Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC

(Formerly Cavite College of Fisheries)
Bucana Malaki, Naic, Cavite

TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

BSEE 34 – Survey of Philippine Literature in English

REPORT OUTLINE

Topic 1: Oral Lore from Pre-Colonial Times (Philippines)

I. Introduction
Definition and Characteristics of Oral Lore (Philippines)
Importance of Oral Lore in Pre-Colonial Philippines
Overview of the Pre-Colonial Philippine Society

II. Types of Oral Lore

A. Folktales
- Characteristics and Themes
- Examples of Philippine Folktales (e.g. "Juan Tamad")
B. Myths
- Definition and Importance in Culture
- Characteristic of Phil, Myth
- Examples of Philippine Myths (e.g., "Bathala", "Creation Myths")
C. Legends
- Difference between Myths and Legends
- Characteristic (and/or themes) of Phil. Legend
- Examples of Philippine Legends (e.g., "Legend of Maria Makiling", "Legend of
Mayon Volcano")
D. Epics
- Definition and Role in Society
- Characteristic (and/or themes) of Phil. Epic
- Famous Philippine Epics (e.g., "Biag ni Lam-ang", "Hinilawod")
E. Proverbs (Salawikain)
- Purpose and Usage
- Examples of Philippine Proverbs
F. Riddles (Bugtong)
- Structure and Function
- Popular Philippine Riddles
G. Chants (Bulong)
- Types and Uses (e.g., Healing, Rituals)
- Examples of Traditional Chants

III. Functions of Oral Lore in Pre-Colonial Society

A. Educational Function
- Teaching Morals and Values
- Passing Down History and Tradition
B. Social Function
- Fostering Community Bonding
- Reflecting Social Structures and Norms
C. Cultural Function
- Preserving and Transmitting Culture
- Providing Entertainment
D. Religious Function
Explaining Natural Phenomena
Reinforcing Beliefs and Practices

IV. Methods of Transmission

A. Storytelling
- Role of the Storyteller (e.g., Babaylan, Elders)
- Techniques and Styles
B. Rituals and Ceremonies
- Incorporation of Oral Lore in Ritual
- Examples of Ceremonial Narratives
C. Daily Life and Social Gatherings
- Informal Transmission through Daily Interactions
- Role in Social Gatherings and Festivals

V. Preservation and Documentation

A. Challenges in Preservation
- Oral Tradition vs. Written Record
- Impact of Colonization and Modernization
B. Efforts in Documentation
- Role of Scholars and Anthropologists
- Current Initiatives in Preserving Oral Lore

VI. Conclusion
- Recapitulation of the Importance of Oral Lore
- Legacy of Pre-Colonial Oral Lore in Contemporary Philippines
- Encouragement for Continued Preservation and Study

Topic 2: Literature under the Spanish Colonization

Introduction
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines, which began in 1565 and lasted until 1898,
profoundly influenced the country's literature. During this period, literature became a powerful
tool for both religious conversion and political control. This module explores the various forms
of literature that emerged during Spanish rule, highlighting their themes, styles, and impact on
Filipino culture and identity.

Historical Context
Spanish colonization introduced new social, political, and religious structures in the
Philippines. The Spaniards used literature to propagate Catholicism and reinforce their rule.
Education was primarily in the hands of the religious orders, who emphasized religious
instruction and the use of Spanish and Latin in literature.

- Key Historical Events:

- Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
- Establishment of Spanish colonial rule (1565)
- The Galleon Trade (1565-1815)
- The Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)

Types of Literature
Religious Literature
The primary goal of Spanish colonizers was to convert Filipinos to Christianity. Religious
literature included prayer books, catechisms, and hagiographies.

Examples:
Pasyon: A narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. "Pasyon Henesis"
and "Pasyon Pilapil" are notable versions.
Doctrina Christiana (1593): The first book printed in the Philippines, a Christian catechism in
Spanish and Tagalog.

Secular Literature
Secular works included poetry, plays, and essays that often reflected European influences
and themes of love, chivalry, and adventure.

Examples:

Awit and Korido: Narrative poems with themes of chivalry and romance. Examples include
"Florante at Laura" by Francisco Balagtas.
Prose: Short stories and essays, often with moral or didactic themes.
Page 4: Types of Literature (Continued)

Propaganda Literature
In the late 19th century, literature became a vehicle for expressing Filipino nationalism and
resistance against Spanish rule. The Propaganda Movement sought reforms through essays,
novels, and articles.

Examples:

Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) by José Rizal: Novels that exposed the
abuses of Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church.
La Solidaridad: A newspaper that published articles advocating for political reforms.

Key Literary Works and Authors

1. José Rizal: National hero and author of "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo,"
novels that fueled Filipino nationalism.
2. Francisco Balagtas: Renowned for his epic poem "Florante at Laura," a masterpiece
of Tagalog literature.
3. Graciano López Jaena: Orator and writer, known for his essays and articles in "La
Solidaridad."
4. Marcelo H. del Pilar: A leader of the Propaganda Movement and prolific writer,
contributing to "La Solidaridad."

