FACILITATING LEARNING

 BEHAVIORISM
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING / RESPONDENT THEORY
- IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV (RUSSIAN)

o TYPES OF STIMULUS AND RESPONSE

1. NEUTRAL – no reaction.
2. UNCONDITIONED – no need to train.
3. CONDITIONED – there’s a train.
o PRINCIPLES
1. STIMULUS GENERALIZATION – generalizing all.
2. EXTINCTION – unlearning/ removing action.
3. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY – relearning.
4. DISCRIMINATION – they are not all the same.
5. HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING – changing stimulus.
6. ADHESIVE PRINCIPLE – attached stimulus.
7. PRINCIPLES of EXCITATION – there’s reaction even there’s no stimulus.

2. FATHER OF BEHAVIORISM
- JOHN B. WATSON (AMERICAN)
- Little Albert Experiment is understanding of fears, love, phobias, and prejudice
and the child.

3. OPERANT / INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING THEORY

- BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER (AMERICAN)

A. REINFORMENT – reward / strengthen.

1. POSITIVE – add something pleasant / increase behavior.
2. NEGATIVE – take away unpleasant.
VPNATC – Verbal, Physical, Non-Verbal, Activity, Token (medal),
Consumable.

B. PUNISHMENT – reduces responses.

1. POSITIVE – give something doesn’t like.
2. NEGATIVE – remove what she/ he likes.

o PRINCIPLES
1. SHAPING – steps to reach.
2. CHAINING – series of behavior/ step to get award.
3. EXTINCTION – no longer reinforce.
FACILITATING LEARNING

o SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
1. CONTINUOUS – after every correct answer
2. PARTIAL
a. FIXED INTERVAL – fixed at time.
b. VARIABLE INTERVAL – average amount of time.
c. FIXED RATIO – fixed number.
d. VARIABLE RATIO – average number.

4. CONNECTIONISM THEORY
- EDWARD L. THORNDIKE (AMERICAN)
1. LAW of READINESS – prepared.
2. LAW of EXERCISE – often repeated.
3. LAW of EFFECT – strengthen(positive), weakened (negative).
4. LAW of BELONGINESS – paired stimuli possess similarities.
5. LAW of ASSOCIATION – relating two or more experience.
6. LAW of MULTIPLE RESPONSE – same stimulus different response.
7. LAW of FREQUENCY – response is repeated the greater tendency to
remember.
8. LAW of CONTIGUITY – after events occur together.
9. LAW of REQUIREMENT – you will not do it if it’s not required.

 NEO-BEHAVIORISM
1. PURPOSIVE LEARNING THEORY
- CLARK L. HULL AND EDWARD TOLMAN-AMERICAN
- Learning is purposive/ goal directed.
- Selects the shortest/ easiest path.
- Latent learning – remain until needed.

2. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

- ALBERT BANDURA (AMERICAN)
- Observation/ imitation/ modelling/ stimulation
- Bobo doll

 CONDITION FOR AFFECTIVE MODELLING (ARMM)

1. A – attention – awareness.
2. R – retention – remembering behavior.
3. M – motor reproduction – ability to replicate.
4. M – motivation – will emulate the behavior.
FACILITATING LEARNING

 COGNITIVISM
1. GESTALT THEORY
- MAX WERTHEIMER (AUSTRALIAN), WOLFGANG KOHLER (GERMAN), AND
KURT KOFFKA (GERMAN)
- Perception and interpretation/ not passive learners
o PRINCIPLES
1. LAW of PROXIMITY – nearness/ belong together.
2. LAW of SIMILARITY – similar element together.
3. LAW of CLOSURE – fill the gaps.
4. LAW of GOOD CONTINUATION – continuous line.
5. LAW of PROGRAMS – expect certain pattern.
6. LAW of FIGURE / GROUND – tend to play attention.

