0% found this document useful (0 votes)

50 views60 pages

HISTORY 1550-1700 MV Translated Notes 4th

The document outlines the history of India from 1550 to 1700, focusing on the consolidation and expansion of the Mughal Empire under rulers like Akbar and Jahangir. It discusses Akbar's challenges during his accession, his imperial policies, and his military campaigns that expanded the empire, as well as Jahangir's Rajput relations and immediate policies. The document highlights the socio-political landscape of India during this period, emphasizing Akbar's efforts to unify the region and Jahangir's continuation of these policies.

Uploaded by

gouradidharia

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

50 views60 pages

HISTORY 1550-1700 MV Translated Notes 4th

Uploaded by

gouradidharia

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Machine Translated by Google

History of India c. 1550–1700

triad-list
Unit - I

Lesson 1: Consolidation and expansion of the Mughal Empire: Akbar and Jahangir

Lesson 2: Consolidation and expansion of the Mughal Empire: Shahjahan and Aurangzeb

Lesson 3: Administrative system during the Mughal period

Unit - II

Chapter 4: Rajput relations, ideology and religious policy of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

Unit - III

Lesson 5 : Transition to the 17th Century: The Maratha Empire

Lesson 6 : Transition to the 17th Century: Sisakh Empire

Unit - IV

Lesson 7: Mughal Architecture with special reference to Taj Mahal and Red Fort

Lesson 8: Mughal Painting

Unit - V

Chapter 9 : Society, Culture and Religion : Sufism : Naqshbandi

Chapter 10 : Popular Literature of Deccan : Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama

Unit - VI

Lesson 11 :Commerce and Trade : Economy During the Mughal Period

Lesson 12: Technology and Crafts: Production Non-Agricultural Mughal Period

Question 1. Describe the challenges that came with the coronation of Akbar.

Answer - Introduction

In 1555 Humayun defeated Islam Shah Suri and reestablished Mughal rule in Delhi,

but he died in 1556 after falling from the stairs of the library and getting injured. In

such a situation, his son Akbar became the ruler of the Mughal dynasty at the young

age of only 13 years . When Akbar became the ruler of the state, he was very young

and he had to face the challenge of maintaining the newly won Delhi Empire . (1508-1556)

Accession of Akbar:

Akbar was born on 15 October 1542 at a place called Sindh Amarkot. Akbar's mother's

name was Hamida Banu Begum. Humayun married Hamida Banu in 1541. When Akbar

was born, Humayun's family was under the protection of Rana Birsal of Amarkot .

Early life of Akbar

He spent his time in the company of Rajputs and got a close look at Hindu religion and

traditions. Beram Khan was appointed as Akbar's guardian. After defeating the weak

successor of Sher Shah, Humayun was able to sit on the throne of Delhi once again.

After Humayun's sudden death, Akbar's coronation was held on a brick platform in a

garden in Kalanaur on 14 February 1556. At the time of coronation, Akbar was 13

(1542-1605)
years and 4 months old.

Challenges faced with the ascension of Akbar:

Akbar was in great difficulties at the time of his accession. At that time the throne of Delhi was

most insecure. Humayun did not get time to stabilize his empire which he had just won. He had to

struggle continuously to reach the throne of Delhi but he was fortunate in this matter that he got the

able protection of the loyal Bairam Khan and with his help he overcame all his initial challenges.

Some of the major challenges before Akbar were as follows

1. Third Battle of Panipat :.

When Akbar left Delhi and headed towards Punjab during the campaign against the Afghans,

Hemchandra Hemu took advantage of his absence and took over Agra and Delhi and declared

himself the Maharaja of Delhi on 6 October 1556 A.D. The Mughal army led by Bairam Khan

defeated Hemchandra Hemu after a fierce battle in the field of Panipat and finally brought Agra and

Delhi under Mughal rule once again.

2. Rebellion of the rich and their relatives :.

Akbar was a born warrior and a great leader. He had a deep-rooted sense of imperialism. However,

before he could adopt a regular lifestyle of military exploits or imagine an imperial policy, he had to

deal with rebellious nobles and relatives who threatened his power in the 1560s.

3. Fall of Bairam Khan :.

Bairam Khan was the teacher and guardian of the Mughal emperor Akbar. His downfall came when

he was removed from the position of guardian due to his court politics and the intrigues of Maham

Anga, Akbar's nurse. Due to these troubles, Akbar ordered Bairam Khan to go for Hajj, but he was

murdered in Patan, Gujarat by an Afghan whose father Bairam Khan had killed in a battle five years

earlier. This incident took place in 1561.

4. Abdullah Khan Ubeig :.

Akbar appointed Abdullah Khan Uzbek as the governor of Malwa. Malwa was very fertile and full of

resources, so there were many conspiracies and rebellions there. Abdullah soon amassed a lot of

wealth and a large army. He made connections with some Afghan rebels of Baz Bahadur's reign

and rebelled. On hearing this, Akbar marched from Agra to Malwa on 1 July 1564 and attacked

Abdullah by surprise. Abdullah was defeated and Akbar appointed Kara Bahadur Khan as the new

governor of Malwa.

5. Joint rebellion of Uzbeks and Afghans :.

Abdullah Khan Uzbek, the governor of Malwa, took refuge in Gujarat and then went to Jaunpur,

where he was protected by Khan Zaman, the governor of Jaunpur. He hatched a great conspiracy

against Akbar and revolted in 1565 along with Uzbek and Afghan nobles. Their aim was to

remove Akbar and make Abul Qazm, son of Qamran, the king. A prominent leader of Sambhal

also joined this rebellion.

Evaluation :

Akbar did such works during his rule on the basis of which he is called a national ruler . A national

ruler is one under whose rule all his subjects are treated equally in all areas of governance and the

state does not make any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste and lineage in the system.

Akbar's aim was to organize the whole of India under one state and one government. At the time

when Akbar ascended the throne, the political, social and religious situation of India was disturbed.

There was no trace of central power. Local elements were more dominant in politics and

administration. Despite the following challenges, Akbar expanded his rule very rapidly and became

the most successful ruler of the Mughal period .

Conclusion

During his reign, Akbar established his dominion over almost all parts of the Indian subcontinent.

During his reign, many administrative and military reforms were done due to which his kingdom

expanded very rapidly and after overcoming various challenges, he emerged as a successful

and important ruler.

Question 2. Evaluate the imperialist policy of Akbar.

Answer - Introduction

The Mughal Empire was a major Muslim power in Indian history. Emperor

Akbar, the greatest Mughal ruler of his time, extended the Mughal Empire to

a vast part of India during his reign. No Mughal ruler before Akbar had built

such a large army or conquered so many Hindu kingdoms. This is why he is

widely praised as Akbar the Great . The political unification of power under

Mughal rule and the establishment of Mughal rule throughout India became

the goal of Akbar's life.

Akbar's imperial policy:

(a) Tigris of Northern India

Akbar initially conquered the fortified Kabul, Qamar areas in Afghanistan

and the plains from Punjab to Delhi under Bairam Khan. He took over the

administration in 1560 AD and achieved the following milestones in

expanding the empire :-

1. Status of Rajputana : Akbar attacked Rajputana in 1562 AD. King Bihari Mal of Amber

immediately accepted Akbar's suzerainty and married his daughter to Akbar. Apart from this,

many other Rajput rulers accepted Akbar's suzerainty, such as Kavalnjar, Marwar, Jaisalmer,

Bikaner etc.

2. Struggle of Mewar: The ruler of Mewar Maharana Pratap did not want to accept the

suzerainty of Akbar. In 1569 AD, Akbar captured Chittor, the capital of Mewar. But Maharana

Pratap did not accept his suzerainty. He kept fighting with the Mughals till the end.

was conquered in : Akbar launched a campaign to conquer Gujarat in 1572 and 3. Gujarat

1573. Because of the wealth of Gujarat and the importance of its ports, this conquest was

significant both from an economic and strategic point of view.

Bengal and conquered these : Akbar launched the Bihar -Bengal Campaign in 1574 to conquer Bihar and

regions in 1576. With this victory, he defeated the Afghans and expanded the boundaries of the Mughal Empire.

5. Other Sides: Akbar gradually conquered many other regions during his reign. These include Kashmir,

Sindh, Orissa, Balochistan and Kandhar. These victories expanded the boundaries of the Mughal Empire and

strengthened Akbar's imperial power.

(b) Coast of Southern India

After consolidating his power in northern India, Akbar turned his attention towards

southern India. Achievements such as the conquest of Bijapur and Golkonda, subjugation

of Khandesh, occupation of Ahmadnagar, and control over Berar established Akbar as a

strong and influential ruler.

1. Conquest of Bijapur and Golkunda: Akbar conquered Bijapur and Golkunda in 1591. Both these states

were known for their prosperity and military power in Southern India. By conquering them, Akbar strengthened

his power in Southern India.

2. Attack on Khandesh: Sultan Ali Khan of Khandesh accepted Akbar's suzerainty in 1601. With this,

Khandesh region became a part of the Mughal Empire and Akbar's influence increased further.

3. Capture of Ahmadnagar: Akbar's forces defeated Ahmadnagar's protector Chand Bibi and captured

Ahmadnagar in 1601. This victory was very important for Akbar as Ahmadnagar was a major military and

commercial centre at that time.

4. Authority over Berar: Akbar also took over the Berar region, which gave rise to the empire in Southern India.

His power expanded even further.

Evaluation :

Akbar 's imperial policy laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. His imperial expansion was driven

by strategic, economic and cultural gains. His conquests in northern and southern India established control

over trade routes and resources. His policies also contributed to socio-religious and cultural transformations.

Akbar promoted harmony, thereby strengthening the internal stability of the empire. However, his

expansionist campaigns affected many local rulers and communities, leading to discontent in some areas .

Nevertheless, Akbar's rule marks the emergence of an organized and stable empire in Indian history.

Conclusion

Akbar's imperial military activities began with the invasion of Malwa in 1560 AD and ended with the conquest

of Asirgarh in 1601. This was an important phase in the Mughal imperial history in India. Akbar's important

conquests resulted in the gradual expansion of his empire.

Question 3. Explain the Rajput and immediate policy of Jahangir.

Answer - Introduction

Akbar's third son Salim ascended the throne as Nuruddin Jahangir. Jahangir was born on 31

August 1569 in Fatehpur Sikri . Jahangir took several steps to strengthen and expand the

Mughal Empire. Like his father Akbar, he also befriended the Rajputs and gave them high

positions in his court. This helped him gain support from the Rajputs and increased the power

of the empire.

(1569-1627)
Jahangir also entered into relations with southern states to expand his influence in South India.

During Jahangir's reign the Mughal Empire maintained its strength and influence.

Rajpoot policy of Mahanagar:

ÿ Jahangir continued the royal policy of his father Akbar. Jahangir was the son of a Rajput

princess (Jodha Bai), and was very liberal and broad minded in his religious outlook.

Jahangir granted complete religious freedom to his subjects and did not try to conquer or

impose socio-religious restrictions on non-Muslims.

ÿ Jahangir, like his father, married many Rajput princes and maintained good relations with

the Rajputs. His son Khurram, later known as Shah Jahan, was born to a Rajput princess,

daughter of Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur. Jahangir's court had a strong group of Rajput

courtiers and military chiefs. His court was adorned with scholars and artists from different

communities.