Themes and Characteristics

1. Themes in Spanish Colonial Literature

• Religious Themes
o Characteristics: Spanish colonial literature was heavily influenced by
Catholicism. Religious themes were dominant, with a focus on conversion,
morality, and piety. Works included catechisms, prayer books, and religious
epics like the Pasyon.
o Examples: Doctrina Christiana (1593), Pasyon.
• Colonial and Feudal Society
o Characteristics: Literature often depicted the hierarchical structure of Spanish
colonial society, emphasizing the roles of the clergy, nobility, and common
people. There was also a focus on the moral lessons imparted by the
colonizers.
o Examples: Various awit and korido.
• Hybrid Forms and Syncretism
o Characteristics: Spanish influences led to the creation of hybrid literary forms
that combined indigenous oral traditions with Christian themes. This included
narrative poems and religious dramas.
o Examples: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas.
• Cultural Assimilation
o Characteristics: Spanish colonizers used literature to promote cultural
assimilation and the spread of Spanish language and customs. This was
evident in the translation of religious texts and the introduction of new literary
genres.
o Examples: Doctrina Christiana in both Tagalog and Spanish.

2. Characteristics of Spanish Colonial Literature

• Language and Script
o Characteristics: Spanish colonial literature was predominantly written in
Spanish, though there was also an effort to incorporate native languages. Early
works used both the Spanish language and traditional scripts like baybayin.
o Examples: Doctrina Christiana used Spanish and Tagalog.
• Religious Influence
o Characteristics: The literature was deeply infused with religious content due
to the efforts of the Spanish clergy to convert the local population. This
influence shaped both the themes and forms of the literature.
o Examples: Pasyon and religious catechisms.
• Classical Forms
o Characteristics: Spanish colonial literature often employed classical literary
forms, including epic poetry and dramatic plays, adapted to fit local contexts.
o Examples: Florante at Laura, Ibalon.

Language and Style

During Spanish colonization, literature was written in several languages, including Spanish,
Tagalog, and other native languages. The use of language often reflected the author's
audience and purpose.
Language:
• Spanish: The language of the colonizers and the elite, used in religious and official
documents.
• Tagalog and Other Native Languages: Used in secular and nationalist literature to
reach a broader Filipino audience.
Style:
• Formal and Ornate: Reflecting European literary traditions, particularly in religious
and official writings.
• Direct and Persuasive: In propaganda literature, aiming to inspire and mobilize
readers.

Impact on Filipino Culture and Identity

The literature of the Spanish colonial period left a lasting impact on Filipino culture and identity.
It introduced new themes, forms, and genres while also laying the groundwork for the
development of a distinct Filipino literary tradition.
Cultural Impact:
• Catholicism: Deeply embedded in Filipino culture through religious literature.
• Literary Forms: Introduction of European literary forms and genres.
Identity:
• Nationalism: Propaganda literature played a crucial role in the rise of Filipino
nationalism and the eventual fight for independence.
• Cultural Syncretism: Blending of indigenous and Spanish elements in literature and
culture.

Preservation and Legacy

The legacy of Spanish colonial literature is preserved through various means, ensuring that
future generations can study and appreciate these works.
Preservation Efforts:
• Archival Collections: Libraries and museums house manuscripts and early printed
works.
• Literary Studies: Scholars continue to study and analyze Spanish colonial literature,
highlighting its historical and cultural significance.
Legacy:
• Cultural Heritage: The influence of Spanish colonial literature is evident in
contemporary Filipino culture, language, and literature.
• National Identity: Works from the Propaganda Movement remain central to the
Filipino national identity and historical consciousness.

10 facts about Philippine literature under Spanish colonization

1. Introduction of Religious Literature

The Spanish colonization of the Philippines introduced a wealth of religious literature aimed at
converting the indigenous population to Christianity. These included catechisms, prayer
books, and the Pasyon, a narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Source: Mojares, R. (2002). Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera,
Isabelo de los Reyes, and the Production of Modern Knowledge. Ateneo de Manila University
Press.

2. First Printed Book: Doctrina Christiana

The first book printed in the Philippines was the "Doctrina Christiana" in 1593. It was a
Christian catechism written in Spanish and Tagalog using both Latin script and the traditional
baybayin script, marking the beginning of Filipino printed literature.
Source: Blair, E. H., & Robertson, J. A. (Eds.). (1903-1909). The Philippine Islands, 1493-
1898. Arthur H. Clark Company.
3. Emergence of Secular Literature

Alongside religious texts, secular literature also flourished during Spanish colonization. These
works often took the form of poems and plays, such as the "awit" and "korido," which were
narrative poems influenced by Spanish romances and chivalric tales.
Source: Lumbera, B. (1986). Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in Its
Development. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

4. Propagation of Spanish Language

The Spanish language became a dominant medium for literary expression, especially among
the educated elite. Many literary works were written in Spanish, although native languages
were also used to reach a broader audience.
Source: Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino People. Garotech Publishing.

5. Introduction of European Literary Forms

Spanish colonization brought European literary forms and genres to the Philippines, including
the novel, essay, and drama. This influenced the development of Filipino literature, blending
indigenous and European elements.
Source: Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread
of Nationalism. Verso Books.

6. Role of Religious Orders in Education

The Spanish religious orders, particularly the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits, played a
crucial role in education and the production of literature. They established schools and
universities where religious and secular literature was taught.
Source: Schumacher, J. N. (1997). The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of
a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

7. Propaganda Movement Literature

In the late 19th century, the Propaganda Movement emerged, using literature as a tool for
political advocacy and reform. Key figures like José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Marcelo
H. del Pilar wrote novels, essays, and articles that critiqued Spanish rule and called for social
and political reforms.
Source: Retana, W. E. (1906). Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino: Recopilacion de Documentos
Historicos, Cientificos, Literarios, y Politicos, y Estudios Bibliograficos. Imprenta de la Viuda
de M. Minuesa de los Rios.