2. INSIGHT THEORY
- WOLFGANG KOHLER (German)
- Discovery learning/ sodden realization of a solution
- Eureka/ Aha moment (Epifany)/ Sultan (Ape) Chimpanzee

3. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

- (GEORGE MILLER)

o TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
1. GENERAL vs. SPECIFIC – useful in many tasks or only one.
2. DECLARATIVE – factual knowledge/ semantic/ name
3. PROCEDURAL – how to do things.
4. EPISODIC – life events
5. CONDITIONAL – knowing when and why.

o THREE STAGES
1. ENCODING – acquiring information/ sensed/ perceived.
a. SHALLOW - easy to forget.
b. DEEP – meaningful.
2. STORAGE – information stored.
3. RETRIEVAL – getting information back when needed.

o MEMORY MODEL/ SYSTEM (MODAL MODEL)

- RICHARD ATKINSON AND RICHARD SHIFFRIN (1968)
1. SENSORY MEMORY (DECAY) – recall what you see.
2. SHORT TERM MEMORY (FORGETTING) – currently thinking, working memory.
3. LONG TERM MEMORY (RETRIEVAL) – extended period until needed.
FACILITATING LEARNING

o FORGETTING
1. DECAY – eroded/ we did not use for a while.
2. DISPLACEMENT – items are pushed out of memory by another item.

o PERCEPTION
1. BOTTOM UP – specific to general – conclude.
2. TOP DOWN – general to specific.
3. RECALL TASK FINDING
a. PRIMARY EFFECT – first you saw.
b. RECENCY – last you saw.
4. INTERFERENCE in LONG TIME MEMORY (LTM)
a. PROACTIVE – cannot put new because of old.
b. RETROACTIVE - cannot back the old because of new.

o METHODS FOR INCREASING RETRIEVAL INFORMATION

1. REHEARSAL – repeating.
2. MEANINGFUL LEARNING – connect past and new.
3. ORGANIZATION – connecting various information.
4. ELABORATION – additional ideas.
5. VISUAL IMAGERY – pictures.
6. GENERATION – procedure.
7. CONTEXT – remembering situation.
8. PERSONALIZATION – making information relevant.
9. SERIAL POSITION – primary or recency.
10. PART LEARNING – break – up the list “chunking”
11. DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE – break up learning sessions.
12. MNEMONIC (MEMORY AID) - a tool that helps you remember an idea or
phrase with a pattern of letters, numbers, or relatable associations. Mnemonic
devices include special rhymes and poems, acronyms, images, songs, outlines,
and other tools.

 MEANINGFUL LEARNING/ VERBAL/ SUBSUMPTION THEORY

- DAVID PAUL AUSUBEL (AMERICAN)
- Knowledge is hierarchically achieved.
- Happens when students relate the new knowledge with prior knowledge/
experience/ learner already knows.

o ADVANCE ORGANIZER (Prior Knowledge)

1. EXPOSITORY – describe new content/ beginning of instruction.
2. NARRATIVE – form a story.
FACILITATING LEARNING

3. SKINNING – looking over the new material to gain.

4. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER – set up/ outline.

 CUMULATIVE LEARNING THEORY

- ROBERT GAGNE (AMERICAN) Father of Instructional Technology.
- Where new learnings builds upon prior knowledge and is dependent on the
combination of previously acquired knowledge.
- Intellectual skills can be broken down into simpler ones.

o NINE EVENTS OF INSTRUCTIONS (REReSeSe ReReAsGe)

1. Gaining Attention – Reception
2. Informing Learning of Objectives – Expectancy
3. Recalling Prior Knowledge – Retrieval
4. Presenting Material – Selective Perception
5. Providing Guided Learning – Semantic Coding
6. Eliciting Performance – Responding
7. Providing Feedback – Reinforcement
8. Assessing Performance – Assessment
9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer – Generalization

o TEACHING for TRANSFER

1. TRANSFER – pass information.
2. RETENTION – recall, recognize.
3. INTERFERENCE – hindering, distracting.
4. FORGETTING – loss of information.

 PERSONALITIES / THEORIES
1. CONE OF EXPERIENCE / PYRAMID LEARNING
- EDGAR DALE (AMERICAN 1960) Father of Modern Education Technology
- Not based on difficulty but on abstraction/ senses involved
Read - 10% Say and write – 70%
Hear – 20% Do – 90%
See – 30%
See and hear – 50%

2. CONSTRUCTIVIST/ MODE OF LEARNING / THREE-TIERED MODEL

- JEROME BRUNER – FATHER of EDTECH/ INSTRUCTION
- Coined scaffolding/ learners construct new ideas based upon current
knowledge or past knowledge.
FACILITATING LEARNING

- Prior knowledge
- Spiral Curriculum – revisiting basic ideas, elaborating to the full understanding
and mastery.