Relationship with Medak :.

ÿ Mughal emperor Jahangir's relations with Mewar were tense and conflictual. Jahangir ascended the throne

in 1605 and started campaigns against Mewar soon after. His conflict with Mewar lasted from 1606 to 1615.

During this period three major campaigns took place, the first campaign against Mewar was in 1605, the second

in 1608-1609 and the third and last campaign in 1613-1615. The aim of these campaigns was to annex Mewar

into the Mughal Empire.

ÿ During the reign of Jahangir, Rana Amar Singh of Mewar continuously protested against the Mughal Empire.

Finally, the Mughal-Mewar treaty was signed in 1615, in which Rana Amar Singh accepted the suzerainty of the

Mughal Emperor, but he got the right to rule his territory independently. After this treaty, peace was established

between Mewar and the Mughal Empire.

The immediate policy of Ihangir:

ÿ In 1608, Jihangir appointed Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana as the governor of Ahmednagar

He was entrusted with the task of winning back the lost territories, but he

failed due to the strong resistance of Malik Ambar. In 1610, Parvez was made

the governor of Deccan and was asked to attack Ahmednagar, but he was

also unsuccessful. In 1616, the Mughals made great preparations to conquer

Ahmednagar.

ÿ Jahangir's son Rakhumaar Khuranam (Shahihaan), with his political wisdom, made a treaty with Malik Ambar.

Seeing the power of the Mughals, Malik Ambar made a peace treaty in 1617. This treaty was made on very

liberal terms and Ahmednagar was annexed to the Mughal Empire.

Went.

Kangra Song :.

Akbar tried hard to capture Kangra Fort but could not. Then Jahangir decided to capture Kangra. In 1615, he

appointed Mutiza Khan for this task but he was also unsuccessful. Later, in 1618, this task was given to Prince

Khurim. Khurim besieged the fort and blocked all the routes through which food was supplied to it. After 14 months,

on 16 November 1620, the Mughals captured the fort.

Meaning of 'kon dhar' :.

There was a long struggle between the Mughals and the Persians over Kandhar. Akbar won Kandhar in 1595,

but Persia did not accept defeat. During the reign of Jahangir, Persia attacked again, but was unsuccessful. Still,

Persia tried to please Jahangir. But in 1622, taking advantage of Jahangir's weaknesses, Persia captured Kandhar.

Conclusion

Akbar and Jahangir systematically expanded their rule and empire in India. Under the policies already established by Akbar, Jahangir

followed the policy of Rajput annexation and conquest of southern states and paved the way for the expansion of the Mughal Empire.

Question 4. Mention the initial military campaigns of Aurangzeb.

How did the Mughal Empire expand with the military campaigns of Aurangzeb?

Answer - Introduction

When Shah Jahan fell ill, a war for succession started among his sons.

Aurangzeb wanted to become the king himself, he rebelled and

defeated Daraashqokh1658
in theE.
battle of Samugarh and killed him and

other brothers and declared himself the king.

He declared Aurangzeb as emperor and assumed the title of Alamgir . After

becoming emperor, Aurangzeb developed his military and administrative capabilities.

Aurangzeb's early military campaigns and the expansion of the Mughal Empire -

Regaining control over North-East and Eastern India :.

ÿ As soon as Aurangzeb became the ruler, he focused on the problems of the north-east and eastern India.

During his reign, the boundary of the Mughal Empire extended up to Assam. Taking advantage of the conflict

between the rulers of Assam and Cooch Behar, the Mughals extended their influence over Assam and Cooch Behar.

Increased it.

ÿ After this, Aurangzeb appointed his trusted Mir Jumla as the governor of Bengal and ordered

him to control the situation. After this, first Mir Jumla, then Shaista Khan and later Mughal

governor Gaud Khan reestablished Mughal rule in north-eastern and eastern India in 1661

AD.

Suppression of the rebellion of the Yusufites and Afritis :.

ÿ Aurangzeb suppressed the rebellion of Yusufis and Afridis in the north-

western border region and completely controlled Afghanistan. There,

the Jats, troubled by the atrocities of Mughal officials, revolted in 1669

under the leadership of Gokul.

ÿ The Jats looted the Mughal treasury and warehouse in Mathura, destroyed

mosques and killed Muslims. Aurangzeb himself went to Mathura to

put an end to this rebellion. The Jats were defeated in a fierce battle

and Gokul was captured and killed.

The destruction of the Putrangatis :.

During Aurangzeb's reign, the Portuguese (Firangis) were an important

trading force in India and increased their influence. They, along with the

pirates, were causing unrest in Bengal, making the area from Chittagong

to Dhaka unsafe . As a result, the governor of Bengal Shaista Khan

took steps to stop this. He built up a strong navy, captured Sondweep

and attacked Chittagong in 1666 and freed it from the Portuguese

and pirates.

This made the seacoast and trade routes secure and increased Bengal's

trade.

Rights on Golkundo da :.

ÿ In 1656 Aurangzeb entered into a treaty with Sultan Abdullah Qutub Shah of Golkonda. The Sultan

accepted Mughal suzerainty, but despite the treaty Golkonda helped Bijapur and Marathas. In 1672

the Sultan died and two of his ministers started ruling.

ÿ In 1685 the Mughals attacked Golkonda and captured Hyderabad . The

Sultan promised to pay war tribute and other things to Aurangzeb, but his

minister was murdered and he could not fulfil the promise.

ÿ Aurangzeb considered this as a reason to break the peace and besieged

the fort. He bribed the fort guard and captured the fort. The Sultan was

arrested and imprisoned in Daulatabad fort. Thus, both the kingdoms of the

south were merged in the Mughal Empire .

Conclusion

During the reign of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire expanded and developed its

borders. They had control over both North and South India. The Mughal rulers strengthened the

administrative structure along with the expansion of the empire, which made the Mughal Empire stable.

This was the first time when India was tied together as a unified state. After the death of Aurangzeb, it

became difficult to manage this large empire.

Question 5. What were the main administrative divisions of the Mughal Empire? How were they organized?

Answer - Introduction

The administrative system of the Mughal Empire was formed by its third emperor Akbar . Akbar

started the Mansabdari and Jagirdari system for the administration of the government. The

Mughal system of administration was based on the bureaucratic system. In this administrative

system , apart from the central government, there was also a system of provincial administration .

The Mughal emperors had determined two primary duties for themselves, Jahanbani (security of

the state) and Jahangiri (expansion of the empire). Therefore, the right to appoint and remove any

official was only with the emperor.

According to the historian Yunath Sarkar, "Mughal administration was a synthesis of Indian

and foreign elements, or it was a Persian and Arab system adapted to Indian conditions."

Yunu Nath Sarkar

:
Main administrative divisions of the Mughal Empire

King (Batshah).

The emperor held the highest position in the Mughal central government . The emperor had the highest authority over the entire Mughal

empire. The emperor's order was the final and final order in the Mughal administration. The emperor played an important role in decision

making, governance and administration. Various powers of administration including finance, military and justice were vested in the

emperor.

Central Administration :

The Mughal Empire was very large, and it was not possible to run it by the emperor alone. Therefore, a centralized government system

was created to run the administration. Several departments and posts were created in it, and special officers were appointed for each

department. These appointments were made by the emperor, and the job of these officers was to follow the orders of the emperor.

1. ÿÿÿÿ.

After Vakil Badshah, from the period of Babar till the fall of Bairam Khan (1560 A.D.) the most important institution

He was the central minister. The treasury and revenue department were under his authority, and in the absence of

the emperor, he used to work in his place. During Akbar's time, this post was given to Bairam Khan.

2. ÿÿÿÿ (ÿÿÿÿÿ).

The Wazir or Diwan was the chief administrative officer of the empire. His main responsibilities included advising the

king, formulating government policies, and managing government programs. Wazirs were divided into two categories

• baheer-e-tafeelin : Appointment, suspension of officers.

Such as and it had unlimited powers.

• Dir-e-Tanfi : powers were limited. It was done as per the orders of the king. This kingIts
used to do this.

3. Mirbaksh.

Mirbakhsh was appointed directly by the king and his main work was related to the salary of the soldiers and military

organization. He used to look after the military department. He used to look after the salary of the soldiers and the

work of income-expenditure department. He used to appoint Mansabs and used to inspect their salary and distribute

it.

4. Food and drinks.

Khan-Sama was the chief officer of the king's household department whose main job was to arrange for the royal

kitchen and other needs of the royal palace and to keep track of all the expenses of the royal family. All the employees

of the royal palace worked under his control.

5. Sadr-us-Susur.

Sadar-us-Sudoor was the head of the religious department and the charity department. The main duty of Sadar-us-

Sudoor was to protect the laws of Shariat. This officer was the highest authority in religious matters. He used to

advise the king on issues related to the chief justice and education.

6. Qazi-ul-Quwat (Chief Qazi) .

He was the head of the justice department. He was the head Qazi and his court was the biggest court.

It used to meet every Wednesday. It used to take its decisions according to Muslim law. Thus, it played an

important role in maintaining justice and equality in the society.

Provincial Administration :

Mughal emperors divided their empire into many provinces for the convenience of administration. According

to Abul Fazal, Akbar had 12 provinces- Allahabad, Agra, Awadh, Ajmer, Ahmedabad, Bihar, Delhi, Kabul,

Lahore, Multan and Malwa. Later, with the addition of Berar, Khandesh and Ahmadnagar, their number

increased to 15. The following officers ran the provincial administration-

1. Subedar (Subedar) .

The Subedar was the representative of the king in the province, who was called Nyayaik and Wali. His

appointment was done by the Farman-e-Sabti of the king. His main responsibility was to manage the army

and security. He used to look after the appointment, training, and organization of the army.

2. ÿÿÿÿÿ.

The Diwan was the second most important official after the Subedar. This post was established during the

reign of Akbar, and by the end of his rule it was not only important in the provinces but had become an

independent official from the Subedar. It was the highest official in matters related to the wealth and revenue

of the provinces.

3. Bakhsh.

In the provinces, on the recommendation of Mir Bakhsh, the emperor used to appoint Bakhsh. His main work

was to arrange the provincial army, as the officer of the intelligence department in the province, to send

information about all the activities of the province to the emperor, etc.

4. Sadar.

Its appointment was done by the king on the recommendation of Sadar-us-Sudoor. In the provinces, it used to do the

same work which was done by Sadar-us-Sudoor in the center. To assist it, there used to be Mir Adal and local Qazi.

5. Kotiyal.

The Kotwal was the chief officer of the police department of the province. His main responsibility was to manage security

and order in the province, which included investigation of criminal cases and control of anti-social activities.

Conclusion

The administrative system of the Mughal period evolved from a mixture of the administrative system introduced by Sher

Shah Suri and the Mongol-Turkic system of Central Asia. In the central and provincial administration, the Mansabdari and

Mixed Jagirdari system played an important role in stabilizing and expanding the Mughal Empire. Starting from the reign

of Akbar to the reign of Shah Jahan, this system established the Mughal Empire as a major power in India.

Question 6. What role did the Mansabhari system play in Mughal administration? And how did it help in the

stability of the empire?

Answer - Introduction

Mansab is an Arabic word which means 'rank'.