8. Significant Works of José Rizal

José Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" (1887) and "El Filibusterismo" (1891), are among the
most significant literary works from this period. They exposed the abuses of the Spanish
colonial government and the Catholic Church, playing a pivotal role in the rise of Filipino
nationalism.
Sources: Rizal, J. (1887). Noli Me Tangere. Ghent: F. Meyer-Van Loo Press. / Rizal, J. (1891).
El Filibusterismo. Ghent: F. Meyer-Van Loo Press.

9. Hybrid Forms and Syncretism

The interaction between Spanish and indigenous cultures led to the creation of hybrid literary
forms. Indigenous oral traditions were often adapted to include Christian themes, resulting in
a unique blend of pre-colonial and Spanish influences.
Source: Buenconsejo, J. (2002). Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the
Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines. Routledge.
10. Impact on Filipino Identity

The literature of the Spanish colonial period had a lasting impact on Filipino cultural and
national identity. It contributed to the formation of a distinct Filipino literary tradition and played
a crucial role in the country's struggle for independence, leaving a legacy that continues to
influence contemporary Filipino literature.
Source: Salazar, Z. (1999). Ang Babaylan sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Kalikasan Press.

Topic 3: Literature under U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines

1. Introduction and Context

The period of U.S. colonial rule in the Philippines (1898–1946) marked significant
transformations in the literary landscape of the country. This era witnessed the introduction of
new literary forms and themes, influenced by American and Western ideals. The transition
from Spanish to American rule brought about changes in language, education, and literary
expression.

Themes and Characteristics of (Spanish vs American Times)

1. Themes in American Colonial Literature

• Modernization and Westernization
o Characteristics: American colonial literature often focused on themes of
modernization and Westernization. This included the impact of American
education, democratic ideals, and social reforms.
o Examples: Works by José García Villa and Nick Joaquin that reflect modernist
influences.
• Nationalism and Identity
o Characteristics: As the period progressed, literature increasingly addressed
themes of nationalism and identity. Writers used their works to critique colonial
policies and explore Filipino identity and autonomy.
o Examples: José Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Carlos
Bulosan’s America is in the Heart.
• Social Critique
o Characteristics: Literature began to reflect social issues and injustices, often
using satire and critique to challenge colonial rule and advocate for social
reforms. This included explorations of class struggles and racial discrimination.
o Examples: America is in the Heart by Carlos Bulosan.
• Cultural Hybridity
o Characteristics: The blending of Western literary forms with Filipino themes
led to new literary genres and styles. This hybridization reflected both the
influence of American culture and the persistence of indigenous elements.
o Examples: The use of modernist and realist techniques in Filipino short stories
and novels.
4. Characteristics of American Colonial Literature
• Introduction of New Literary Forms
o Characteristics: The American colonial period introduced new literary forms,
such as the novel, short story, and modernist poetry. These forms were
influenced by Western literary traditions.
o Examples: Novels and short stories by Nick Joaquin and José García Villa.
• English Language
o Characteristics: English became the dominant language for literary
production, leading to the rise of a new generation of Filipino writers who
expressed their ideas and stories in English.
o Examples: Works by José García Villa and Nick Joaquin.
• Focus on Realism and Modernism
o Characteristics: Filipino writers began experimenting with modernist and
realist techniques, reflecting contemporary social issues and personal
experiences. This marked a departure from the more formal and classical styles
of earlier periods.
o Examples: Modernist poetry by José García Villa.

Summary Comparison
• Themes: Spanish literature focused on religious conversion and colonial social
structures, while American literature emphasized modernization, nationalism, and
social critique.
• Characteristics: Spanish literature was characterized by religious influence and
classical forms, whereas American literature introduced English as a dominant
language, new literary forms, and a focus on realism and modernism.

Periods of Reorientation, Imitation, and Self-Discovery in Philippine Literature

1. Reorientation
• Overview:
o Timeframe: Late 19th to early 20th century
o Characteristics: The Reorientation phase marks the transition from colonial
influences to a more critical and reformative approach in literature. It involves
a reassessment of literary traditions and a shift towards expressing national
consciousness and identity.
• Themes and Characteristics:
o Critical Examination of Colonial Legacy: Literature during this phase often
critically examines the effects of colonial rule, questioning and re-evaluating
previous colonial narratives and traditions.
▪ Example: The works of José Rizal during the latter part of the Spanish
colonial period that laid the groundwork for literary reforms.
o Emergence of Nationalist Sentiments: This period saw the rise of nationalist
themes, as writers began to explore and assert Filipino identity and heritage.
▪ Example: The writings of the Propaganda Movement, such as those by
Graciano López Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
o Blend of Old and New: There was a mix of traditional and new literary forms
as writers began experimenting with different styles while still holding onto
certain aspects of previous traditions.
▪ Example: The use of traditional forms like the awit and korido in new,
reformist contexts.
• Impact:
o The Reorientation period set the stage for the development of a more distinct
and self-aware Filipino literature. It marked the beginning of a conscious effort
to redefine Filipino literary identity in the context of colonial experiences.

