning, in spite of the wetness of the day, about sixty of
the members of the Congress started in carriages for Gumfreston and St.
Florence, en route for Carew and Upton Castles. Arrived at Gumfreston,
they were received at the church by the Rector and by Mr. Edward Laws,
who had acted throughout as local secretary and cicerone. Here Mr. Charles
Lynam read a paper upon the structural peculiarities and historical
associations of the church, for which he received a special vote of thanks.
The sanctus bell, the piscina, and the baptistery were much admired. From
Gumfreston the party drove through drenching showers of rain to St.
Florence, where they minutely inspected the church, which, like its
neighbour they had just left, is an excellent specimen of the usual
Pembrokeshire church, with heavy walls and stone roof, and low depressed
arches of early date in the chancel and transepts. The vicar, the Rev. Eric
Rudd, here showed to the party the remains of a holy water stoup and of a
stone cross which had not long since been unearthed in the immediate
neighbourhood. Mr. Brock also made some remarks upon the fabric, and the
parties inspected the remains of an old Flemish house close by. From St.
Florence they drove on to Carew Castle, which was the principal attraction
in the day’s programme. Less in size than, and not equal in situation to,
Manorbeer, Carew Castle—which, by the way, is generally styled Carey in
Pembrokeshire—is not inferior to it in historic interest. It was the original
fortress of the ancient Princes of Wales when they were independent of the
British Crown, and, as the home of the earlier of the Tudors, it holds a high
rank among the historic castles of the Principality. It passed, by the
marriage of an heiress, to one of the Geralds or FitzGeralds, who was
castellan of Pembroke Castle, and it is famed in comparatively recent times
as having been the place where one of the Welsh lords, Sir Rhys ap
Thomas, received Henry of Richmond when he landed in these parts on his
way to win the battle of Bosworth Field. Here, therefore, the party were
glad to lunch, being hospitably entertained, by the courtesy of Mr. Charles
Allen, in the ruined and windowless, but, happily, not roofless chapel. The
outlines of Carew Castle are so familiar to the Cambrian traveller that we
need not attempt to describe them in detail; sufficient to say that it stands at
the extreme end of one of the many “tentacles” of Milford Haven, which
washes the bases of its northern and western towers. The great “Edwardian”
banqueting hall, with its fine flight of stone steps externally, still frowns
down upon the visitor in the quadrangle, reminding him of many details of
Ludlow and Berry Pomeroy. On his right are the remains, roofless, of the
state apartments, very magnificent in their decay, not unlike those of
Kenilworth. Of the chapel but little is to be seen externally, though it is
interesting enough in its interior details. “The inner face of the western side
of the Castle Court,” writes Murray, “is the most modern of the whole, and
is said to have been built by Sir Rhys ap Thomas, in a rich form of late
Perpendicular architecture; it proclaims by its style that it was erected
during the reign of one of the Tudors. It must have been a structure of great
magnificence, though now reduced to a mere shell.” This wing was
evidently built without any view to defence, though placed in connection
with the towers at either end rising out of the water. On the whole, it is not
in so good a condition as Manorbeer, and is not so well looked after or so
tenderly “preserved.” The party inspected also, under the guidance of the
Vicar, Carew Church, and were shown the remains of a small disused
chapel, near at hand. Mr. Loftus Brock here offered a few remarks on the
details of both these interesting structures, the church having, unlike the rest
of those the party had lately visited, a Perpendicular tower. Near the Carew
Arms Hotel the party were shown an old wayside cross, the inscription on
which, in Runic characters, has long defied the efforts of scientific
inquirers. Mr. E. Laws, however, announced that it had been lately found to
be a brief record of the name of the person who erected it, and that it
belonged to a date when the Welsh were in close contact with the Irish. He
stated that the ornamentation of the cross, which is a megalith upwards of
12 ft. in height, is generally like that to be seen on the crosses in the Isle of
Man and in Ireland, in spite of some local differences of detail. In the
course of the afternoon the party, having been refreshed by their luncheon,
went on to Upton Castle, where they were received by an Oxford professor
of modern history, Mr. Henry Halford Vaughan, formerly fellow of Oriel
College. This gentleman explained to them the details of the structure, and
showed them his library. He also accompanied them to a disused church or
chapel in his grounds not far from the castle, where Colonel Bramble
showed and commented upon the effigy, in stone, of a member of the great
Pembrokeshire family of Malefort or Mallefort. At the conclusion of their
inspection of the antiquities and curiosities of Upton, the party drove across
the country, along deep shady lanes, to Pembroke, where the train was
waiting to take them back to Tenby in time for the evening meeting. On this
evening the Mayor took the chair, and a paper was read by Mr. E. Loftus
Brock, F.S.A., upon “The Historical Evidences of the Extent of the Ancient
British Church in Wales.” Mr. E. Laws said that it would be more correct to
call this Church Cwmric than British, and the discussion was continued
until a late hour.