In the Mughal Empire, the Mansabdari system was used to determine

the ranks and duties of officials, and they were called Mansabdars.

This system was introduced by Akbar in 1571. Mansabdars were

appointed using the Shamil system .

According to Abul Fil, Akbar established 66 categories of mansabdars, ranging

from 10 cavalry commanders to 10,000 horsemen, although Abul Fazl mentions

only 33 categories.

abul fil

Role of Mansabhari System in Mughal Administration:

Seven is the best.

In the Mughal administration, the person who received a mansab (post) from the emperor was called a mansabdar.

Akbar used to give mansab to officers when they were appointed. These posts were further divided into two

categories which were known as “Jaat” and “Sawar”.

(Jaat - systematic rank/place) and (Sawhar - number of horsemen)

On the basis of caste and religion the ministers were divided into three categories:

1. First Class Mansabdar: This type of Mansabdar was given a high rank ('systematic post'), so he had the right to

keep more number of horses. This category included Mansabdars with important rights. The first class Mansabdar

was given an amount of 12 thousand rupees. First Class

The Mansabdar of could maintain 10 thousand horsemen.

2. Second Class Mansabdars: Mansabdars coming in this category had the right to maintain at least half the horsemen

as per their caste ('systematic post'). They held a medium high position within the system.

3. Third Class Mansabdars: Mansabdars of this category had the right to keep horsemen in less than half the number of

their (caste - 'systematic post'). Their status was slightly lower than that of Mansabdars of first and second category.

All Mansabdars were required to keep two horses for horse

riding. In addition, each Mansabdar was allowed to keep a

horseman according to his 'jaat' or rank.

Salary and Allowances of Mansabdar -

Unlike Jagirdars, Mansabdars were paid in cash or their salary was fixed which was passed by Mir Bakshi and from this

salary they used to meet the expenses of the army. First class Mansabdars were paid Rs. 30000/-

Second class employees used to get Rs 29000/- monthly and third class employees used to get Rs 10000/- monthly.

Mansabdars used to get Rs 28,000 per month and they did not have to pay any tax.

Inspection of the army of Mansabdars -

Mansabdars had to inspect their army from time to time . Horses and elephants had to be kept in check. As per the orders

of the emperor, Mansabdars had to go on military campaigns.

It was falling.

Functions of the ministers-

The main work of the Mansabdars was to provide military assistance and horsemen during war . Horsemen were used

in military campaigns. Fighting the enemy army, fighting to win new territories, helping during rebellion, these were the

tasks that the Mansabdars had to perform. Apart from this, they also had to perform non-military and administrative tasks.

But they had to do it.

Mansabhari System in Mughal Administration: Merits / Helpful in the stability of the Empire:

1. Non-hereditary: Unlike the Jagirdari system, the Mansabdari system was not based on hereditary succession. This prevented

the concentration of power in the hands of a few dominant families and ensured a more merit-based appointment process.

2. Direct control and less rebellion: In this system the officers were transferred from provinces every month.

There was a need to take their salary in form of salary. This system eliminated the defects of the Jagirdari system. The Mansabdars

remained loyal to the king and the possibility of rebellion was very less.

3. Economic Reforms: After the death of Mansabdars, their property was confiscated.

Thus, this practice contributed to the recurring revenue of the state and prevented the Mansabdars from resorting to corrupt methods

of accumulating wealth.

4. Administrative relief: The Mansabdari system gave administrative relief to the Mansabdars by giving them military responsibilities.

This reduced the burden on the Mughals. This enabled the Mughal government to concentrate on other administrative functions,

leading to better governance and efficiency.

5. Cultural Integration: The Mansabdari system promoted cultural integration by incorporating people from diverse castes and

religions. It created a sense of unity and harmony by embracing people from different backgrounds and promoting a multicultural

society within the empire.

Conclusion

The Mansabdari system of the Mughal Empire was an important part of its administrative system. The Mansabdari system also

promoted administrative good governance. Moreover, this system was created keeping in mind the political, social and economic

context of the time and its impact was on the status, stability and development of the state.

Question 7. Analyze the religious agreements and policies between the Rajput kings and the Mughal

Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb.

Answer - Introduction

From Akbar to Aurangzeb, relations between the Mughal Empire and Rajput

kings were complex and dynamic, often influenced by political, military and

religious factors. These relations were marked by conflict as well as periods of

cooperation and alliance. Akbar followed a liberal religious policy during his

reign, while Aurangzeb adopted a strict Islamic stance. Their religious policies

also affected the stability and strength of Mughal rule.

Mughal-Rajput religious agreements and policies from Akbar to Aurangzeb:

Akbar (1556-1605) - Akbar's approach towards the Rajputs was wise and cautious.

Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance and accommodation known as 'Sulh-i-Kul' (peace with

mankind).

1 Rajput Alliance: Akbar's relationship with the Rajputs

Akbar adopted the policy of matrimonial alliances and established marital relations with Rajput

princes by marrying Dodha Bai, daughter of Rajput ruler Raja Bharmal . And he tried to integrate

Rajputs into the Mughal administration by giving them positions of authority. The purpose of these alliances

The aim was to secure the supremacy of the Rajput Kulin class and reduce the possibility of revolt.

2 Din-e-Ilahi: Religious policies of Akbar

Akbar followed a policy of religious tolerance and syncretism , exemplified by the Din-i-Ilahi , a

religion of harmony, which sought to harmonize elements of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity and

Zoroastrianism. He also adopted a policy of religious tolerance.

:
He abolished the slaughter tax on non-Muslims and the pilgrimage tax in 1563 and also banned

cow slaughter in Punjab . Akbar's religious policies were aimed at promoting social harmony and

political neutrality within the empire.

Jahangir (1605-1627) - The fourth emperor of the Mughal Empire was Jahangir. Like his father Akbar, Jahangir

also adopted the policy of religious tolerance. He followed the 'Deen-e-Ilahi' religion propounded by Akbar.

Mahanagar: Secular Politics and Rajput Accords

• Jahangir showed respect to other religions by remaining secular. He maintained Hindu temples in his

capital and respected religious sites. His political policies included the element of secularism, which

allowed him to reach agreements with Rajput kings.

It used to help in doing that.

• Jahangir continued the practice of tribal alliances with the Rajputs and gave them positions of authority.

He celebrated the festival of Rakshabandhan for the first time in 1612 AD and got a Rakhi tied on

his wrist. Jahangir did take some harsh steps against the Jawans but did not create any hindrance in

their following their religion.

Shah Jahan (1628-1658) - Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan was one of the greatest emperors of the Mughal

Empire. His religious policy was a mixture of orthodoxy and tolerance. Initially, he abolished the liberal orders of

Akbar and Jahangir .

Shahjahan: Agreements and Policies to overcome radicalism

• In the early years of his reign , Shah Jahan tried to strengthen the position of orthodox Sunni Islam

within the empire. He implemented several measures to promote Islamic orthodoxy, such as:

abolition of the ban on cow slaughter, imposition of tax on Hindu pilgrimages, etc.

• As Shah Jahan's reign progressed, his religious policies became more tolerant.

Shah Jahan's outlook changed towards the liberal views of his children Ara and Shah Rukh Khan .

Shah Jahan got Hindu temples repaired, re-imposed ban on cow slaughter, and showed respect for

the traditions of his grandfather Akbar and his grandfather Jahangir by giving Rajputs high positions

in the administration and entering into marriage alliances with Hindu royal families.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707) - Son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb is known for his strict and aggressive religious views and

policies. While previous Mughal rulers followed 'Sulh-e-Kul', he promoted 'Sulh-e-Islam' (peace only within Islam).

Aurangzeb: Fanatic and conservative religious policies

Destruction of temples - Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of many Hindu temples across the empire, including the

1
famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi and the Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple in Moradabad. These actions

were seen as symbolic of his commitment to promoting Islam and suppressing other religions.

Converting mosques into temples – In some cases, Aurangzeb converted Hindu temples into mosques, further
2
emphasizing his commitment to the spread of Islam.

Restrictions on religious practices - Aurangzeb banned the celebration of certain non-Muslim religious festivals and
3
practices, such as the Hindu festival Holi and the Sikh tradition of celebrating the birthday of Guru Nanak.

Forced conversion - Aurangzeb's policies included forced conversion of non-Muslims, particularly Hindus and Sikhs,
4
to Islam. This was done in an attempt to establish greater control over the empire's diverse population and to promote

the spread of Islam.

Imposition of Jaziya tax on non-Muslims - Aurangzeb reintroduced the Jaziya tax on non-Muslims, which had been

5
abolished by Akbar. This tax was intended to encourage conversion to Islam and acted as a financial burden on non-

Muslim communities.

Discrimination in administration - Aurangzeb's policies favoured Muslims in the administration, which led to a

6 decline in the number of Hindu officials in the Mughal government. This discrimination further alienated the Hindu

population and contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Conclusion The liberal religious policies of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan promoted integration and cooperation,

while the policies of Aurangzeb contributed to religious conservatism and the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Question 8. Write a short note on the rise of Marathas and the factors responsible for their rise.

Answer - Introduction

The Marathas were a warrior community settled in the western Deccan plateau (modern

Maharashtra) , whose rise is important in Indian history. They conquered the interior of the country ,

They established the idea of self-rule and emerged as a strong force. In the

17th century, under the leadership of Shikha Bhosle , the Maratha Empire

arose in Maharashtra . After this, the Maratha Empire expanded greatly and

demonstrated its power throughout the Indian subcontinent.

Rise of the Marathas

The Marathas originated as a small kingdom in western India . Initially, they were a group of warriors

serving under various local rulers. Their emergence as a significant power began with the rise of their

great leader Shikha Maharaja .

Factors contributing to the rise of the Marathas:

1. Geographical factor - The geographical location of Maharashtra played an important role in the

development of the Marathas. It was surrounded by mountains, due to which it

was more secure from external attacks. Being a difficult area, it made the

Marathas courageous and brave.

The Marathas strengthened their position by building hill forts. It was difficult

for the invaders to break these forts and reach them with their troops. They also

made guerrilla warfare a part of their life, which developed military qualities in

them.

Due to living in the hills, they had mastered guerilla warfare. Due to which

the Marathas used to attack the south and return safely. Due to these major

geographical reasons, the Marathas were successful in expanding their territory.

2. Historical reasons -

• Social, economic and religious reasons :

The social, economic and religious condition of Maharashtra played an important role in the

progress of the Marathas. Untouched by the influence of the ideas of religious reformers

And casteism weakened . Due to this, the feeling of unity and nationalism among the

Marathas strengthened. There was very little racial inequality among the Marathas. And

their racial status made them independent, brave and courageous.

Due to his tension with caste system and his aim of social equality, people supported

him, which led to the rapid rise of Marathas.

• Administrative and political reasons :

Many Marathas were already working in different departments of rulers of Deccan . They

played a major role in the politics of places like Ahmednagar, Golkonda, Bijapur, Berar etc.

They had knowledge and experience of how the administration of Deccan was run. This

helped them understand their strengths and weaknesses. In this way, various Maratha

leaders gained high standing in political point of view and this gave the Marathas an

opportunity to unite.