2. Imitation (Spanish Colonial Period)

• Overview:
o Timeframe: 1565–1898
o Characteristics: The Imitation phase refers to the period when Philippine
literature largely mirrored Spanish literary forms and themes due to the colonial
influence of Spain.
• Themes and Characteristics:
o Religious and Colonial Themes: Literature predominantly focused on
religious instruction and colonial ideals. This included moralistic tales and
religious epics designed to promote Christianity.
▪ Example: Pasyon, a poetic narrative of the Passion of Christ.
o Adoption of Spanish Literary Forms: Many literary forms from Spain, such
as the epic, romance, and drama, were adopted and adapted to the local
context.
▪ Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas, which was
influenced by Spanish chivalric romances.
o Hybrid Literary Forms: Indigenous oral traditions were combined with
Spanish literary forms to create hybrid works that reflected both cultures.
▪ Example: Ibalon, which merges indigenous myths with Spanish
narrative techniques.
• Impact:
o The Imitation period established foundational literary forms and themes but
often constrained creativity within the bounds of colonial expectations. It served
as a bridge between indigenous traditions and the influence of colonial powers.

3. Self-Discovery (American Colonial Period)

• Overview:
o Timeframe: 1898–1946
o Characteristics: The Self-Discovery phase represents a period of
introspection and the development of a unique Filipino literary identity, distinct
from colonial influences.
• Themes and Characteristics:
o Nationalism and Identity: Literature increasingly focused on themes of
nationalism and self-identity. Writers explored what it meant to be Filipino and
critiqued colonial and post-colonial influences.
▪ Example: José Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo provided
critical insights into colonial rule and Filipino identity.
o Modernization and Innovation: The introduction of new literary forms and
experimentation with modernist and realist techniques became prominent.
Writers began to reflect contemporary social issues and explore new narrative
styles.
▪ Example: Carlos Bulosan’s America is in the Heart—an
autobiographical novel that examines Filipino identity in the context of
immigration and racial discrimination.
o Self-Expression and Creativity: There was a greater emphasis on personal
and cultural expression. Filipino writers started to explore their own voices and
innovate within the literary landscape.
▪ Example: Modernist poetry by José García Villa that incorporated
experimental techniques and themes.
• Impact:
o The Self-Discovery period was crucial for the development of a distinct Filipino
literary tradition. It allowed for the exploration of national identity and self-
expression, setting the stage for contemporary Filipino literature.

Summary Comparison
• Reorientation:
o Focus: Reassessing colonial influences and exploring national identity.
o Characteristics: Critical examination of past literary traditions, blend of old and
new styles.
o Impact: Prepared the ground for a more distinct Filipino literary identity.
• Imitation (Spanish Colonial Period):
o Focus: Mirroring Spanish literary forms and religious themes.
o Characteristics: Dominated by religious instruction, adoption of Spanish
forms, hybridization.
o Impact: Established foundational literary forms but limited creativity within
colonial constraints.
• Self-Discovery (American Colonial Period):
o Focus: Developing a unique Filipino identity and exploring new literary forms.
o Characteristics: Nationalism, modernization, self-expression, and
experimentation.
o Impact: Defined the trajectory of modern Filipino literature and cultural identity.
o
References
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Rizal, J. (1887). Noli Me Tangere. Manila: Filipino Heritage Press.
• Rizal, J. (1891). El Filibusterismo. Manila: Filipino Heritage Press.
• Bulosan, C. (1973). America is in the Heart. University of Washington Press.
• Villa, J. G. (1995). Selected Poems and New. New Directions.
• Santiago, L. (2007). The Education of the Philippines: The American Period. Ateneo
de Manila University Press.
• Salazar, Z. (1999). Ang Babaylan sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Kalikasan Press.

10 Facts about Philippine Literature under U.S. Colonialism

1. Introduction of English as a Literary Medium
o Fact: English became the dominant language for literary expression during the
U.S. colonial period. The establishment of an American-style educational
system made English the primary medium for instruction and literary creation.
o Citation: de Jesus, L. (2012). Literary Criticism in the Philippines. National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.
2. Emergence of Modern Filipino Writers
o Fact: The U.S. colonial period saw the rise of notable Filipino writers in English,
including José García Villa, Nick Joaquin, and Carlos Bulosan. These writers
played a crucial role in shaping modern Philippine literature.
o Citation: Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of
the Philippines Press.
3. Significant Works of José García Villa
o Fact: José García Villa was known for his experimental poetry, which
significantly influenced Filipino literary aesthetics. His works, such as Selected
Poems and New, are considered pivotal in the development of modern Filipino
poetry.
o Citation: Villa, J. G. (1995). Selected Poems and New. New Directions.
4. Rise of Short Stories and Novels
o Fact: Short stories and novels became prominent genres during the U.S.
colonial period. Authors like Nick Joaquin explored themes of colonialism,
identity, and nationalism in their works, such as A Portrait of the Artist as
Filipino.
o Citation: Joaquin, N. (1990). A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino. National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.
5. Impact of American Education System
o Fact: The American education system introduced new curricula and teaching
methods that impacted literary production. It fostered the growth of literary
criticism and scholarship in the Philippines.
o Citation: Santiago, L. (2007). The Education of the Philippines: The American
Period. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
6. Introduction of New Literary Forms
o Fact: The period introduced new literary forms and genres, such as the
modernist novel and critical essays. These genres were influenced by Western
literary traditions and became integral to Filipino literature.
o Citation: Morales, M. (2004). Filipino Literature in English. University of Santo
Tomas Publishing House.
7. Literature as a Tool for Nationalism
o Fact: Literature during the latter part of U.S. colonial rule was used as a tool
for expressing Filipino nationalism and resistance against colonial rule. Authors
critiqued colonial policies and advocated for independence.
o Citation: Villanueva, S. (1992). Nationalism and the Arts in the Philippines.
Philippine Social Science Council.
8. Carlos Bulosan’s Contribution
o Fact: Carlos Bulosan’s autobiographical novel, America is in the Heart, is a
significant work that depicts the experiences of Filipino immigrants in the United
States, reflecting themes of racial discrimination and the search for identity.
o Citation: Bulosan, C. (1973). America is in the Heart. University of Washington
Press.
9. Hybridization of Literary Traditions
o Fact: The interaction between American and Filipino cultures led to the creation
of hybrid literary forms. Filipino writers blended Western literary conventions
with indigenous themes and traditions.
o Citation: Salazar, Z. (1999). Ang Babaylan sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.
Kalikasan Press.
10. Long-Term Impact on Filipino Literature
o Fact: The U.S. colonial period had a lasting impact on Filipino literature,
influencing contemporary writers and literary trends. The legacy of this period
continues to be reflected in modern Filipino literature.
o Citation: Abueva, A. (1995). Literary History of the Philippines. Philippine
Women's University Press.
References
• Abueva, A. (1995). Literary History of the Philippines. Philippine Women's University
Press.
• Bulosan, C. (1973). America is in the Heart. University of Washington Press.
• de Jesus, L. (2012). Literary Criticism in the Philippines. National Commission for
Culture and the Arts.
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Morales, M. (2004). Filipino Literature in English. University of Santo Tomas Publishing
House.
• Salazar, Z. (1999). Ang Babaylan sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Kalikasan Press.
• Santiago, L. (2007). The Education of the Philippines: The American Period. Ateneo
de Manila University Press.
• Villanueva, S. (1992). Nationalism and the Arts in the Philippines. Philippine Social
Science Council.
• Villa, J. G. (1992). The Anchored Angel: Selected Poems. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Joaquin, N. (1990). A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino. National Commission for Culture
and the Arts.