On Sunday the members of the Congress attended Divine service at the
parish church at Tenby, where the rector, the Rev. G. Huntington, preached
before them an eloquent sermon, most appropriate to the occasion, from the
words of Jeremiah (vi. 16), “Stand ye in the old paths ... and ye shall find
rest unto your souls.”[51]
In spite of a very wet morning on Monday, the members of the congress,
to the number of nearly forty, proceeded, according to their programme, by
special train to Pembroke, where Mr. E. Laws and Mr. Loftus Brock had
promised to conduct them over the ruined fabric of the castle. Its site and
exterior appearance need scarcely be described, so well are they known to
tourists; but it may be well to say that as at Manorbeer there is no history,
because there were no events in the existence of the castle, here the castle
has a long and varied history, figuring in the early wars which ended in the
reduction of Wales under the English yoke, and also in the Great Rebellion,
when it was held for the King, and was captured by the Parliamentary
leaders, Oliver Cromwell himself having a hand in its reduction. The castle
stands on a rocky peninsula, which is formed by two creeks of Milford
Haven, which wash it on the north and west. It thus occupies a very strong
position, and though there is no actual proof of its having been occupied as
a fortress by the Romans, yet there is every probability that such was the
case. Soon after the Norman Conquest, however, it appears to have been
fortified by Walter de Montgomery, and from that time down to the early
part of the fifteenth century, when Henry VII. was born within its walls, it
had a large share in the making of Welsh history. The castle, it is needless to
add, though well fortified by nature, was still more strongly fortified by art,
and, indeed, was at one time regarded as almost impregnable. The outer
defence consisted of a double entrance, the inner one at right angles to the
former, in front of which was a drawbridge and a moat, now no longer in
existence. The first, or outer court, by far the larger of the two, was divided
from the inner court or “bailey” by a wall, which can still be traced. Near
the juncture of the two stands the Norman keep, which, unlike that of most
similar structures, is circular instead of square. It is upwards of 70 ft. in
height, and its walls at the base are nearly 17 ft. thick; it has a stone roof or
covering of a conical or dome-like shape, reminding the visitor of the tower
at the north-west angle of Windsor Castle. It is of five stages, and a stone
staircase in the wall led up to the “first floor apartments;” but, alas! the
floors are all gone. Some fine, semi-Norman windows still remain in situ. In
the lower “bailey” is the old castle well, and near it a sally-port, which
would stand the besieged in good stead in case of being reduced to their last
shift within the walls. Near the central keep are the remains of the walls of
other large apartments, but their actual use is uncertain, and the
archæologists could throw little or no light upon them. Not far to the east
are the walls of what once was a magnificent banqueting-hall, but there the
devastation wrought by the hand of time is so extensive that it is almost
impossible to decide which was the upper end of it, and where were the
servants’ seats and the entrance to the buttery and the kitchen. As for the
chapel, two chambers were shown to the members of the congress, but so
many objections were found to each that they were inclined to believe that
it could never be found except by farther excavations. The company, in
spite of the drenching rain, were able to “walk round the battlements and
tell the towers thereof,” and to inspect the entrances of the dungeons and of
the large cavity in the northern wall known as “The Wogan”—a place
which, it is thought, may have served as a second sally-port, though others
think that it was the receptacle of a second well. Before leaving the party
were shown by Mr. E. Laws some of Oliver Cromwell’s cannon-balls of
stone, which he was forced to have made on the spot in great haste in order
to carry on the siege, as his store of ammunition which he had intended to
use against the castle had been sunk by a storm in the depths of the Bristol
Channel. They were also shown the chamber in which, if the local tradition
is to be believed, Henry of Richmond, afterwards King Henry VII., was
born. Returning to the principal entrance, the party assembled in the room
above the gateway to hear from Mr. Loftus Brock a short description of the
fabric, its history and archæology; and Mr. Brock, on behalf of the
members, tendered his best thanks to Mr. Cobb and to the local committee
for the care which they have bestowed on the preservation of the fabric
from further decay. Leaving the castle the party then walked round the outer
walls by the side of the river, and so made their way across the bridge to
Monkton. Here they had before them a great treat, for they saw together,
under a single roof, the strange commixture of a parish church with a
monastic priory chapel, the latter having been added to the former by the
Benedictine monks when they were removed thither from the castle
scarcely a century after the Norman Conquest. It appears that they divided
the two structures, which appeared respectively as a nave and a chancel, by
a wall, which still remains in situ, at once separating and connecting them.
The monastic church is of the Decorated style, with an east window not
unlike one of the windows at Tintern Abbey. Close by it, and running
parallel to it on the north, is the Lady-chapel, of about the same date. These
are both now roofless, but it is hoped that the former may, ere long, be
turned to good account, and be restored so as to form a chancel to the nave,
which alone now serves as the parochial church. The chief obstacle to this is
the wall built across them at their juncture, and which is said to be “too
good to destroy and yet too bad to keep.” Possibly, as suggested by Mr.
Brock, the upper part of it might be removed, and the lower part pierced, so
as to form a sort of light screen which shall offer no impediment to the
voice. On leaving the church and chapels the party were conducted over the
scanty remains of the old monastic buildings, which are still distinctly
traceable in the field to the north. They afterwards paid a hasty visit to the
vicarage-house, which was once, they were told, the prior’s residence, and
which has every appearance of having once been fortified. In its basement
is a lofty, vaulted chamber, above which is a fine dining-hall, with its
buttery-hatch as complete as it was four centuries ago.