• Impact of the Reformation Movement:

of Maharashtra in awakening the feeling of patriotism and nationalism among the Marathas

Religious reformers had an important contribution. Maharashtra Religious reform movement

It was a major centre . Here thinkers like Sant Gyaneshwar, Eknath, Tukaram and Ramdas

brought awareness among the Marathas. They taught people to count in their mother

tongue . This united people from different villages from far and wide. And the Marathas

became a strong tribe of people with the same language and similar ideology. This

unity played an important role in the rise of the Marathas.

• Marathi language and literature:

The language and literature of that time played an important role in bringing unity

and awareness in the Maratha community . Marathi saints used simple language to

convey their messages to the people. This made their ideas easily accessible to

people of all classes. They created songs and poems, writings and literary

books in the Marathi language. These were easily available to the people. Through

these, the Marathas developed a sense of unity, equality and nationalism.

The feeling developed.

• Contribution of Shahi Bhosale:

Shahji Bhonsle, the son of the most famous Maratha emperor Shahji Maharaj,

played an important role in the rise of the Marathas. He led the unity and

political development of the Marathas by taking decisions according to the

circumstances of the time. He tried to establish a semi-independent state in

Bangalore by uniting the Maratha leaders. The final result of Shahji Bhonsle's

contribution was that,

Vishwaji Maharaj got a strong foundation of the Maratha Empire, which made a

significant contribution in the development of the Maratha Empire .

Shahi Bhonsle

Conclusion

The rise of the Marathas is an interesting chapter in Indian history, reflecting the power of their empire and the

Maratha confederacy. Under the leadership of Shivaji, the Marathas established a strong and independent state

that challenged the authority of the Mughal Empire. After defeating the Mughals, the Marathas were a rising

force that reshaped the political landscape of early modern India.

Question 9. Describe the origin and expansion of the Sikh Empire, and the influence of Sikh religion on Indian

society.

Answer - Introduction

Sikhism emerged in Punjab in the late 15th century. Sikhism was centered

on the teachings of ten gurus, starting with Guru Nanak.

Starting from Guru Gobind Singh Ji and ending with Guru Gobind Singh

Ji. After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the holy book of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib

Was named as the eternal (eternal life) Guru .

The rise and expansion of the Tasik Empire :

Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the first Guru of the Sikh community and the

founder of Sikhism . His teachings and philosophy play an important role

in the social and religious development of the Sikh community, which

strengthened the foundation of Sikhism.

The word 'Sikh' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Shishya' , which

means disciple or learner . Thus, those who followed Guru Nanak were

called Sikhs .

Guru Nanak's life and message in the expansion of the Sikh Empire:

Guru Nanak was born in a Hindu family in Talundi village . He inherited the name

Nanak from his maternal grandfather. Nanak Ji facilitated religious singing,

public meals , which taught the society about the values of unity, harmony and

service . Nanak Ji also witnessed the reign of the last sultans of the Lodhi dynasty

and the initial period of Babur's Mughal Empire. He told that God is one and all

the people created by him are equal . Which played an important role in the

expansion of Sikhism.

Message -

Guru Nanak Ji propagated his message through his travels. Guru Nanak Ji

preached faith, unity, service and true love .

Guru Nanak Dev ji has taught many such things in his message. Guru Nanak

Dev ji divided his teachings into "Drink the name, do meditation and leave the path"

He expressed his views through the core mantra of the Hindu religion, also called

as "Mool Mantra" which means drink the name, work hard and share.

Eat it.

Establishment of Sikh Samaj:

Sikh community was founded on the teachings, teachings and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his disciples.

The Sikh community developed as a result of the power of the Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The inspiring

message of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and the support of his followers led to the development of the Sikh

community as a united and empowered community . His teachings emphasized the values of harmony,

social justice, service, and religious freedom . He inspired the Sikh community as an ideal society,

working for the best of religion and society .

Effect of Sikhism on Indian society :

Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, has had a significant impact on Indian society. Following are some of the

major aspects of the impact of Sikhism on Indian society:

• Unity and Harmony- Sikhism emphasizes on the unity of God . Under this religion,

All human beings are equal without any discrimination in religion, class or social status . For example: Arrangement of

Langar in Gurudwara, Sikh place of worship increases the importance of unity and harmony in the society.

• Social equality and opposition to caste system- Sikhism opposed the caste system prevalent in Hindu society and promoted

equal discrimination in society on the basis of colour, sex, religion. For example: the concept of lounger, where all the

people sit together and share food, which is a symbol of equality.

• Sikh Architecture and Urban Planning- Sikh architecture is characterized by the construction of

gurdwaras and other religious structures. E.g. Golden Temple in Amritsar is famous for its unique

(beautiful) architecture.

• Educational Contribution- Sikh Gurus promoted education and knowledge. Guru Nanak established

missionary journey to spread knowledge . For example: Khalsa contributed to education in India by

establishing schools and colleges including Khalsa College in Amritsar.

• Service and social work- The spirit of service is considered important in

Sikh society. In the Sikh empire, social work, longar (community meals)

where food is served free of cost to the people, is an example of promoting

community service.

• Religious freedom- Sikh Empire encouraged religious freedom and fought against social injustice.

Sikhism established the primacy of justice in society. For example: Guru Granth Sahib

The importance of social justice and rights has been highlighted in the Sahitya .

• Political influence- Sikh society has created political structure in their society. Like:

The Sikh Gurus fought with the Mughals for their rights and freedom and also took part in the

Indian independence movement against the British Empire .

•
Cultural Influence - Nanak ji developed the interest in classical music and literature in the society

through Sikh songs (Kitan) and poetry (Gurbani) and also developed the cultural sense in the

society through cultural festivals like Guru Nanak Devji and Baisakhi .

Conclusion

Due to the teachings and philosophy of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the Sikh community gained inspiration for

harmony in society, service spirit, and freedom in religious, social, cultural, educational and political

aspects which contributed significantly to its emergence and development.

Question 10. Describe the development journey of Mughal architecture.

Answer - Introduction

The Mughal Empire was established in 1526 after Babur won the Battle of Panipat. Mughal

rulers showed special interest in the field of architecture and built many forts, tombs, temples

and palaces , many of which are still in existence. Mughal architecture refers to the

architectural style that flourished in the Indian subcontinent during the 16th-17th centuries.

It is from the Indo-Islamic architecture built by the Mughal emperors in the 1st century. Large

bulbous domes, petal minarets at the corners, huge halls, large arched doorways and fine

ornamentation are all the hallmarks of Mughal architecture .

The development journey of Mughal architecture:

Beginning ÿ Babar… .

Tikas ÿ Akbar …

Extreme ÿ Shahiha .

Fall ÿ Aurongibe.

Development of Mughal Architecture under the Mughal Rulers:

Babur (1526–1530)

ÿ Babur had a keen interest in art and culture, especially gardens, and he initiated the construction of two gardens

during his reign, one at Panipat and the other at Agra. In his writings, he mentions the involvement of

stonecutters and craftsmen in his construction works , but some of these structures no longer exist.

ÿ There are only a few buildings directly connected to them, such as the Jami Masthidh in Sankal and the Kabuli Masthidh in Panipat.

Bagh Masjid. The buildings of Babur's time had less artistic beauty, but their size was very huge and unique.

For this he hired some experts from Albaniya.

I was called.

Akbar (1556–1605)

ÿ The construction works done during the reign of Akbar show the harmony of Hindu-Muslim styles .

Humayun's tomb, Lahore Fort, Fatehpur Sikri Fort, Buland Darwaza and hundreds of buildings in these

forts were constructed during Akbar's reign.

ÿ Akbar's main projects were in Agra, including the Agra Fort and his mausoleum at Sikandara. A

distinctive Mughal style of architecture developed during Akbar's reign, which laid the groundwork for

future expansion. About 500 beautiful buildings were constructed in the Red Fort of Agra during

Akbar's time, but only a few of them survive today.

The main features of Akbar's buildings are:

(i) Fusion of Hindu-Muslim art traditions.

(ii) Extensive use of red stone.

(iii) Construction of buildings for civic purposes.

Shahihaun (1628-1658)

ÿ Shah Jahan 's period is commonly referred to as the 'Golden Age' of Mughal architecture. Shah

Jahan's most famous work is the Taj Mahal , located in Agra. He moved the capital to Delhi, where he

built the Lal Qila (Red Fort) , a symbol of Mughal culture. The fort contained palaces, halls and a

mosque, reflecting Shah Jahan's architectural ability and his luxurious lifestyle .

ÿ Apart from the Lal Qila, Shah Jahan built India's largest temple, the Jama Mandir and many other

important buildings in Delhi. Shah Jahan used marble mostly instead of red stone. He made extensive

use of gold, silver, precious and coloured stones to enhance the beauty and effect of the roofs.

These buildings reflect Shah Jahan's dedication and love for architecture, who wanted to leave a

legacy of Mughal culture in Delhi.

Aurangib (1658 -1707)

ÿ Aurangzeb 's accession to the throne marked the end of a period of prosperity in the building arts. There was

little encouragement given to the development of art during his reign , in contrast to Shah Jahan, who remained

connected with his people and supported architectural endeavours.

ÿ Aurangzeb led a secluded life and showed little interest in art. He built private mosques for his personal use,

such as the Moti Masjid in Delhi and the Nagina Masjid in Agra, but these lack the grandeur of earlier Mughal

constructions.

It was.

Late Mughal period (1707–1857)

ÿ After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal empire gradually began to weaken. Subsequent emperors had

to face internal conflicts, foreign invasions, and attacks by Persian and Afghan armies. In the midst of this chaos,

major architectural projects were undertaken, with the exception of the Tomb of Safdarjung built around 1754

in Delhi.

ÿ Shuja-ud-Daula, son of Safdar-Hung, built the tomb, which is the last example of the Humayun's tomb style of

architecture, though its graceful design lacks the grandeur of earlier Mughal monuments . Another notable

structure of this era is the Mantar Mantar , built around 1724 by Maharaja Singh III .

Conclusion

The development journey of Mughal architecture started from the 16th century. From the time of Babur to after

Aurangzeb, it developed. Akbar incorporated elements of Indian and Islamic architecture. Shahjahan built monumental

buildings like Taj Mahal and Lal Qila. After Aurangzeb, the process of decline of the Mughal Empire started, and later

the Mughal Empire came to an end.

Went.

Question 11. How many important buildings did Shah Jahan construct during his reign?

Answer - Introduction

After the death of Jahangir, Shah Jahan ascended the

throne in 1628. Mughal architecture reached its peak

during Shah Jahan's reign. Shah Jahan's period is called

the 'Golden Age' of Mughal architecture by scholars.

Shah Jahan, like his grandfather Akbar, was also very

interested in building buildings and during his 30-year

reign, he built large palaces, mosques and tombs.

Important buildings during Shah Jahan's reign: Lal Takla and Taj Mahal.

The most important and famous buildings built by Shah Jahan are Lal Takla in Delhi and Taj

Mahal in Agra as they showcase Shah Jahan's architectural skills and love for luxury:

The Red Takla was painted by the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1639

It was built in 1206 as a palace for his capital

Shahjahanabad (today's Delhi). It is named Lal Vakila

because of its huge walls made of red sandstone .

It took 10 years for its construction.