Topic 4: Philippine Literature Under the Republic

The period following the declaration of Philippine independence in 1946 brought significant
changes to the literary landscape. The establishment of the Republic of the Philippines saw a
shift in themes and characteristics in literature as writers navigated the new socio-political
realities and cultural aspirations of the nation.

State of Literature Under the Republic

1. Post-War Literature and National Identity
o Overview: Post-war literature focused on exploring national identity and
rebuilding cultural pride. Writers grappled with the impact of World War II and
the Japanese occupation, reflecting on the experience of war and the struggle
for national identity.
o Notable Works: Works such as José Garcia Villa's poetry and Carlos
Bulosan's America Is in the Heart examine these themes.
2. Growth of Modernist and Experimental Forms
o Overview: The mid-20th century saw the rise of modernist and experimental
literature. Filipino writers experimented with form and style, blending traditional
and modern elements.
o Notable Works: Jose Garcia Villa’s “Footnote to Youth” and the works of
Francisco Arcellana.
3. Political and Social Commentary
o Overview: Literature became a vehicle for political and social commentary,
especially during periods of political unrest and martial law. Writers used their
works to critique government policies and social issues.
o Notable Works: The writings of Ninotchka Rosca and Lualhati Bautista’s
Dekada '70 are key examples.
4. Development of Filipino English and National Language
o Overview: There was a significant focus on developing Filipino English as a
literary medium, alongside the promotion of the national language, Filipino
(Tagalog), in literature.
o Notable Works: Works written in Filipino, such as those by Nick Joaquin and
Virgilio Almario, highlight this shift.
5. Rise of the Short Story and Poetry
o Overview: The short story and poetry gained prominence as Filipino writers
explored various themes through concise and impactful forms.
o Notable Works: Short stories by Edgardo M. Reyes and poetry by Jose Garcia
Villa.
6. Literary Awards and Recognition
o Overview: The establishment of literary awards and institutions helped
recognize and promote Filipino literary talent, enhancing the quality and
visibility of Philippine literature.
o Notable Institutions: The Palanca Awards and the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
7. Emergence of Regional Literature
o Overview: Regional literature gained prominence as writers from various
regions of the Philippines began to publish works in local languages,
contributing to a diverse literary landscape.
o Notable Works: Literature in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other regional
languages.
8. Focus on Contemporary Issues
o Overview: Contemporary literature addresses a range of current issues,
including socio-political problems, environmental concerns, and cultural
dynamics.
o Notable Works: Novels and essays by contemporary writers such as Lourd de
Veyra and Miguel Syjuco.
9. Influence of Popular Culture
o Overview: The influence of popular culture, including film and music, has been
evident in literature, with many writers incorporating elements of pop culture
into their works.
o Notable Works: Literary works that reference or are inspired by popular media
and entertainment.
10. Digital and Global Influence
o Overview: The rise of digital media has influenced literature, leading to new
forms of storytelling and the global dissemination of Filipino literary works.
o Notable Works: Online literary publications, blogs, and e-books that showcase
Filipino writing on a global stage.