As soon as luncheon, of which they partook at an inn in the town, was
over, the whole party returned by special train to Tenby in time for the
concluding meeting, which was held in the Town-hall, and was presided
over by the Mayor. Here Mr. De Gray Birch read an interesting historical
paper upon the Charters of Tenby, which he showed was variously spelt
from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. He said that, as compared with
those of other towns, the Charters of Tenby were both early and curious,
and, though they were not in so bad a state as many others, they had
suffered severely from neglect and from injudicious repairs, by exposure to
damp, and by the absence of light and fresh air. Their value to the Town, he
added, was incalculable, and their loss or further decay would be equally to
be regretted. Votes of thanks were passed to the Mayor, to Mr. Edward
Laws, to the Rector of Tenby, to the readers of papers, and to the various
other gentlemen who had assisted in forwarding the interests and success of
the congress, which then broke up, so far as Tenby was concerned; the
archæologists intending to leave early on Tuesday for Haverfordwest and
St. David’s, where they would examine the cathedral and the old episcopal
palace, under the guidance of the Bishop and the Dean. An account of this
portion of the proceedings will appear in our next number.
PROVINCIAL.
Bucks Archæological Society.—On August 11, the members of the
above Society visited Buckingham, Maid’s Moreton, and Stowe House,
making the Buckingham district the point for the annual excursion. The
Vicar of Buckingham read a paper on the history of the Parish Church.
Castle House was then inspected, the residence of Major Hearn, who gave a
description of the place. The company then proceeded to Maid’s Moreton,
where the church was the object of the visit, and at which place the pages of
the parish register were searched with much interest. On the arrival at
Stowe House the Duke of Buckingham received the company, amounting to
150 visitors. After luncheon, his Grace read a paper on the history of the
place. Some interesting points in Stowe Gardens were visited, but time
would not permit of a lengthened survey of the place. The annual meeting
of the Society was afterwards held. The Society promises more animation in
future.
Cambrian Archæological Association.—The thirty-ninth annual
Congress of this Association began on Monday, August 18, at Bala, under
the presidency of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn. The report was adopted. On
Tuesday an excursion was made to Castell Carndochan, Caergai, and
Llannwchllyn Church. At the first-named place the Rev. W. Hughes, the
local secretary, read a paper in which he referred to the leading objects of
the day’s excursion. “Llannwchllyn,” he remarked, “was derived from its
position above Bala Lake: Llan-nwch-y-Llyn, ‘the church above the lake.’ ”
In early times, he said, the word “Llan” was not only applied to churches,
but it also signified the spot surrounding the church. The existence to these
days of so many Llans bearing the names of Welsh saints, such as
Llandudno, Llandewi, Llandaff, and Llandrinio, showed the independence
of the early British Church of the Church of Rome, and that she had a noble
army of saints and martyrs to boast of long before Augustine came over
from Rome, A.D. 596, to preach the Gospel to the pagan Saxon. The parish
of Llannwchllyn was one of much archæological interest, not the least point
in which was that the historical River Dee rose in it under the hill called
Duallt, and not at Pantgwn, as was sometimes supposed. Llannwchllyn
Church was dedicated to St. Duniol, and besides the cathedral of Bangor
and the parish church of Hawarden, is the only church in North Wales that
bears the name of the first Bishop of Bangor. The old church was taken
down in 1872, and was “restored” at a cost of about £17,000. Plas
Rhiwaedog, an old restored palace of Owen Tudor, the head of the six tribes
of North Wales, was visited on the way back to Bala. It is now the property
of Mr. Price of Rhiwlas, who has retained in it the old oak furniture and
some of the oak mantelpieces, on one of which is the date 1699. On the
porch is an inscription, with the date 1664. At the evening meeting, held in
the County-hall, Bala, the Rev. Canon Thomas gave a résumé of the
investigations of the day, and read a paper descriptive of Merionethshire
600 years ago. Mr. R. Pryce Jones (Ruthin) read portions of a paper giving a
history of Rhiwaedog, the palace of Owen Tudor as it has been called, in
which he traced the pedigree of the resident family from 60 B.C., when the
head was called Beli Mawr, King of the Britons, and from whom
Billingsgate was named, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, down to
Colonel Edward Evans-Lloyd of Moel-y-Garhedd, the present descendant
of the family.—Wednesday’s excursion was through the Vale of Llangollen,
where the party inspected another Roman mound, Tommen-y-Mur, near
Maentwrog-road, and then other objects between Maentwrog-road Railway-
station and Dolgelly, the route between these two places being by road. The
church at Llanelltyd, with its inscribed stone, Cymmer Abbey, and Dolgelly
Church were also visited.—The excursion on Thursday was eastward
among the Berwyn mountains, and the antiquities in the district around
Llangollen were also examined. After visiting Llantysilio Church, the
travellers reached Valle Crucis Abbey. The stone fragments have been
carefully collected and placed as nearly in their original positions as
practicable on the carefully-shaven turf which now takes the place of the
paved floor of the abbey. In the restoration of the chapter-house a curious
plan was adopted for preserving a memorial which is believed to have no
proper connection with the abbey itself. This a monumental slab on which
the vine, Maltese cross, &c., are carved, which is built into the south wall
over the central one of three recesses, and bears the following inscription:
HIC IACET TARVRVET. The rest of the inscription appears to have been broken
off with a portion of the stone in order to make it fit into the recess. This
stone had been used as a mantelpiece in a neighbouring house, but why it
was removed to its present position is unexplained. As to the foundation of
the abbey, doubt is still entertained among archæologists. Dugdale, on the
authority of Leland, ascribes it to Madoc ap Griffith Maylor, Prince of
Powys, assumably about 1200. Looking from the west front towards the
north is to be seen, a few hundred yards away in a clump of trees on a slight
mound, a broken pillar, which has been the source of much controversy.