Red pillow architecture:

Lal Qila looks very attractive. This fort is the pride of Delhi. Lal Qila is built in octagonal

shape . The entire fort is decorated with marble . Kohinoor diamond used to be a part of

the decoration of this fort, but the British took it away after occupying India. There are three

gates inside Lal Qila and this fort is one of the largest forts in Delhi. The main architects of

this fort were Ustad Ahmed and Ustad Hamid. During the Mughal rule, this fort was called

Takla-e-Mubarak . There are many beautiful and important buildings inside Lal Qila such as:

1. Lahori and Tilli Gate :

The palaces are found in the eastern part of the fort , while the main entrances, the Lahouri and

Delhi Gates, are massive three-storey structures located between the western and southern corners.

Lord Kirtan restored two elephant statues outside the Delhi Gate in 1903 , which were earlier

destroyed by Aurangzeb. The Lahouri Gate serves as the main entrance.

2. Dikhan-e-Aam:

Diwan-e-Aam was built by Shah Jahan during 1628-35 AD . This was the place where Mughal

emperor Shah Jahan and his successors used to meet the common people and listen to their

complaints .

3. Deehan-e-Khas :

The Diwan-i-Khas or the Hall of Private Visitors was a chamber in the Red Fort in Delhi built in

1648 as a place for receptions. It was the place where the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

welcomed courtiers and state guests.

It was also known as Shah Mahal .

4. Hammam :

Hammams were royal baths , consisting of patterned white marble . Divided by corridors and

decorated with domes, the hammam had coloured glass skylights for lighting. Rose water was

used for bathing here.

5. Mumtaz Mahal :

Mumtaz Mahal was one of the palaces situated on the banks of river Yamuna . During

the Mughal period, the river flowed along the banks of the Red Fort. Nahri-Tabahisht was

the source of water for all the palaces. White marble was used in the construction of the

palace. Mumtaz Mahal was used as a palace during the British period. Currently, this palace

has been converted into a museum .

The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the

Yamuna River in the Indian city of Agra. It was built in 1632 by the Mughal

emperor Shah Jahan for his favourite wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is considered

an outstanding example of Mughal architecture.

And it is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.

Architecture of Taj Mahal:

The Taj Mahal is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in human history. Its design is a blend of

Islamic, Persian and Indian architectural traditions . It was constructed from white Makrana marble which was

obtained from the Indian state of Rajasthan.

To further enhance the beauty, precious stones were also included in its design.

The Taj Mahal is situated on a high square platform, with minarets standing at the four corners of the structure. The

main architect of the Taj Mahal is believed to be Ustad Ahmad Lahori . 1. History of the

construction of the Taj Mahal:

ÿ It was built by the great Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife Mumtaz

Mahal after her death. Shah Jahan loved his wife very much and was very sad after her

death. ÿ Shah Jahan started living without food and water. He

decided to keep all the memories of his wife in front of his eyes, then he built the Taj Mahal

in memory of his inner love in front of the Taj Mahal in Agra. ÿ It took almost 20

years to build the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal was built by 22000 artisans. It cost Rs 20

crore at that time to build it .

Conclusion

The era of Shah Jahan, known as the Golden Age of Architecture, was a time of architectural development, cultural

growth and the introduction of a more centralised administrative system such as the Navbharat Empire.

Question 12. Describe the various aspects of Naqvi policy and its criticism.

Answer – Introduction

The word Naqshbandi is derived from Persian word which means "inscription".

It emphasizes moral purity, inner reflection and the practice of constant remembrance

of God. Naqshbandi School is a major Sunni Sufi order founded in India by Khwah

Bahauddin Naqshbandi . The Sufis of this school believed that the relationship between

man and God was that of slave and master.

Various aspects of Naqshbandi tradition:

Aspects of the Naqshbandi tradition

Religious aspects social aspects Cultural Aspects

Religious aspects of the Naqshbandi dynasty:

ÿ Global reach - The Naqshbandi school had a significant impact on religion in the Islamic world. It originated in Central

Asia during the 14th century. It gradually spread its principles to the global level.

ÿ Emphasis on meditation and inner contemplation - The most important feature of this system is that along with the

recitation of specific teachings, emphasis is laid on meditation. For example; under this, the person remains engaged

in continuous chanting of the name of God.

ÿ Emphasis on building social unity - Its teachings have emphasized the recognition of spiritual truths and the

presence of common humanity among diverse communities. It has contributed to the building of society by

transcending caste and cultural boundaries.

ÿ Importance of Spiritual Guru - Sufi saints of this order play an important role in guiding their followers on their spiritual

path. Their ultimate goal is to attain closeness to God through purification of mind and heart.

Social Aspects of Naqshbandi Classification:

ÿ Impact on social structure – From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Naqshbandi Invasion left its significant mark

on India and influenced its cultural, social and religious structure.

ÿ Providing artistic heritage - The Mughal period also witnessed a kind of cultural renaissance where Sufi shrines of

various schools became centres of intellectual debate and discussion. For example; The Taj Mahal built by Shah

Jahan is an example of the charm of Mughal architecture and the artistic and cultural victory of that period.

ÿ Social welfare works - This included social welfare, relief works and various religious activities. Sufi shrines were

transformed into centres for community development, addressing social issues and helping the needy. This

included; setting up of schools, hospitals, hospitals and supporting the less fortunate

It was.

ÿ Annual Festivals - His emphasis on inclusiveness, service to humanity and spiritual development left a lasting impact

on the collective consciousness of the nation. For example; the annual Usi (sacred festival) celebrated in Sufi

temples is a reflection of the celebration of the legacy of the Naqshbandi dynasty.

ÿ Teachings and principles - The teachings and principles of Naqshbandi dynasty became an integral part of the

spiritual and cultural heritage of the Indian subcontinent. During this period, the society was characterized by

features like social welfare, religious and cultural harmony, educational development, etc.

I had gone.

Cultural Aspects of Naqshbandi Classroom:

ÿ Impact on various cultural fields - The influence of the Naqshbandi system on culture during the Mughal period

extended to various fields such as architecture, music, calligraphy, literature and the architecture of Sufi shrines

and religious places, a fusion of Indian and Persian traditions.

ÿ Literary Contributions - Sufis and scholars associated with the Naqshbandi order made many literary contributions

during the Mughal period. Such as ; The Maktubat ('Collection of Letters'), written by Sheikh Sirhindi, became a

literary achievement of this period. This collection is full of religious discussions, mystical experiences and Sufi

thoughts.

ÿ Music and Qaita - During the Mughal period, Sufi Sama and music became other areas of cultural organization of

the Naqshbandi order which was deeply influenced by the doctrine of Vadhkr (remembrance of God). For

example, Qawwali (a style of Sufi music) also became a source of spiritual organization in Sufi circles.

ÿ Calligraphy and Light - Sufism also had its influence in the fields of calligraphy and light. For example ;

Artistically presented the names of Sufi saints, Quranic verses and Sufi poetry, emphasizing the spiritual

significance of the written words.

ÿ Artistic Expressions- Artistically, the cultural arrangements related to the Naqshbandi temple occupy a very

important place. They used symbols like flowers, calligraphic elements and geometric arts to represent unity,

divine presence and harmony.

Criticism of the Naqshbandi dynasty:

1. Criticism from other Sufi orders - The first and most important criticism came from other Sufi orders. People

opted for more sectarian and externally spiritual practices than the internal reflection (vakr) of the Naqshbandi order.

Like: Aarti, Jana etc.

2. Interference in political spheres - The Naqshbandi order faced criticism for influencing political matters in the

Mughal court. This was because the Naqshbandi Sufi saints influenced the social and political spheres through their

activities such as advising kings on their policies and interfering in politics.

3. Internal strife - Different interpretations of spiritual and religious teachings were demonstrated, conflicts over

leadership positions and succession disputes were all very common issues. These internal disputes often led to the

formation of factions, which affected the uniformity and unity of its spiritual teachings.

4. Emphasis on individuality - Systematic spiritual practices can hinder the cultural integration of people.

Exclusive focus on systemic spiritual development can also hinder cultural and communal aspects that

contribute to a diverse society.

Conclusion

The Naqshbandi system made a significant contribution to intellectual, cultural and spiritual development

during the Mughal period, but this did not make it immune to criticism. Its criticism brought to light a different

aspect through which various perspectives developed to enhance our understanding of the Naqshbandi

system during the Mughal period.

Question 13. In what way were trade and commerce important for prosperity and development during the Mughal period?

Answer - Introduction

During the Mughal period, trade and commerce flourished in India. Luxurious goods

such as spices, silk and precious stones were exchanged along the Silk Road and

through the bustling ports of the Indian subcontinent, linking the Mughals to markets

in Europe, Africa and Asia. This vibrant trade network not only enriched the empire

but also played a vital role in shaping the cultural and economic landscape of the

era, making it a golden age for commerce in medieval India .

:
Trade and Commerce during the Mughal Period

ÿ During the Mughal period, both internal and external trade flourished. India was able to establish itself in world trade as an

active and important industrial market.

ÿ India was able to trade with other countries in Asia and Europe . Since ancient times

These were India's commercial relations with foreign countries.

ÿ After fulfilling the needs of the country , whatever material was left was exported to foreign countries. Food grains, coarse

clothes, salt, daily use equipment and some other types of goods were included in the trade transactions at local and regional

level.

Contribution in the prosperity and development of trade and commerce during the Mughal period:

1. Mughal Bazaar: The heart of trade and commerce:

Mughal bazaars were not just places of trade, but the social and cultural heartbeat of

cities . These bazaars were filled with merchants selling a wide range of goods, from cloth,

spices, grains to jewelry and ceramics. Periodic strategies of the empire led to the

establishment of specific bazaars , such as markets specifically for cloth or spices. Bustling

bazaars, along with policies that encouraged trade, played a vital role in the economic

prosperity of the Mughal Empire.

2. Impact of European trade :

The arrival of European traders had a profound impact on the Mughal Empire. On the one hand

This opened up new markets for Mughal goods, especially textiles, which were in high demand

in Europe. This not only boosted the economy but also led to innovations in textile

production and design to satisfy European tastes.

On the other hand, the import of silver by European traders to pay for these goods provided a

significant flow of wealth into the empire, contributing to the periodic prosperity during the

Mughal period.

3. Mughal Trade Items and Trade Policies:

The Mughal Empire exported textiles (silk, cotton, wool), spices (black pepper,

cloves, cardamom), precious metals (gold, silver) and gems (diamonds, emeralds,

rubies), which were in high demand globally. Mughal emperors introduced policies

to encourage trade, such as the Code of Weights and Measures.

Standardisation, moderate duties, cash payment of revenue. These helped in the

periodic expansion of the Mughal Empire.

4. Mughal Trade Routes:

Mughal trade routes were the arteries of the empire's economy , linking it to

the rest of the world. During the Mughal period, a vast network of sea and

land routes was involved. For example, the Grand Trunk Road, the Silk

Road, and the Surat and Calicut ports became bustling centers of trade.

This extensive network of trade routes not only brought wealth to the empire,

but also allowed for the exchange of ideas, technology, and culture, which

contributed significantly to the empire's prosperity and its role in the global

economy.

