Class 10 Chemistry – NCERT Based Answers (PDF Format)

Q2: What is Rock Salt? Rock salt is the common name for the mineral form of sodium chloride
(NaCl). It is found in the form of solid salt deposits under the earth’s surface. It is usually brown
due to impurities and is used for making table salt.

Q3: Properties of Acids and Bases. What are Natural and Synthetic Indicators?

ans-Properties of Acids:

1. They are sour in taste.

2. They turn blue litmus red.

3. They release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.

4. They conduct electricity in aqueous solutions.

Properties of Bases:

1. They are bitter in taste.

2. They feel soapy to touch.

3. They turn red litmus blue.

4. They release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solution.

Indicators:

Natural Indicators: Obtained from natural sources (e.g., Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage juice).

Synthetic Indicators: Man-made indicators (e.g., Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange).

Q4: What is Brine?
ans-Brine is a concentrated solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water. It is used in the
chlor-alkali process to produce chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide.

Q5: What gases are collected at Anode and Cathode?

ans-At Anode: Chlorine gas (Cl₂) is collected.

At Cathode: Hydrogen gas (H₂) is collected.

Q6: What is the Chlor-Alkali Process?

Ans-It is the process of electrolysis of brine (salt solution). When electricity is passed through
brine:

Chlorine gas is formed at the anode.

Hydrogen gas is formed at the cathode.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is formed in the solution.

Q7: What Happens When Acid Reacts with Metal?

When an acid reacts with a metal, a salt and hydrogen gas are formed. This is a displacement
reaction where the metal displaces hydrogen from the acid. The evolved hydrogen gas can be
tested by bringing a burning matchstick near it; it burns with a pop sound, confirming the
presence of hydrogen.

Example:

Zn + 2HCl→ZnCl2+H2↑\text{Zn + 2HCl} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2 + \text{H}_2 ↑

Q8: How Base Reacts with Metal?

When a base reacts with a metal, it produces hydrogen gas (H₂) and a salt. This reaction is
similar to the reaction of acids with metals. The metal displaces hydrogen from the base,
releasing it as a gas. For eg:

When zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide:

Zn + 2NaOH→Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ ↑\text{Zn + 2NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ ↑}Zn +

2NaOH→Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ ↑

Here, Na₂ZnO₂ is sodium zincate (a salt), and hydrogen gas is evolved.

●​ Effervescence due to H₂ gas.​

●​ If a burning matchstick is brought near the gas, it burns with a pop sound, confirming
hydrogen.​

9: What Happens When Sodium Carbonate Reacts with Acid?

ans-When sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) reacts with an acid like hydrochloric acid (HCl), it forms
a salt, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O). This reaction produces effervescence due to
the release of CO₂ gas.

●​ Fizzing or bubbling due to CO₂ gas.​

●​ The gas can turn lime water milky, confirming the presence of CO₂.​

Q10: How Metal Hydrogen Carbonate Reacts with Acid?

When a metal hydrogen carbonate reacts with an acid, it produces a salt, carbon dioxide
gas (CO₂), and water (H₂O). This is a characteristic reaction of acids with carbonates and
hydrogen carbonates. During the reaction, effervescence is observed due to the release of CO₂
gas.

This reaction is important in everyday applications such as baking (to make cakes rise) and fire
extinguishers.

This is a neutralization-type reaction followed by the decomposition of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃

→ CO₂ + H₂O).

Q-11: Reaction of Sodium Carbonate with Acid

i)​ When Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) reacts with an acid like Hydrochloric acid (HCl), a
gas X is released.

This gas is Carbon Dioxide (CO2), which is used in fire extinguishers.

Chemical Equation:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (gas)

ii)​ The gas evolved (CO2) is used in fire extinguishers because it does not support
combustion and forms a blanket over fire.

iii)​ When CO2 is passed over Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], it turns lime water milky due to
the formation of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3).
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 -> CaCO3 (solid) + H2O

This is a common test to detect the presence of CO2 gas.

Q-12: Why Dry HCl Gas Does Not Change Blue Litmus to Red

Dry HCl gas does not change the color of blue litmus paper to red because it does not release
hydrogen ions (H+) in the absence of water.

Only in aqueous solution does HCl ionize to form H+ ions which are responsible for acidic
properties.

Hence, dry HCl gas does not show acidic behavior and does not affect litmus paper.

Q-13: Reaction of Zinc with Dilute Acid

When Zinc (Zn) reacts with a dilute strong acid like Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), it forms Zinc
Chloride (ZnCl2) and Hydrogen gas (H2) is evolved.

Chemical Equation:

Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2 (gas)

The gas evolved is Hydrogen (H2). It is used in the hydrogenation of oils.

Test for Hydrogen Gas:

Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube from which the gas is evolving.

If the gas burns with a 'pop' sound, it confirms the presence of h2 gas

Q-14. Name different forms of Calcium:

1. Calcium metal (Ca)

2. Calcium oxide (CaO) – Quick lime

3. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] – Slaked lime

4. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) – Limestone/chalk/marble

5.. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) – Drying agent

Q-15. What is a Neutralization Reaction?

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt
and water.
Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

Q-16. Copper oxide reacts with Dilute HCl:

Salt formed: Copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂)

Color of salt: Blue-green

Chemical Equation: CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O

Q-17. What is Alkali?

An alkali is a water-soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution.

Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Calcium hydroxide

[Ca(OH)₂]

Q-18. Conductivity of Acid in Water (Bulb Diagram Type):

i) Yes, acid conducts electricity because it produces free H⁺ ions.

ii) Yes, the bulb glows due to the flow of electric current.

iii) If acid is replaced with a base, the solution still conducts electricity because bases release
OH⁻ ions.

iv) If water is replaced with a liquid like oil, it does not conduct electricity because ions are not
formed in non-polar liquids.

Q-19. Three Solutions – A (pH 0), B (pH 3), C (pH 5):

A) Solution A (pH 0) has the highest concentration of H⁺ ions.

B) Solution C (pH 5) has the lowest concentration of H⁺ ions

Q-20. Why does 1 mole of HCl solution have more H⁺ ions than CH₃COOH?

HCl is a strong acid and completely ionizes in water to release a large amount of H⁺ ions.

CH₃COOH (acetic acid) is a weak acid and only partially ionizes in water. Hence, 1 mole of HCl
gives more H⁺ ions than 1 mole of CH₃COOH.