This is Elisey’s pillar, and is evidently of the remotest antiquity, though
bearing at present a modern inscription. The wear and tear of many
centuries has almost obliterated the original inscription, but traces of letters
are still to be detected. There is evidence that the cross was certainly in
existence before the foundation of the abbey, which is spoken of as being
“near the cross.” Castell Dinas Bran, which is locally known as “Crow
Castle,” was next visited. It stands on the summit of a conical hill 600 ft.
high, and its broken walls and jagged turrets, as seen from below, form a
striking feature in the landscape. It must have been impregnable against any
attack when fortified in the days of rude warfare. Its early history is
somewhat obscure. It was in 1200 the residence of Madoc ap Griffith, the
founder of Valle Crucis, from which it is distant only two or three miles.
Madoc, it appears, became a traitor to his king, and when he afterwards
gave in his submission it was readily accepted, for the probable reason that
the Sovereign was aware of the impregnability of his castle, to which he
had retired. Llangollen Church has recently been “restored.”—The
excursion on Friday was in the direction of Corwen. Commencing at
Llangar Church, a short drive from Bala, an inscribed stone in the town was
noticed. It bore the inscription Cavoseniagii, but its interpretation is a
matter of controversy. Next came Tomen-y-Castell, another of those
mounds common in the district; in this case it appears to have been placed
as a means of defence and observation on an important part of the Roman
road leading from Caergai towards Deva (Chester). Caer Creini was next
visited—a fine stone-breasted outwork. At Rhug Chapel attention was
called to some good carving in the roof. Caer Drewyn is a large fort with
stone ramparts. Corwen Church was then reached. This is another restored
church, but here a fine effigy of a former priest is untouched. Llangan
Church, also restored, has a good screen and a portion of a pastoral staff,
ascribed to the founder, Dorfel Gadarn. Caerbont was next visited. This is
mentioned by Mr. Hartshorne as belonging to the type of forts of the dry
stone-walling period. In the evening the concluding meeting was held at the
County-hall, Bala, when the Rev. Canon Thomas read a paper on the
“Ecclesiastical History of Merionethshire.”—A small local museum of
antiquities was formed during the week at the Calvinistic Methodists’
College, Bala. It contained some numismatic specimens and a few rare
books, among them poems of Phillipe and Catherine ap Howell. A curious
almsbox was shown, so contrived that an arrangement of teeth prevents the
abstraction of coins placed therein. Some painted iron crosses, said to be
from Cymmer Abbey, were also shown, the date said to be Henry VIII., but
bearing the appearance of more modern origin.
Somerset Archæological Society.—The annual meeting of this
society took place on August 26 and two following days, in the
neighbourhood of Shepton Mallet, Lord Carlingford, as president-elect, the
Bishop of Bath and Wells, and Mr. E. A. Freeman taking part in the
proceedings. Lord Carlingford, in his inaugural address, said it was most
interesting to work their way through ages to the time when the oolite of
Doulting was converted into the Abbey of Glastonbury and the Cathedral of
Wells, and also into those humbler and charming sacred edifices which
stood around them. He greatly sympathised with an eminent architect who
at a meeting of the Archæological Institute last year said in regard to church
restoration that the good which had been done had been mixed up with an
amount of evil and destruction. The effort to bring about restoration to some
architectural style or pattern selected by the restorer had led to much useless
and mischievous change and destruction. The true word was not restoration,
but preservation, and that idea ought to be present to the mind of everyone
dealing with an ancient building. As a preventive there should be created
and fostered an historic sense, an historic feeling in these matters. He knew
no other safeguard, except that of the sense of respect and reverence and
tenderness for the work of their forefathers—the desire that not only the
years of their own lives, but the generations of men should be bound each to
each by natural ties. The members afterwards examined the parish church of
Shepton Mallet, and then proceeded to Doulting, where they inspected the
quarries, the old tithe-barn and church, and St. Aldhelm’s Well, and on the
return journey made a halt at Beacon Hill, where a mound on the summit,
crowned by a rough upright stone, was the object of considerable curiosity.