5. Development of new business cities:

In the Mughal period , Ajmer was a famous city of Rajputana. From here

wheat was sent to Malabar and other places. Apart from these, Jaunpur,

Burhanpur, Lucknow, Khairabad etc. were also famous trading cities. In

South India, Golkonda was an important commercial city, which had

direct connection with the ports of Goa, Machilipatnam and Surat. Ujjain,

Kannauj, Patwalputra (Patna), Mathura, Ayodhya and Kashi were very

important cities from the trade point of view.

Conclusion

The trade of Mughal goods indirectly facilitated cultural exchange between East and West. This exchange

of goods, ideas and culture not only enriched the Mughal Empire but also left a lasting impact on global

trade patterns and intercultural relations.

Question 14. How did the Mughal Empire encourage the development of crafts and technologies during its reign?

Answer - Introduction

In Mughal India, other products besides agriculture had an important place, in which handicrafts and technology were of special importance.

The Mughal Empire is evidence of a rich culture of crafts and technologies that flourished during the Mughal period. From the intricate

textile techniques that adorned the courts to advances in mining and metallurgy, all contributed to the periodic prosperity of the empire.

Fields of handicrafts and technology during the Mughal period

Women's Development Mining and metals Construction Industry Other Industries

The Art of Rongai

Types of Straws

Mughal Empire

cotton cloth

Textile Technology-

During the Mughal period, textile technology was an important sector, with the production of cloth and the development and advancement

of weaving techniques. During the Mughal period, cloth was produced using Sufi techniques , which were handwoven . They used

various techniques, such as embroidery , threadwork, and embroidery.

Aavad.

The special features of textile technology in the Mughal period are described as follows:

1. Art of dyeing- In the Mughal period, clothes were beautifully decorated using various colors and patterns. Deep and high quality colors

were used on clothes. Along with these colors, various patterns and flowers, leaves, roses and marigolds were used, which made the

clothes attractive. Artists used three techniques in dyeing clothes, which are as follows:

• Kalaya- In this technique, the fabrics are painted with dark and vibrant colours.

I used to go.

• Patchwork – In this technique, cloth was cut into pieces of different colours and

joined to form new patterns.

• Karigaari – In this technique, various pictures were created on the cloth by

embroidery or work of gold or silver.

2. Types of clothes - Various types of clothes were made during the Mughal period

such as Mughal silk, cotton, and linen. And there were many types of these clothes, such as-

Dama, Angarkha, Saree, Turban, Turban, Chudidar, Fashi, Gharara etc.

3. Mughal Silk - During the Mughal period, silk fabrics were produced on a large scale.

Silk fabrics were specially designed for the Mughal emperor and his family. It was

used on special occasions and ceremonies .

The artisans improved the quality of these clothes by using new designs and techniques.

4. Cotton Clothing – Cotton clothing was popular among the common people. These

clothes were divided into two categories – elegant clothing – which was made for the

rich , and cheap clothing – which was made for the common people .

technologicalIn the Mughal period, textile technology played an important role fromthe social, economic and

point ofemperors played a significant role in the advancement of the ancient art.
view and the Mughal

Mining and Metals-

During the Mughal period, mining and production of metals played an important role in the

development of crafts and technology. The craftsmen and artisans of this period presented

metals in various forms and worked skillfully with it. For example, the demand for iron

increased during the Mughal period due to the manufacture of bonds. The four mines of

Rajasthan were used to extract silver, lead and brass.

Gold and silver ornaments and gold, silver and copper coins were issued by the kings .

Construction Industry -

The manufacturing industry during the Mughal period used new and improved techniques

in various fields and influenced various crafts.

As in the Mughal period, the construction industry made a very important contribution in the

field of architecture . At that time, magnificent Mughal buildings, temples, palaces,

spindles, bridges and dams etc. were constructed, which include Lal Takla, Taj Mahal

and Akbar's Spindle . The construction of these buildings was the result of high art.

Other Industries (Paper Manufacturing) -

In the Mughal period, paper was manufactured from hemp pulp . Amir Khusro brought the paper

making technique as a contemporary alternative. Thus, the production of paper was cheap during

the Mughal period, which made communication, record keeping and distribution of knowledge

easier. Taper dura is a delicate art form which involves inlaying semi-precious stones into a

stone base, this form of decoration was introduced by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

Paper making became very popular during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Xuanzang. Paper

making added a new and beautiful aspect to the fields of literature, art, and culture .

Conclusion

The Mughal Empire is evidence of a rich craft and technology. Its various aspects such as courts

Advances in mining and metallurgy contributed to the periodic prosperity of the empire, from the intricate textile techniques that adorned the female idol to

advances in mining and metallurgy.

Question 15. Write a short comment on the following :

(a) Shahjahan's weak policy

(b) Difference between Mughal paintings of Jahangir and Shah Jahan

(c) Reasons for the decline of Mughal painting

(d) Achievements of the life of the teacher

(e) Tasakh - Mughal Confederation

(f) Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama

Answer -

(a) Shahjahan's weak policy

Introduction

Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor of India and had a strong policy towards the Deccan

region. The Deccan region was a strategic point as it was rich in resources and had a strong political

and military presence. Shah Jahan's policy towards the Deccan region was aimed at strengthening

the Mughal Empire's control over the region and expanding his territories . Shah Jahan either

annexed or annexed the Deccan states.

Tried to force them to submit to the Mughal Empire.

Assault on Ahminagar :.

ÿ Shah Jahan attacked Ahmednagar and tried to annex it to the Mughal Empire. Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi was made the

governor of Deccan, but he rebelled and joined Nizam Shah.

ÿ After this, Mahavat Khan was entrusted with the administration of the Southern province. Shah Jahan

tried to attract Bijapur and the Marathas to his side and started preparations for attacking

Ahmednagar . Shah Jahan took back many areas occupied by the Shah and once again Mughal

rule was established over Ahmednagar.

Struggle from Bijapur :.

ÿ Mahabat Khan, the governor of Deccan, was harassed by the chieftains of Bijapur and Ahmednagar . This led

to a battle between the Mughals and Bijapur for the division of Ahmednagar. Bijapur captured Pareda and

attacked Daulatabad. Shahaji helped them. Shahaji and the Bijapur army turned Fateh Khan, who was in

Mughal service, to their side.

ÿ This angered Mahat Khan and he attacked Daulatabad. Fateh Khan, out of fear, apologized

to the Mughals and handed over the Vakila to them. In return, he got money and a job.

Nizamshah was arrested and sent to Gwalior. Thus, in 1633 A.D., Ahmednagar state and

Nizamshahi came to an end and it was annexed to the Mughal Empire .

Defeat of Golkonda and Bijapur :.

ÿ Shah Jahan realized that Bijapur was necessary for peace in the south. After establishing control over

Ahmednagar, he proposed to the Sultan of Bijapur to divide Ahmednagar, but the Sultan refused. On this

Shah Jahan ordered to attack Bijapur .

ÿ After the battle of Rayankar, the Sultan of Bijapur made a treaty with Shahjahan and accepted

Mughal suzerainty. Shahjahan made a treaty with the Sultan of Golkunda as well as Bijapur.

Golkunda promised to deposit 2 lakh rupees annually in the Mughal treasury instead of

paying 4 lakh rupees annual tax.

Conclusion

Shah Jahan's Deccan policy was aimed at consolidating the Mughal Empire's control over the Deccan region.

Though the Mughals were initially unable to capture Ahmednagar, they succeeded in capturing Bijapur and

defeating Golconda. Ultimately, it was only after the capture of Ahmednagar and the defeat of Bijapur and

Golconda that the Mughals were able to firmly establish their control over the Deccan region.

(b) Difference between Mughal paintings of Jahangir and Shah Jahan

Introduction

The Mughal Empire, which lasted from the 16th to the 19th century in India, was a period of cultural and artistic flourishing. Mughal

emperors such as Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan supported the arts. This support played an important role in the development of

Mughal painting. Mughal paintings depicted a variety of subjects, such as court scenes, historical events, portraits of kings and queens,

religious works and literary works. Mughal paintings were a distinctive blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles .

Mughal Painting: During the time of Jahangir: -

1. Mughal painting was at its peak during Jahangir's time. Therefore, Jahangir's painting was considered to be the most important painting of all time.

The period of his reign is called the golden age of painting .

2. Jahangir established a 'Chitrashala' in Agra.

3. Major painters:- 'Farukh Beg', 'Manohar', 'Vabsandas', 'Mansoor' and Abul Hasan.

4. 'Ustad Monsoor' and Abul Hasan were the leading painters of Jahangir's time. Jahangir gave them the titles of

'Nawadar-ul-Asr' and 'Nawadaruzzama' respectively.

5. Ustad Mansoor was a bird painting expert and Abul Hasan was a person painting expert.

6. Abul Hasan copied the drawing of Jahangir for the title page of 'Tuÿuk-e-Jahangir'

A picture was made.

7. Jahangir was a lover of painting and a skilled connoisseur. Meaning Jahangir himself was a good painter.

He was a painter.

8. Apart from depicting scenes of hunting, war and royal court, during the period of Jahangir, there was also special

progress in the art of painting humans and animals .

Mughal Painting: During the time of Shah Jahan –

1. During the time of Shahjahan there was a decline in drawing and colour harmony .

Drawing and body building flourished during his time.

2. Shah Jahan was fond of making his picture with goddess symbols like- his

A ball of light behind the head.

3. Major painters:- Anoop, Mir Hawasam, Muhammad Fakir Ullah, Hunar Muhammad Navdar,

Vacantamvan.

4. The special themes of the paintings of this period included young beauties, palaces of colours, luxurious

life and Christianity. Ink pen paintings were made, which were prepared by mixing paper alum and

glue etc.

5. In all the portraits made of Shah Jahan, he is usually shown wearing the finest clothes and jewellery.

It was depicted wearing a helmet.

6. A special feature of single image paintings of this period is that the hazy city scene appearing far

away is painted in light colours to make the picture look realistic.

It was done.

7. Shahjahan seated on a high throne amidst courtiers , the burning Jahangir and Shahjahan in the

company of King Akbar, in which Akbar is handing over the crown to Shahjahan etc. are the major

paintings of Shahjahan's period.

Conclusion

Mughal paintings are an important part of the Mughal period. Mughal paintings feature detailed details, vibrant colors, and

elaborate stories that reflect the social, cultural, and political conditions of the time.

(c) Reasons for the decline of Mughal painting

Introduction

Mughal painting reflects cultural exchange, advanced technology

and new artistic thinking. Mughal artists combined India's cultural

heritage with Persian and Central Asian art, creating a unique and

distinctive art tradition . Mughal painting is known for its detailed

detail, vibrant colours, emotional motifs and deep stories, which reflect

the social, cultural and political conditions of Mughal times.

Aurangib Period (1658 -1707) :

Fanatic and conservative, Aurangzeb was not a supporter of art.

Aurangzeb banned painting as it was against Islam. As a result, the

development of art and culture slowed down and its lifestyle diminished.

However, in the last years of his life,

He allowed his portrayal, as some pictures still exist in which he is shown

as an old man either hunting or carrying a copy of the Quran.

• According to the historian Manucci, "On the orders of Aurangzeb, the paintings in Akbar's tomb

were whitewashed." And thus began the decline of Mughal painting.