 3 MODES OF RESPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE (0 - 1 y.o) – actions and movements.
2. ICONIC (1 – 6 y.o) – model, images, pictures, icons.
3. SYMBOLIC (7 y.o – Up) – language, abstract, numbers.

3. FIELD THEORY
- KURT LEWIN
- Psychological theory of behavior that examines the pattern of interaction
between the individual and the total field or environment.
- Life space content / vector.
1. CONVERT BEHAVIOR – not direct observable.
2. OVERT BEHAVIOR – obvious/ full review behaviors.

4. ALFRED BINET – Father of IQ Test.

IQ = mental age ÷ chronological age x 100

 6 AREAS – general intelligence, quantitative reasoning knowledge, fluid reasoning,

working memory, visual-spatial processing.

5. LEWIS TERMAN – Father of Modern IQ Test.

1. 164 and over – genius and near genius.
2. 148 - 164 – very superior Intelligence.
3. 132 – 148 – superior Intelligence.
4. 116 – 132 – above average Intelligence.
5. 84 – 116 – normal or average Intelligence.
6. 68 – 84 – Dullness.
7. 52 – 68 – Borderline Deficiency.
8. Below 52 - mental deficiency.

6. DANIEL GOLEMAN – Father of EQ

7. JOHN DEWEY – founder of pragmatism.

1. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING THEORY – hands on approach.
2. INTERDISCIPLINING APPROACH – multiple subjects.
3. PROGRESSIVE/ DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION/ LEARNING BY DOING
FACILITATING LEARNING

8. JOHN LOCKE – Tabularasa/ Natural Law/ Empirical Theory (senses).

- Procedure an individual with a sound mind in a sound body so as to better serve
his country.

9. PAOLO FRIERE – Banking Concept

1. CRITICAL PEDAGOGY
2. PEDAGOGY of LIBERATION

10. JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI – Whole Child Approach

- Education should develop the powers of 3H (Head, Heart, and Hands (Balance)).
- Philosophy of Education where the dignity of students and the importance of
actively engaging using their senses to explore the environment.

11. FRIEDRICH WILHELM FROEBEL – Father of Kindergarten

- German, Child centered, Kindergarten.
- Garden of Children (kindergarten) – games/sports.

12. JOHANN AMOS COMENIUS – Father of Modern Teaching/ Education.

- Advocate teaching in common or vernacular language.
- Educational reformer opened doors of education for women, equal
opportunity, educate young people.

13. MARIA MONTESSORI (Italian) – Montessori Approach

- Child centered curriculum/ education child use for all senses.
- Manipulation and experimentation
- Allow child to proceed at his own pace.

14. WILHELM WUNDT – Father of Psychology

15. SIGMUND FREUD – Father of Modern Psychology/ psychosexual/ psychoanalysis
16. WILLIAM JAMES – Father of American Psychology
17. WILLIAM GLASSES – Control/ Choice Theory
18. LEV VYGOTSKY – Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive (Scaffolding use by lev)
- Social Constructivism, Development, Linguistic Theory
- Social Interaction, Scaffolding (Assistance)
- Zone of Proximal Development – students’ ability to perform task under
guidance.
- POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT – hindi pa kayang gawin.

* EXISTENTIALISM – current question

1. What is the purpose of my life?
2. Are there live in the other planets?
3. Existence of Multiple Universe.
FACILITATING LEARNING

4. Where is God?
5. If there is heaven, where it is?

19. JEAN PIAGET

1. SENSORIMOTOR – reflex (di tinuro)
SUCKING – reflex of the mouth
GRASPING – hand
ROOFING – sensation
STARTLE – gulat

20. HOWARD GARDNER – Multiple Intelligence (INVISIBLE M)

 Premack Principle – person will be more likely to perform a non-preferred task if it’s
followed up with preferred task.
 Consequence – reinforcement, something that happens because of child behaving
way.
 Contingency – natural consequence
- Tend to acquire knowledge based on whichever outcome has the highest
probability.