The Rev. H. M. Scarth said that such mounds were frequently found near
Roman roads. At the evening meeting the following papers were read: “The
Malet Family,” by Mr. Arthur Malet; “The Prebendary of Dinder,” by
Canon Church; and “Extracts from Wills Relating to the County of
Somerset,” by Mr. A. J. Monday.—On the second day an excursion was
made to Leigh-on-Mendip, Mells, and Kilsmersdon, the churches and other
objects of interest at each place being duly examined and commented upon.
In the evening Mr. Scarth read a paper on “Roman Cookery;” among the
other papers read were: “The Romans in Bath,” “Ham Hill,” and “The Penn
Pits.”—The concluding day was devoted to Radstock. Mr. E. Green, the
hon. secretary, read some notes which had been prepared by Mr.
McMurtrie, on the Roman road through Somerset, which in its course from
Bath to Ilchester passed through the parish of Radstock. The church, with
its Norman font and early porch, was afterwards visited; the party also
inspected the Fosse-road, here seen exactly as used and left by the Romans,
a section having been cut through, and the surface cleared.—A museum of
local antiquities, lent for the occasion, and arranged by Mr. W. Bidgood, the
honorary secretary of the society, was open during the Congress.
Wiltshire Archæological and Natural History Society.—The
members of the above Society held their annual meeting at Shaftesbury on
August 6, 7, and 8. At the afternoon meeting on the 6th, the President, Mr.
Nevil Story-Maskelyne, M.P., presented to the Hon. Secretary, Rev. A. C.
Smith, an album, enclosed in a case of woods from Syria and Egypt, in
recognition of his long-continued services to the Society; and especially in
the matter of his recent great work, “An Archæological Map of the Hundred
Square Miles around Abury.” Some historical notes on the River Thames
were followed by a paper on “Shaftesbury, or Shaston,” written some years
ago by a former rector, and now read by Rev. J. B. Wilkinson. The
foundation of the fortified abbey by Alfred; the final burial in state of
Edward the Martyr; the death of Cnut; the imprisonment of Elizabeth, wife
of Robert Bruce, here were mentioned, as also the ancient custom of the
Mayor annually visiting the wells below the town with a decked broom, a
calf’s head, loaves, &c. After the annual dinner, a conversazione was held
in the Town-hall. Canon Jackson, F.S.A., read a paper on “Cranbourne
Chace.” Its boundaries extended from Shaftesbury to Salisbury, and to
Ringwood, the forest being divided into certain “walks.” The history of the
Chace, and the various law-suits occurring from the time of John to its
disestablishment, were mentioned, and the habits of the deer-stealers, both
of high and low birth, described minutely and illustrated by contemporary
accounts, sketches, weapons, &c., from Rushmore. On Thursday the
Society visited the circular encampment called Castle Rings, on the edge of
the high land, overlooking the vale of Wardour, and close by a half-
excavated barrow, of large size, was inspected. Tisbury Church was next
visited. Here the curious low western porch, the fine roof of the nave, and
the later (restored) roofs of the aisles, the marks of the originally very low
roof of the south aisle, and the one remaining window, and the east window,
with inserted tracery, attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, were all carefully
inspected. At the rectory were exhibited several objects of interest, notably
one of the few folios of Shakespeare of 1625, and a large and beautiful cup
of silver gilt, given to Lord Boteler by Elizabeth, for his kindness to her in
her retirement. The beautiful site of (the so-called) Fonthill Abbey—that
ephemeral erection of the last century, and the splendid collection of
enamels, &c., in the mansion of Mr. A. Morrison, were enjoyed on the way
to East Knoyle, where Mr. A. Seymour had provided luncheon for the party,
and Mrs. Seymour had laid out many pieces of rare and valuable
embroideries. At Pytt House, Mr. V. F. Benett-Stanford exhibited several
autograph letters from Charles I. to his “Dear Nephew” (Rupert), found
amongst papers in the lumber room, probably preserved by Prince Rupert’s
secretary. The party then passed on to Hatch House, which has been lately
repaired. Wardour Castle was thrown open by Lord Arundel, who in person
conducted his guests round the rooms, pointing out such objects of interest
as the peculiar “Hagar and Ishmael,” by Barteli; the “Tobit,” by Gerhard
Douw; and the two full-length Reynolds’; the portrait of the lady who
defended the castle against the Parliamentary army; the so-called
Glastonbury cup—a wooden-covered flagon, carved with the twelve
apostles under round arches, probably no older than the Renaissance. A
hasty inspection of the fine ruin of the original castle brought this
expedition to a close. In the evening “Local Geology” was expounded by
the Rev. T. Perkins, who also threw open his observatory; and a paper on
“Gnostic Amulets” was read by Rev. W. F. Short, who exhibited a
considerable variety of antique seals, gems, &c. The last expedition of the
Society took them to Tollard-Royal Church. Here the ownership of arms
upon the shield of a knight was the subject of much controversy. General
Pitt-Rivers led the way to the Larmer Tree, a spot of much historic
importance as the “mere” of three parishes and two counties, and a place of
assembly from prehistoric times down to the disafforesting of Cranbourne
Chace. The museum at Farnham, made by General Pitt-Rivers for the
instruction of his agricultural neighbours, is a model of what such
collections should be in clearness of arrangement and labelling. The
General met the party at a group of barrows in Handley Wood, and
explained his excavations there; he then entertained the Society at
Rushmore Lodge; gave an interesting and well-illustrated lecture on the
various excavations of barrows, pits, and camps, which he has carried out;
and, finally, pointed out the remarkable features of the great Winklebury
Camp, with the square pit-dwelling and the neighbouring Saxon Cemetery
that he had discovered and excavated. With this the meeting closed.