Main reasons for the decline of Mughal painting after Aurangzeb:

1. Political darkness :

One of the primary factors leading to the decline of Mughal painting was the political darkness that

gripped the empire in the final years of its existence. Constant infighting among Mughals vying for the

throne and growing external threats from European colonial powers created an atmosphere of

instability and chaos. As a result, rulers prioritized military and administrative concerns over

cultural endeavors , leading to diminished patronage for the arts.

2. Economic decline:

Mughal painting suffered during the 18th century due to the economic recession in the Mughal Empire.

Mismanagement and corruption led to a decline in revenue, which reduced spending on art and culture .

Without the financial support of wealthy patrons, artists found it difficult to make a living and produce high-

quality work, which stifled innovation in art.

3. Changes in Protection:

The growing threat of British domination and political unrest in the regional states reshaped India's artistic

environment. Artists reoriented their work to meet the needs of changing patrons and their preferences ,

adopting a changing perspective of subject matter and visual aesthetics. This in turn led to the weakening

of Mughal aesthetics.

4. Influence of European art :

In the colonial period, the growing influence of European art became a major problem for Mughal painting.

The arrival of European artists and their art brought new techniques and styles, which fascinated the Indian

people. In addition, European countries promoted their art,

Due to which Mughal painting became even weaker.

5. Social and Cultural Changes :

Social and cultural changes also contributed to the decline of Mughal painting . The rise of new cultural and

religious movements such as the Bhakti and Sufi movements changed the priorities of art. At the same time,

after the decline of the Mughal court, the production of art shifted to regional courts and religious

institutions , which played a major role in its decline.

Conclusion

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, painters from the Mughal court moved to the courts of regional

kingdoms. They received patronage from the new kings. As a result, Mughal artistic styles influenced

other regions of the subcontinent.

(d) Achievements of the life of the teacher

Introduction

The founder of the Maratha Empire in India was Shivaji. Shivaji was born in Tashiner near Pune . His

mother and grandmother made him an expert soldier and a skilled administrator.

Shivaji is known in Indian history as a brave warrior, leader, skilled politician and administrator.

Shivaji Maharaj was religiously influenced by Guru Ramdas, who taught him to be proud of his motherland.

Achievements of Shikha's lifetime:

Shivaji achieved many important achievements in his life. His major

achievements include his freedom struggle, establishment of

Swaraj, political acumen, economic development and recognition

of civil reforms .

1. Shikha's initial successes -

ÿ Control over forts- With the help of Mawali warriors, Tishwari captured the fort of Tashangad in

1643 AD. Apart from Tashangad, he also captured forts like Chakan, Purandar, Supa, Dhaali and

Pahadi forts (Raigad, Konkan, Toran) .

ÿ Military Campaigns- The military campaigns of Shivaji revealed his ability, leadership and strategy.

He conducted many military campaigns, some of the major ones were- campaign against Affil

Khan, campaign against Bijapur, laying the foundation of Maratha Empire etc.

ÿ Victory over Taklas- Vishwaji also conquered Raigarh and built a large fort there and established the

center of his power. In 1657 AD, he looted Junar city, which increased his power and respect.

2. Struggle from Bijapur -

ÿ Rein of Bijapur State - Viswazi and Bijapur have a very deep relationship. Viswazi attacked the imperial

areas of Bijapur Sultan and after entering into an alliance with the Mughals in 1657 AD, he took over the

reins of Bijapur State.

ÿ
Expansion of territories- In the conflict of Bijapur, Vishwaji expanded territories and extended the

boundaries of his independent empire. For example, he attacked northern Konkan and captured Kalan,

Bhindi and Mahuli and extended his territory up to Mahi .

ÿ Death of Afzal Khan - Afzal Khan was a prominent Jagirdar of the Mughal Empire. He took ten thousand

soldiers with him to capture Vishwaji. He was killed along with Vishwaji in a battle at Tirama Chatanabaithak

(Dughan of Pratapgarh) and his army was defeated in the Battle of Pratapgarh .

3. Shishahi and Mughal -

ÿ Tashigi and Aurangzeb - Mughal rulers were the biggest hurdle in establishing the independent state of

Viswazi. Aurangzeb ordered the Subedar of South Shaista Khan to suppress Tashigi , but Viswazi

attacked Shaista Khan's camp and injured him. 1664 AD

In 1608, Viswazi plundered Surat, the famous port of the Mughals , as a result of which his prestige

increased again.

ÿ Treaty of Purandar - The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 ( on behalf of

the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ) between Raja Raja of Tishahar I and Maharaja

of Tishahar , under which Tishahar gave away 12 out of 35 Taklas, the areas

of Konkan and Balaghat in exchange for a sum of Rs 40 lakh Hun to the

Mughals and sent his son Sambhaji to Aurangzeb's service with a Mansab

('rank' or 'rank') of 5000 .

Meanwhile, seeing the weak position of the Mughals in the south, Viswazi took back Purandar, Panhala,

Satara and many forts between 1670-74 . Thus, Viswazi showed his intelligence and

He strategically defended his territory against the Mughal Empire and achieved success in protecting his independence .

4. Tashiti as Chhatrapati (1674-80) -

ÿ In 1674, Shivaji was formally crowned in the Gugan of Raigad . He declared himself

as the first Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire . The title of Chhatrapati (the

title of the king) was called Chhatrapati. Shivaji established his leadership on the

strength of his hard work, courage, bravery and diplomacy.

Why should Pravashali show?

ÿ Shivaji's period as Chhatrapati was an important period for his political and imperial development . During this time he established

the Maratha Empire and developed its strong foundations. Such as: Establishment of the state

, Administrative reforms, national expansion, , of the army

Build , religious and cultural works etc. Under his leadership the Maratha Empire became an important and influential political

power.

Conclusion

Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680 A.D.) was a great king and strategist of India who in 1674 A.D.

He laid the foundation of the Maratha Empire in western India in 1628. For this he fought with the ruler of the Mughal Empire,

Aurangzeb. He was brave, courageous and skilful. On the strength of his courage and wisdom, he rose from a simple jagirdar to become

the founder of the Maratha state.

(e) Tasakh - Mughal Confederation

Introduction

The Sikh-Mughal conflict is an important event in Indian history, which took place between the Sikh communities and the

Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The main cause of this conflict was the effect of the tyrannical and unjust

rules of the Mughal rulers on the religious and social status of the Sikhs. This conflict was an important phase in Indian

history, which contributed significantly to the stability and population of the Sikh community.

Metallic and Material

talent

Non-Traditional Count

organization of such gurus

Feeling of freedom and

independence

Due
Arterial transformation

ÿ Religious and Social Division - During the Mughal period, there was religious and social division in the society. Sikhs

were not treated fairly by the Mughal rulers. Their religious rights were violated, which motivated the Sikh community to

fight with the Mughals.

ÿ Non-Sikh community- At the time of Mughal-Sikh conflict, non-Sikh community (Namdhari, Hindu and Muslim communities)

The contribution of the Sikhs in the Mughal-Sikh conflict has been linked to their religious, social and political

circumstances. The Sikh Guru's enemies, local Mughal officials and hill kings played an important role in making

the relations more tense.

ÿ Organization of Sikh Gurus - Sikh Gurus raised their voice against injustice and oppression in the society and organized

the Sikh community. This gave them the power to protest against Mughal rule. They empowered their followers and

inspired them to fight for freedom. This became the main reason for the struggle against Mughal rule.

ÿ Feeling of freedom and independence - The main reason of Sikh-Mughal conflict was the feeling of

freedom and independence. The fundamental principle of Sikhism is- “Every person has the right to live

on the basis of religion and freedom.” From Guru Nanak Dev to Guru Gobind Singh, Sikh Gurus

strengthened this foundation and inspired the Sikh community with the feeling of freedom.

ÿ Religious Conversion - There was a controversy in the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals

due to the forced adoption of Islam by the Mughals and the refusal to convert to Islam, which led to

conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

Conflict between prominent Sikh Gurus and Mughal Rulers:

The conflict between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal rulers began with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh

Guru, Guru Nanak Dev in 1606 on the orders of Jahangir . Some of the important conflicts are mentioned

below:

1. Guru Hargobind Singh - Guru Hargobind became the sixth Guru in 1606. His

works and activities developed a sense of freedom and dignity in the Sikh community.

He organized fairs and mass pilgrimages to eliminate casteism and inequality in

society. He fought many wars against the Mughal emperor Abul Fazal and formed

his own army to stabilize the Sikh community and inspire them against Mughal rule.

Jahangir kept him imprisoned in Gwalior for two years . He

He established a town named Kiratpur and he died there .

2. Guru Tegh Bahadur - 1664 Guru Tegh Bahadur became the ninth Guru . He was

the son of Guru Hargobind. After taking over the throne, Guru Tegh Bahadur ji visited

various public gatherings and started Bhajan Sangeet . Helped Hindu rulers in Kashmir

He fought against the Mughals for religious freedom and organised social

service activities. In 1675, Aurangzeb arrested Guru Tegh Bahadur on charges of

atrocities and summoned him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam. When Guru

Tegh Bahadur refused, he was murdered. His martyrdom inspired a sense of pride

and inspiration in the Sikh community.

3. Guru Govind Singh- In 1675, Guru Gobind Singh became the first Guru of the Vaskhos.

He founded a city named Anandpur and established his throne there.

In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth , an elite group of saints and

warriors. He fought more than a dozen battles against the Mughals. Guru Gobind Singh

was stabbed by an assassin and died of his wounds on 7 October 1708 .

4. Banda Singh Bahadur- Banda Singh Bahadur was a disciple of Guru Govind Singh

Ji . It was Veer Khan who killed both the commanders (Zorar Singh and Fateh Singh) .

Later, Banda Singh Bahadur killed Wazir Khan and took over Sirtahind .

Thus, Banda Singh became the first political leader of the Sikhs . He established the first

Sikh state and issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Govind Singh.

Conclusion

The Sikh Mughal conflict established the Sikh community as a strong and independent religious community

And protected its religious and social rights, which gave a new turn to Indian history. As a result, the struggle and

sacrifice of Sikh Gurus against the Mughals led to the rise of the Sikh state.

Happened.

(f) Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama

Introduction

Literature is considered a symbol of cultural development and is a reflection of society . Literature is a written

record of artistic activity. Hence, Deccani Sufi literature refers to the religious and literary tradition of Sufi saints

and Sufis of the South Indian region who flourished during the medieval period in the Deccan region of India. Two

notable works within the Deccani Sufi literary tradition are "Chakki Nama" and "Charkha Nama".

According to Richard M. Eaton- “In his work ‘Sufi Folk Literature and the Expansion

of Indian Islam’ , he discusses the spread of mysticism among the women of the Deccan.”

Richard M. Eaton

History of Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama:

In the medieval period, the Sufi saints of Bijapur who belonged to the Chishti class wrote short poems and

songs to be sung by the women of the house. These short poems were sung when the women performed special

tasks and came to be known by different names.

The main types of these were-

Chakki-nama (song sung while grinding grain) and Charkha-nama (song sung while using spinning wheel to spin

thread). Others - Shadi-nama (wedding songs), Loori-nama (lullaby), Suhagan-nama etc. Out of which we will

learn about two popular literature: Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama,

which are as follows:

1. Chakki-nama :

Chakki means mill and Naama means grinding. That is, if a woman used to walk

while grinding millet or any other grain, then it came to be called Chakki Naama . The

grinding stone of the Chakki is considered to be a symbol of the trials and tribulations of life.