Themes and Characteristics of Philippine Literature Under the Republic

1. Nationalism and Identity
o Themes: Exploration of Filipino national identity, historical experiences, and
cultural heritage.
o Characteristics: Emphasis on cultural pride and the quest for national unity.
o Examples: Works by José Garcia Villa and Carlos Bulosan.
2. Political and Social Critique
o Themes: Commentary on political corruption, social injustices, and human
rights.
o Characteristics: Critical and often confrontational tone, reflecting societal
issues.
o Examples: Lualhati Bautista’s Dekada '70 and Ninotchka Rosca’s writings.
3. Experimentation and Modernism
o Themes: Innovation in literary form and style, blending traditional and modern
elements.
o Characteristics: Use of unconventional narrative techniques and experimental
structures.
o Examples: Modernist poetry by Jose Garcia Villa and experimental fiction.
4. Regionalism and Local Color
o Themes: Depiction of regional cultures, languages, and traditions.
o Characteristics: Rich descriptions of local life and customs, written in regional
languages or dialects.
o Examples: Regional literature in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other local
languages.
5. Focus on Contemporary Issues
o Themes: Addressing current socio-political and environmental issues.
o Characteristics: Reflective of contemporary challenges and concerns.
o Examples: Contemporary novels and essays by writers like Lourd de Veyra
and Miguel Syjuco.
6. Historical Reflection
o Themes: Revisiting historical events and their impact on modern Filipino
society.
o Characteristics: Integration of historical context into contemporary narratives.
o Examples: Historical fiction and biographical works.
7. Cultural Hybridity
o Themes: Blending of local traditions with global influences.
o Characteristics: Hybrid literary forms that incorporate diverse cultural
elements.
o Examples: Literary works that combine traditional Filipino themes with global
styles.
8. Emphasis on Language Development
o Themes: Promotion of Filipino and Filipino English as literary mediums.
o Characteristics: Use of national language and vernacular in literature.
o Examples: Works by Virgilio Almario and Nick Joaquin.
9. Popular Culture Influence
o Themes: Incorporation of elements from film, music, and other media.
o Characteristics: Reflective of contemporary popular culture and its impact on
literature.
o Examples: Literature inspired by or referencing popular media.
10. Digital and Global Reach
o Themes: Influence of digital media and global connectivity on literary
production and distribution.
o Characteristics: Adoption of new forms of digital storytelling and international
exposure.
o Examples: Online publications and e-books showcasing Filipino literature on
a global scale.
References
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Villa, J. G. (1976). Footnote to Youth. New Day Publishers.
• Bulosan, C. (1973). America Is in the Heart. University of Washington Press.
• Bautista, L. (1983). Dekada '70. Giraffe Books.
• Rosca, N. (1991). State of War. New York University Press.
• Joaquin, N. (1990). The Woman Who Had Two Navels. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Almario, V. (2002). Buwan ng Wika: Mga Tula at Pagsasalin. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
• Syjuco, M. (2010). Ilustrado. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• De Veyra, L. (2011). Supermacho. Visprint Inc.
• Remoto, D. (2011). Riverrun. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Topic 5: Philippine Literature Under the Republic

The period following the declaration of Philippine independence in 1946 brought significant
changes to the literary landscape. The establishment of the Republic of the Philippines saw a
shift in themes and characteristics in literature as writers navigated the new socio-political
realities and cultural aspirations of the nation.

State of Literature Under the Republic

1. Post-War Literature and National Identity
o Overview: Post-war literature focused on exploring national identity and
rebuilding cultural pride. Writers grappled with the impact of World War II and
the Japanese occupation, reflecting on the experience of war and the struggle
for national identity.
o Notable Works: Works such as José Garcia Villa's poetry and Carlos
Bulosan's America Is in the Heart examine these themes.
2. Growth of Modernist and Experimental Forms
o Overview: The mid-20th century saw the rise of modernist and experimental
literature. Filipino writers experimented with form and style, blending traditional
and modern elements.
o Notable Works: Jose Garcia Villa’s “Footnote to Youth” and the works of
Francisco Arcellana.
3. Political and Social Commentary
o Overview: Literature became a vehicle for political and social commentary,
especially during periods of political unrest and martial law. Writers used their
works to critique government policies and social issues.
o Notable Works: The writings of Ninotchka Rosca and Lualhati Bautista’s
Dekada '70 are key examples.
4. Development of Filipino English and National Language
o Overview: There was a significant focus on developing Filipino English as a
literary medium, alongside the promotion of the national language, Filipino
(Tagalog), in literature.
o Notable Works: Works written in Filipino, such as those by Nick Joaquin and
Virgilio Almario, highlight this shift.
5. Rise of the Short Story and Poetry
o Overview: The short story and poetry gained prominence as Filipino writers
explored various themes through concise and impactful forms.
o Notable Works: Short stories by Edgardo M. Reyes and poetry by Jose Garcia
Villa.
6. Literary Awards and Recognition
o Overview: The establishment of literary awards and institutions helped
recognize and promote Filipino literary talent, enhancing the quality and
visibility of Philippine literature.
o Notable Institutions: The Palanca Awards and the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
7. Emergence of Regional Literature
o Overview: Regional literature gained prominence as writers from various
regions of the Philippines began to publish works in local languages,
contributing to a diverse literary landscape.
o Notable Works: Literature in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other regional
languages.
8. Focus on Contemporary Issues
o Overview: Contemporary literature addresses a range of current issues,
including socio-political problems, environmental concerns, and cultural
dynamics.
o Notable Works: Novels and essays by contemporary writers such as Lourd de
Veyra and Miguel Syjuco.
9. Influence of Popular Culture
o Overview: The influence of popular culture, including film and music, has been
evident in literature, with many writers incorporating elements of pop culture
into their works.
o Notable Works: Literary works that reference or are inspired by popular media
and entertainment.
10. Digital and Global Influence
o Overview: The rise of digital media has influenced literature, leading to new
forms of storytelling and the global dissemination of Filipino literary works.
o Notable Works: Online literary publications, blogs, and e-books that showcase
Filipino writing on a global stage.
o
Themes and Characteristics of Philippine Literature Under the Republic