Mr. Bohn has left a very complete batch of MSS. relating to the world
of letters, which will shortly see the light.
Lord Hervey’s “Memoirs of George II.,” which have become very
scarce, are about to be reprinted by Messrs. Bickers, who have purchased
the copyright. The new edition will be in three volumes.
Antiquarian News & Notes.
The Earl of Ducie is collecting materials for a history of the Spanish
Armada of 1588.
The daughters of the Dean of Westminster are engaged in writing a
handbook to the Abbey.
Mr. Austin Dobson’s new work, “Thomas Bewick and his Pupils,”
based upon his articles in the Century Magazine, is announced.
Messrs. F. Hilton Price and J. E. Price have just published the tenth
edition of their Guide to the Roman Villa near Brading, in the Isle of Wight.
The two-hundredth anniversary of Watteau’s birth will be celebrated at
Valenciennes on October 10, when a monument by Hiolle and a statue by
Carpeaux will be inaugurated.
A Fund is being raised to preserve the Saxon tower of Earl’s Barton
Church, near Northampton, under the direction of Mr. T. L. Pearson, R.A.
Mr. E. A. Freeman intends to inaugurate his professorship at Oxford
next term with a course of lectures on “The Method of Historical Study.”
He will also lecture on “Gregory of Tours.”
Dr. Phenè, F.S.A., is engaged in investigating the museums and private
collections of antiquities in Scandinavia, and also the Mounds of Norway,
and the stone monuments of Denmark and Sweden, in continuation of his
researches in Iceland and the North American continent.
The Abbot Pietro Pressutti has completed the first volume of the
“Regesta” (i.e., the letter-books) of Pope Honorius III., dating from 1216 to
1227, compiled by order of the Pope from the Codices in the Vatican
archives.
The “History of the Church of Manchester,” compiled from ancient
documents and authentic records, by the Rev. Ernest F. Letts, M.A.,
Precentor and Minor Canon, is announced for publication, by Mr. Henry
Gray, of Cathedral-yard, Manchester.
The suggestion of the Mayor of Lichfield that Dr. Johnson’s centenary
should be celebrated in December next, was anticipated by a letter from Mr.
Walford, the editor of this magazine, which was published in the Athenæum
several months ago.
An order has been made by Mr. Justice Chitty, authorising the Trustees
of the Marlborough Estates and Heirlooms to sell to the Trustees of the
National Gallery the Madonna Ansidei, by Raphael, for £70,000; and the
equestrian picture of Charles I., by Van Dyck, for £17,500. The Trustees
were also authorised to sell two pictures in the Blenheim Collection by
Rubens, namely, one of that artist and his second wife and another of that
lady and her page, for £50,000.
The extensive collection of coins and medals, and also of antiquities,
belonging to the family of the late Dr. Jacob Amiet, ex-Attorney-General of
the Swiss Confederation at Solothurn, Switzerland, is announced for sale.
The coins and medals include Greek, Roman, Swiss, French, English, and
Italian; and among the antiquities are Egyptian idols and Babylonian
cylinders; also weapons, tools, ornaments, &c., of the stone, bronze, and
iron ages; potteries and implements of earthenware, stone, and glass, &c.
Full particulars of the collection can be obtained from Mr. F. Schulthess, 16,
Cantlowes-road, Camden-square, N.W.
Lord Granville is about to erect a monument at Ebb’s Fleet, near
Pegwell Bay, in commemoration of the landing there of St. Augustine on
his mission to England in the sixth century. The memorial will consist of a
reproduction of one of the famous Saxon crosses at Sandbach, near Crewe,
and stands twelve feet in height. On the west front will be carved a
representation of the landing of Augustine, the annunciation, crucifixion,
the transfiguration, saints, early Christian martyrs, &c.
General Pitt-Rivers, as Inspector of Ancient Monuments in Great
Britain, has printed, by permission of Her Majesty’s Commissioners of
Works, his official report to them on excavations in the Pen pits, near
Penselwood, Somerset, made for the purpose of ascertaining whether any
portion of these ancient pits should be placed under the protection of the
Ancient Monuments Act. The excavations took place in October, 1883.
Catalogues of rare and curious books, all of which contain the names of
works of antiquarian interest, have reached us from Mr. William Downing,
74, New-street, Birmingham; Mr. Frank Murray, 26, Strand, Derby
(includes purchases from the Gosford Library); Mr. Andrew Iredale, 3,
Cary-place, Torquay; Messrs. Jefferies & Sons, Redcliff-street, Bristol; Mr.