These are used to represent the principles which grind and shape the soul, ultimately

leading to spiritual purity and enlightenment.

2. Charkha-nama :

Meaning of Charkha- A wooden machine for spinning wool, silk, cotton etc.

And the meaning of Nama is spinning. That is, if a woman was walking while spinning

yarn, then it came to be known as Charkha Nama . Charkha works as a centre.

or, each of these household activities involved a steady movement of the hands,

In which these names used to help. very soon, the Chakki NaamaAnd
Charkha

Nama, Qatita Of became the most widely composed, read or sung

The form was formed.

Influence of Sufi poets on the folk culture of Tikkan:

ÿ Popularity among women- Dakhni Sufi poems became popular due to their message, which Music, deep
substance

Emotions and Humanity women could follow while performing household activities.

These poems helped to promote positivity, confidence, and self-support in the lives of women. For example:

Chakki-nama and Charkha-nama Folk songs were mainly sung by village women, which became the most

widespread form of poetry in the Deccan.

ÿ Spread of Sufism among the people- These poems were composed by Sufis to spread their doctrine and

teachings among the uneducated people of the villages. In India, folk poems related to spinning and weaving

were part of the Kannada and Marathi oral tradition even before Islam, and the Sufis composed these poems in

the local Deccani language, which was considered prominent in the cultural history of the Deccan.

Manuscripts from the Hyderabad Collection- most of them 1. Amin al-Din Ala's
there are mill-names chakki-nama

Situated in a systematic manner, Chakki Nama and Charkha Nama refer to the stones
2. Chakki-nama of Shah Havasham
But there are some which were found in rural areas. They
Khudawand

These are also seen on the manuscripts. One such manuscript is

3. Chakki-nama of Farooqi
preserved in the Hyderabad Museum. These manuscripts originated in
4. Ghazi's Chakki-nama
Bijapur by the Sufis of the Chishti sect . The names of some of them are
5. Chakki-nama of Shah Kamal al-
as follows:
Din

Conclusion

Both of these works are attributed to Sufi poets and reflect the Sufi worldview, which includes

The themes of love, peace, the spiritual journey and union with God are emphasized. Sufism has influenced many fields such as music,

poetry and architecture. The names chakki and charkha disappeared in the Deccan after the fall of the Adal Shahi Empire in 1686, but

they survive in many forms of folk compositions in Kannada and Marathi in the Bombay-Karnataka region.

History 1550-1700 New Eng Final 4th
No ratings yet
History 1550-1700 New Eng Final 4th
69 pages
Akbar: Life, Reign, and Legacy Analysis
No ratings yet
Akbar: Life, Reign, and Legacy Analysis
15 pages
Akbar the Great: Mughal Empire Overview
No ratings yet
Akbar the Great: Mughal Empire Overview
6 pages
Akbar the Great: Rise of the Mughal Empire
No ratings yet
Akbar the Great: Rise of the Mughal Empire
3 pages
Akbar (1556-1605)
100% (1)
Akbar (1556-1605)
12 pages
Case Study ON "Akbar The Great" Submitted By: Rishika Singh
No ratings yet
Case Study ON "Akbar The Great" Submitted By: Rishika Singh
18 pages
Akbar Final
No ratings yet
Akbar Final
46 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
21 pages
HISTORY 1550-1700 NEW ENGLISH FINAL 4th Sem
No ratings yet
HISTORY 1550-1700 NEW ENGLISH FINAL 4th Sem
60 pages
The Great Akbar
No ratings yet
The Great Akbar
7 pages
Early Life & Childhood: Quest For Power: Second Battle of Panipat
No ratings yet
Early Life & Childhood: Quest For Power: Second Battle of Panipat
4 pages
Akbar's Reign: Consolidation & Conquests
No ratings yet
Akbar's Reign: Consolidation & Conquests
15 pages
Arif Ubl
No ratings yet
Arif Ubl
11 pages
Social Oympiad Seniors-8
No ratings yet
Social Oympiad Seniors-8
7 pages
Mughal Dynasty for Class 7 Students
No ratings yet
Mughal Dynasty for Class 7 Students
6 pages
AURANGZAIB
No ratings yet
AURANGZAIB
28 pages
06 Chapter 2
No ratings yet
06 Chapter 2
7 pages
Medieval History 08 Daily Class Notes (English)
No ratings yet
Medieval History 08 Daily Class Notes (English)
12 pages
Medieval India Mughal Dynasty NCERT
No ratings yet
Medieval India Mughal Dynasty NCERT
6 pages
Akbar The Great
100% (1)
Akbar The Great
4 pages
BPH - L-11-01 (Courtesy by Kaisar Syed) - Suraiya Islam
No ratings yet
BPH - L-11-01 (Courtesy by Kaisar Syed) - Suraiya Islam
3 pages
On Mughal Dynasty
No ratings yet
On Mughal Dynasty
36 pages
Akbar History Project
No ratings yet
Akbar History Project
4 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
5 pages
Early Life of Akbar the Great
No ratings yet
Early Life of Akbar the Great
10 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
2 pages
Akbar: Mughal Empire's Great Monarch
No ratings yet
Akbar: Mughal Empire's Great Monarch
6 pages
Babur: Founder of the Mughal Empire
No ratings yet
Babur: Founder of the Mughal Empire
11 pages
Mughal Empire: Babur to Akbar
No ratings yet
Mughal Empire: Babur to Akbar
54 pages
Emperor Akbar Upsc Notes 52
No ratings yet
Emperor Akbar Upsc Notes 52
6 pages
Assignment
No ratings yet
Assignment
26 pages
Expansion and Consolidation
No ratings yet
Expansion and Consolidation
3 pages
Akbar: The Philosopher-King
No ratings yet
Akbar: The Philosopher-King
6 pages
Akbar the Great: Mughal Empire Overview
No ratings yet
Akbar the Great: Mughal Empire Overview
3 pages
3 RTL's 1526 To 1862
No ratings yet
3 RTL's 1526 To 1862
20 pages
Mughal Empire: A Historical Overview
No ratings yet
Mughal Empire: A Historical Overview
34 pages
Emperor Akbar References
No ratings yet
Emperor Akbar References
12 pages
History For Mid
No ratings yet
History For Mid
14 pages
Mughal Empire: Akbar's Challenges
No ratings yet
Mughal Empire: Akbar's Challenges
27 pages
7th Grade Mughal Empire Overview
No ratings yet
7th Grade Mughal Empire Overview
4 pages
Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire
100% (1)
Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire
7 pages
Mughal Empire: Babur to Akbar
No ratings yet
Mughal Empire: Babur to Akbar
4 pages
Greater Mughals
No ratings yet
Greater Mughals
7 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
13 pages
4 Akbar
No ratings yet
4 Akbar
21 pages
Expansion of Mughal Empire From Akbar To Aurangzeb
No ratings yet
Expansion of Mughal Empire From Akbar To Aurangzeb
4 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
10 pages
Akbar the Great: Early Reign Challenges
No ratings yet
Akbar the Great: Early Reign Challenges
37 pages
26 Medieval India Mughal Dynasty (NCERT) PDF
No ratings yet
26 Medieval India Mughal Dynasty (NCERT) PDF
5 pages
Akbar The Great
No ratings yet
Akbar The Great
2 pages
Akbar
No ratings yet
Akbar
4 pages
The Mughal Empire in India
No ratings yet
The Mughal Empire in India
10 pages
Akbar's Political and Religious Struggles
No ratings yet
Akbar's Political and Religious Struggles
12 pages
BharatParv Sponsorship Packages
No ratings yet
BharatParv Sponsorship Packages
1 page
Bharatparv Sponsorship Packages
No ratings yet
Bharatparv Sponsorship Packages
1 page
Orange and Yellow Simple Modern Presentation
No ratings yet
Orange and Yellow Simple Modern Presentation
11 pages
MG01M001 Paper
No ratings yet
MG01M001 Paper
8 pages
Gs Paper Anubhav IV Explanations Set A 1746516357020
No ratings yet
Gs Paper Anubhav IV Explanations Set A 1746516357020
32 pages
Next IAS Module
No ratings yet
Next IAS Module
4 pages
History Imp Dates
No ratings yet
History Imp Dates
11 pages
6 MCQs For Social Welfare in India
No ratings yet
6 MCQs For Social Welfare in India
34 pages
Harem PDF
No ratings yet
Harem PDF
5 pages
Jahangir: A Mughal Emperor's Reign
No ratings yet
Jahangir: A Mughal Emperor's Reign
38 pages
Medieval History
No ratings yet
Medieval History
17 pages
Subahdars of Bengal in the Mughal Era
No ratings yet
Subahdars of Bengal in the Mughal Era
9 pages
Chapter 8 PDF
100% (1)
Chapter 8 PDF
28 pages
Munazza Batool Comparative Religions HSR 2016 IIU 11.12.2017
100% (1)
Munazza Batool Comparative Religions HSR 2016 IIU 11.12.2017
264 pages
Answer For Religious Policy of Akbar
No ratings yet
Answer For Religious Policy of Akbar
20 pages
Company Painting 3
No ratings yet
Company Painting 3
11 pages
WWW Scribd Com Document 739525469 History of India C 1500 1700
No ratings yet
WWW Scribd Com Document 739525469 History of India C 1500 1700
20 pages
Medieval Indian Culture Assignment
No ratings yet
Medieval Indian Culture Assignment
8 pages
First Battle of Panipat Overview 1526
No ratings yet
First Battle of Panipat Overview 1526
3 pages
Test 02 Ancient and Medieval History Solution English BPSC AEDO
No ratings yet
Test 02 Ancient and Medieval History Solution English BPSC AEDO
14 pages
Social Lesson 7 Blanks
No ratings yet
Social Lesson 7 Blanks
12 pages
DH 2011 2020 Part A DCHB Khunti
No ratings yet
DH 2011 2020 Part A DCHB Khunti
386 pages
The Role of Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi in The Socio
No ratings yet
The Role of Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi in The Socio
3 pages
Medieval India Invasions & Dynasties
No ratings yet
Medieval India Invasions & Dynasties
7 pages
Hist
No ratings yet
Hist
2 pages
(Aziz Ahmad) Islamic Modernism in India and Pak
100% (2)
(Aziz Ahmad) Islamic Modernism in India and Pak
306 pages
World History Muslim World Expands
No ratings yet
World History Muslim World Expands
54 pages
Maharana Pratap
67% (6)
Maharana Pratap
8 pages
History Sample Paper - 3
No ratings yet
History Sample Paper - 3
7 pages
System That Emerged During The 24
100% (1)
System That Emerged During The 24
11 pages
Mughal Seed in Modern Architectural Deco
No ratings yet
Mughal Seed in Modern Architectural Deco
5 pages
Asiatic Papers Pap 03 Modi U of T
0% (1)
Asiatic Papers Pap 03 Modi U of T
330 pages
Mughal War of Succession
No ratings yet
Mughal War of Succession
9 pages
CH 9 Xii History Notes
No ratings yet
CH 9 Xii History Notes
9 pages
CO4 - Mughal Architecture
No ratings yet
CO4 - Mughal Architecture
102 pages