1. Nationalism and Identity

o Themes: Exploration of Filipino national identity, historical experiences, and
cultural heritage.
o Characteristics: Emphasis on cultural pride and the quest for national unity.
o Examples: Works by José Garcia Villa and Carlos Bulosan.
2. Political and Social Critique
o Themes: Commentary on political corruption, social injustices, and human
rights.
o Characteristics: Critical and often confrontational tone, reflecting societal
issues.
o Examples: Lualhati Bautista’s Dekada '70 and Ninotchka Rosca’s writings.
3. Experimentation and Modernism
o Themes: Innovation in literary form and style, blending traditional and modern
elements.
o Characteristics: Use of unconventional narrative techniques and experimental
structures.
o Examples: Modernist poetry by Jose Garcia Villa and experimental fiction.
4. Regionalism and Local Color
o Themes: Depiction of regional cultures, languages, and traditions.
o Characteristics: Rich descriptions of local life and customs, written in regional
languages or dialects.
o Examples: Regional literature in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other local
languages.
5. Focus on Contemporary Issues
o Themes: Addressing current socio-political and environmental issues.
o Characteristics: Reflective of contemporary challenges and concerns.
o Examples: Contemporary novels and essays by writers like Lourd de Veyra
and Miguel Syjuco.
6. Historical Reflection
o Themes: Revisiting historical events and their impact on modern Filipino
society.
o Characteristics: Integration of historical context into contemporary narratives.
o Examples: Historical fiction and biographical works.
7. Cultural Hybridity
o Themes: Blending of local traditions with global influences.
o Characteristics: Hybrid literary forms that incorporate diverse cultural
elements.
o Examples: Literary works that combine traditional Filipino themes with global
styles.
8. Emphasis on Language Development
o Themes: Promotion of Filipino and Filipino English as literary mediums.
o Characteristics: Use of national language and vernacular in literature.
o Examples: Works by Virgilio Almario and Nick Joaquin.
9. Popular Culture Influence
o Themes: Incorporation of elements from film, music, and other media.
o Characteristics: Reflective of contemporary popular culture and its impact on
literature.
o Examples: Literature inspired by or referencing popular media.
10. Digital and Global Reach
o Themes: Influence of digital media and global connectivity on literary
production and distribution.
o Characteristics: Adoption of new forms of digital storytelling and international
exposure.
o Examples: Online publications and e-books showcasing Filipino literature on
a global scale.
References
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Villa, J. G. (1976). Footnote to Youth. New Day Publishers.
• Bulosan, C. (1973). America Is in the Heart. University of Washington Press.
• Bautista, L. (1983). Dekada '70. Giraffe Books.
• Rosca, N. (1991). State of War. New York University Press.
• Joaquin, N. (1990). The Woman Who Had Two Navels. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Almario, V. (2002). Buwan ng Wika: Mga Tula at Pagsasalin. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
• Syjuco, M. (2010). Ilustrado. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• De Veyra, L. (2011). Supermacho. Visprint Inc.
• Remoto, D. (2011). Riverrun. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Topic 6: Literature After EDSA
The period following the People Power Revolution of 1986, also known as the EDSA
Revolution, marked a significant turning point in Philippine literature. This era reflects the
country's transition from a dictatorship to a democratic government and the subsequent socio-
political developments.
1. Characteristics of Post-EDSA Literature
a. Freedom of Expression and Political Commentary
• Context: The lifting of Martial Law led to increased freedom of expression. Writers
explored themes related to democracy, human rights, and political reforms.
• Characteristics: Literature from this period often critiqued political issues, explored
the aftermath of the dictatorship, and engaged with themes of justice and democracy.
• Examples: Essays and novels that address political corruption and social injustices.
For instance, the works of Lualhati Bautista and Jose F. Lacaba often reflect on these
themes.
b. Exploration of National Identity and Heritage
• Context: The post-EDSA period saw a renewed interest in exploring Filipino identity,
culture, and history.
• Characteristics: Writers engaged with themes of national pride, cultural heritage, and
the complexities of Filipino identity in a modern, globalized world.
• Examples: Works like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo continue to be
referenced and analyzed, along with contemporary works that delve into Filipino
traditions and history.
c. Diverse Voices and Social Issues
• Context: There was a broadening of literary voices, including more works by women,
LGBTQ+ authors, and writers from marginalized communities.
• Characteristics: Literature addressed a wide range of social issues, including gender,
sexuality, and class. The diversity of voices enriched the literary landscape.
• Examples: Works by authors such as Lourd de Veyra and various contemporary
writers highlight these diverse perspectives.
d. Influence of Globalization and Modern Media
• Context: Globalization and technological advances influenced literary forms and
themes.
• Characteristics: The integration of global themes, digital storytelling, and new media
forms, such as online publications and graphic novels, became prevalent.
• Examples: The rise of Filipino graphic novels and online literary platforms reflects this
trend.
e. Continued Exploration of Post-Colonial Themes
• Context: Post-colonial themes remain relevant as writers reflect on the impact of
colonial history on contemporary Filipino life.
• Characteristics: Literature often revisits historical themes, colonial legacies, and their
influence on modern society.
• Examples: Thematic explorations in the works of authors like Miguel Syjuco and
Lualhati Bautista.
2. Famous Authors
a. Jose Rizal (1861–1896)
• Notable Works: Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Contribution: Though his major works predate the post-EDSA period, Rizal's
literature continues to influence modern Filipino writers and is frequently studied and
referenced.
b. Lualhati Bautista
• Notable Works: Dekada '70, Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?
• Contribution: Bautista’s novels offer critical insights into the social and political issues
of the Philippines, including the effects of Martial Law and the role of women in society.
c. Jose F. Lacaba
• Notable Works: The Man Who Thinks He’s a Woman, Lacaba: Poems and Selected
Writings
• Contribution: Lacaba’s poetry and essays offer critical perspectives on the political
climate and social issues, reflecting the challenges of the post-Marcos era.
d. Lourd de Veyra
• Notable Works: Supermacho, Rigor Mortis
• Contribution: Known for his poetry and essays, de Veyra’s works engage with
contemporary issues and reflect the influence of modern media and globalization.
e. Marivi Soliven
• Notable Works: The Mango Bride
• Contribution: Soliven’s novels explore themes of migration, identity, and the
experiences of Filipinos abroad, contributing to discussions on diaspora and cultural
identity.
f. F.H. Batacan
• Notable Works: Smaller and Smaller Circles
• Contribution: Batacan’s crime fiction novel is notable for its exploration of social
issues and the impact of modernity on Filipino society.
g. Miguel Syjuco
• Notable Works: Ilustrado
• Contribution: Syjuco’s novel addresses post-colonial issues and the complexities of
contemporary Filipino identity, blending satire with critical social commentary.
h. Danton Remoto
• Notable Works: Riverrun, The Blue Hours
• Contribution: Remoto’s works often explore themes of sexuality, identity, and social
justice, contributing to the diversity of Filipino literary voices.
i. Pia Zambrano
• Notable Works: Mabini: The Man and His Era, The Architect of Dreams
• Contribution: Zambrano’s historical fiction and biographical works provide insights
into Filipino history and cultural heritage.
j. Alexie S. Po
• Notable Works: The Princess and the Idiot
• Contribution: Po’s novels and short stories offer fresh perspectives on Filipino life,
often blending humor with critical social observations.
References
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Bautista, L. (1983). Dekada '70. Giraffe Books.
• Lacaba, J. F. (1975). Selected Poems and New. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
• Soliven, M. (2013). The Mango Bride. Penguin Books.
• Batacan, F. H. (2013). Smaller and Smaller Circles. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
• Syjuco, M. (2010). Ilustrado. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Topic 7: Topic 21st Century Philippine Literature