William Withers, Loseby-lane, Leicester; Mr. A. B. Osborne, 11, Red Lion-
passage, W.C.; Mr. W. P. Bennett, 3, Bull-street, Birmingham; Mr. James
Aston, 49B, Lincoln’s Inn-fields; Messrs. Fawn & Son, 18, Queen’s-road,
Bristol; Mr. J. Whiteley, 2, Princess-street, Halifax, Yorkshire.
The following articles, more or less of an antiquarian character, appear
among the contents of the magazines for September: Macmillan, “The
Northumbrian Border,” and “A Genealogical Search;” English Illustrated
Magazine, “Covent Garden;” Contemporary Review, “The Purgatorio of
Dante;” Art Journal, “Preservation of the Monuments of Cairo,” “The Port
of Leith,” and “Delft Ware;” Fortnightly Review, “Sport and Travel in
Norway; “ Magazine of Art, “A Cartoon by Leonardo,” “Strand and Mall,”
“Head-gear in the Fifteenth Century,” “Menzel and Frederick the Great;”
“The Inns of Chancery,” by Rev. W. J. Loftie, and “Old Church Plate,” by
Rev. H. Whitehead; Century Magazine, “From Coventry to Chester;” St.
Nicholas Magazine, “The Queen’s Museum.”
Mr. J. T. Wood, writing from Blenheim House, Brighton, draws
attention to the marbles from the Temple of Diana at Ephesus which are
now arranged in what is designated “The Ephesian Gallery” at the British
Museum. He does so with the hope that the sight of these interesting relics
of the temple will induce some of those who can well afford it to subscribe
to the fund for the completion of the excavations on the site of the temple,
which his committee wish to renew in the course of the month of October
under his direction. By completing these excavations Mr. Wood hopes to
secure for the British Museum treasures of Greek art equal in value and
interest to those which are already in our possession.
The works in connection with Peterborough Cathedral are progressing
rapidly. An oblong underground chamber—not a tomb—has recently been
discovered. It has sides of stone and lime, a floor of stone flags, and a roof
formed of the floor of the cathedral itself. This chamber measures 6 ft. 3 in.
in length, by 4 ft. in width, and has a depth of 6 ft. A curved range of steps
of about two yards in extent, and hitherto quite concealed, leads down to an
entrance on the flank side of the cavity. The chamber was filled with lumber
of all descriptions, including fragments of the famous choir screen which
fell a prey to Cromwell’s zealots, scraps of leathern work, iron, steel, half
charred wood, and a quantity of bones. Its original use is uncertain.
Antiquarian Correspondence.
Sin scire labores,
Quære, age: quærenti pagina nostra patet.

All communications must be accompanied by the name and address of the

sender, not necessarily for publication.
THE JOHNSON CENTENARY.
Sir,—I desire to place before the public generally, and my fellow-
citizens in particular, the question of the forthcoming Centenary of the
death of Dr. Johnson. I feel that I am not called upon to enter into the details
of the life of the great lexicographer, nor need I refer to the influence he
exercised in so many and various ways over the literature of his country.
The question with which I, as Mayor, have to deal is—Whether the
Centenary of his death, which happens in December next, shall be
observed; and, if so, what shall be the character of such demonstration?
From time to time various schemes have been advocated, but it seems to me
that, after the numerous appeals for funds lately made in every direction, it
is not advisable to undertake any responsibility calculated to entail a large
financial risk. At the same time, without in any way attempting to indicate
the direction of such a celebration, and, indeed, without expressing a
personal opinion in the matter, I deem it a duty to thus publicly invite
expressions of opinion. We have somewhat over two months before us—
sufficient time, I think, if desired, to arrange a moderate programme. I
therefore invite all who feel interested to communicate by letter with me on
the following points:—
1. Is it desirable to observe the Centenary of Dr. Johnson’s death?
2. If so, what form shall such observance take?
3. If arrangements are made for some observance of it, in what way are
they likely or willing to aid it?
I must ask that all replies and offers of assistance shall be sent to me as
early as possible, marked outside “Dr. Johnson’s Centenary.” If they are of
such a nature as to indicate the prospect of a thoroughly successful
observance, I will at once convene a meeting of those favourable to the
project, and do what I can, privately and officially, to secure its success. If,
on the other hand, the replies indicate a reasonable doubt as to the success
or desirability of the undertaking, I shall (after consultation with others
interested in the matter) feel myself at liberty to abandon the proposed
movement. I therefore wish it to be understood that the celebration, if any,
will be set on foot at the desire of those who by replying to this
communication express themselves in favour of it. I think this is the better
way to deal with the subject; at all events it will relieve me, as Mayor, of
personal responsibility should the attempt to secure some notice of the
death of our chief citizen fail for want of the requisite enthusiasm. I would
press on everyone really interested to give me the assistance of their
opinion and advice by the date indicated.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
Thomas H. Hunt, Mayor of Lichfield.
Lichfield Close, September 17.
PORTS AND CHESTERS.
Sir,—Your readers may have observed, and with some amusement, that
the simultaneous assault on my position by Dr. Pring and Mr. Hall, in your
last issue, has ended in the somewhat untoward result of their discovering
that they are themselves hopelessly at issue on the fundamental point of all!
Dr. Pring persists that the “port” in “port-reeve” is derived from the Latin
porta, a city gate (p. 114): Mr. Hall asserts with equal confidence that it
comes “by transition from the Latin portus,” a haven (p. 149). Dr. Pring
appeals to “the learned Professor Stubbs” (p. 114), but “seems” (to adopt
his own expression) “to have found it convenient to ignore” that I have
shown Dr. Stubbs’ rendering of the passage from the Laws of Athelstan to
be simply destructive of his own. I repeat, that when Dr. Pring renders it
“outside the port or gate” (p. 115), the words “or gate” are, and should be
distinguished as, a mere gloss of his own, and must not, therefore, be
appealed to by him as evidence. My own quotation: “Newport Gate,” in
Lincoln (p. 115), is no gloss of my own at all, but a verbatim copy. Dr.
Pring must indeed be hard up if he falls back on the Latinisation of East
Gate as portam de East Gatâ (temp. Henry I.), since by the mediæval
scribe, as by the modern schoolboy, a gate would be rightly styled in Latin a
porta (“East gate” being suffixed as a proper name for the sake of
distinction). What conceivable bearing has this on the use of the term “port”
(for a market town) in Anglo-Saxon times? Yet such is the disingenuous
argument of my critic, who proclaims that I “must surely have overlooked
these and similar instances”! And if he had done me the honour to read my
paper with common care, he would have seen that I carefully distinguish the
“port” of proper names, such as “Newport Gate,” from the “port” in “port-
reeve.” This destroys his criticism.
When Dr. Pring appealed to Dr. Stubbs, as laying down that “port” was
derived from “porta,” because the gate was the place where the markets
were held, I proved by demonstration that the markets were not held at the
gate, but in the heart of the town, and that consequently the argument
breaks down. What does Dr. Pring do? He ridicules this disproof of the very
argument he had appealed to as “scarcely necessary” (p. 116), and as based
on “a well-known fact”! Verily, we have here, to quote his own words, a
“unique and somewhat anomalous specimen of argument.”
Dr. Pring’s arguments could similarly be rebutted at every point, but lest
I weary the patience of your readers, it will probably be sufficient if I invite
them to observe that on the one hand, Dr. Pring, deriving “port” from porta,
declares the process by which a town came to be called a gate, so “easy and
obvious” (p. 114), that he need not (i.e., cannot) explain it; while, on the
other, Mr. Hall, deriving port from portus, is equally confident that an
inland town would, in the natural course of things, be known as a sea-port
(portus)! When Dr. Pring has converted Mr. Hall, or Mr. Hall has converted
Dr. Pring, it will then, and not before, be time for them to think of uniting
their forces in a combined attack on my own theory, which sees in the
Anglo-Saxon “port,” as found in “port-reeve,” &c., a word with a
denotation different from that either of portus or of porta. At present it
remains, unimpugned, as the only rational and consistent theory. It will,
doubtless, like all original theories, be viewed at first with suspicion and
dislike, but I hope, in time, to have it cast at me, more Pringensi, by those
who do so, that it is “scarcely necessary” to prove it, as it is to all “a well-
known fact.”
J. H. Round.
Colchester.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
The Editor declines to pledge himself for the safety or return of MSS.
voluntarily tendered to him by strangers.
Books Received.
1. The Old Registers of St. John Baptist, Peterborough. By Rev. W. D.
Sweeting, M.A. Peterborough: G. C. Caster. 1884.
2. The Hull Quarterly. Parts i.—iii. Hull: A. Brown & Sons. 1884.
3. A Guide to the Roman Villa near Brading. By J. E. Price, F.S.A., and
F. G. Hilton Price, F.S.A. Tenth Edition. Ventnor: Briddon Brothers. 1884.
4. The Earldom of Mar. By P. H. McKerlie, F.S.A. Scot. Privately
printed. 1884.
5. Annus Sanctus. Hymns of the Church for the Ecclesiastical Year.
Selected and arranged by Orby Shipley, M.A. Burns & Oates. 1884.
6. Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare. By J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
F.R.S. Longmans & Co. 1884.
7. Our Parish Books, and What they Tell us. By J. M. Cowper, F.R.H.S.
Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. 1884.
8. Buckfast Abbey. By the Rev. S. Hamilton, O.S.B. Ramsgate: Kent
Coast Times Office. 1884.
9. Wilton Castle. By the Vicar of the Parish. London: E. Stamford. 1884.
10. Calendar of State Papers. Colonial Series: East Indies, China, and
Persia (1625-1629). Edited by W. Noel Sainsbury. Longman & Co. 1884.
11. English Scholar’s Library. Capt. John Smith’s Works (1608-1631).
By Edward Arber, 1, Montague-road, Birmingham. 1884.
12. Plant Lore and Garden Craft of Shakespeare. By the Rev. Henry N.
Ellacombe, M.A. Second edition. Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 1884.