The 21st century has witnessed significant transformations in Philippine literature, driven by
technological advancements, cultural shifts, and evolving socio-political contexts. This period
is marked by a dynamic and diverse literary landscape that reflects contemporary Filipino
experiences and global influences.

Characteristics of 21st Century Philippine Literature

1. Digital and Online Platforms
o Characteristics: The rise of digital media has revolutionized literary production
and distribution. Writers use blogs, social media, and e-books to reach wider
audiences.
o Examples: Online literary magazines like The Philippines Graphic and digital
storytelling through platforms such as Wattpad.
2. Hybrid Genres and Forms
o Characteristics: There is a growing trend towards hybrid genres, blending
traditional literary forms with new media. This includes graphic novels,
experimental fiction, and multimedia storytelling.
o Examples: Trese by Budjette Tan and Kajo Baldisimo, which combines
graphic novel format with Filipino folklore.
3. Focus on Contemporary Issues
o Characteristics: Literature often addresses pressing contemporary issues
such as political instability, social inequality, and environmental concerns.
o Examples: Works that explore topics like extrajudicial killings, the impact of
climate change, and socio-economic disparity.
4. Cultural Hybridity
o Characteristics: A blending of local traditions with global influences, resulting
in literature that reflects both Filipino heritage and international trends.
o Examples: Works that incorporate global themes and local settings, reflecting
the complexities of a globalized world.
5. Exploration of Identity and Diversity
o Characteristics: Contemporary literature explores diverse identities, including
gender, sexuality, and ethnicity, with an emphasis on personal and collective
experiences.
o Examples: Novels and poetry that address LGBTQ+ experiences, indigenous
rights, and multiculturalism.
6. Revival of Regional Languages
o Characteristics: There is a renewed interest in writing in regional languages,
promoting linguistic diversity and regional culture.
o Examples: Literature in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and other Philippine languages,
contributing to the preservation of local dialects.
7. Increased Literary Recognition
o Characteristics: Greater recognition and support for Filipino authors through
literary awards, grants, and international exposure.
o Examples: The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature and
international literary prizes.
8. Intersection of Literature and Pop Culture
o Characteristics: Literature increasingly intersects with popular culture,
including references to music, film, and other forms of entertainment.
o Examples: Works that incorporate elements of popular media, such as novels
inspired by film or music.
9. Experimentation with Narrative Techniques
o Characteristics: Innovative use of narrative techniques and structures,
including non-linear storytelling, fragmented narratives, and stream-of-
consciousness.
o Examples: Contemporary novels that experiment with form and narrative
voice.
10. Global Reach and Influence
o Characteristics: Filipino literature gains visibility on the global stage, with
more works being translated and recognized internationally.
o Examples: Internationally acclaimed works by Filipino authors, such as those
by Miguel Syjuco and Lourd de Veyra.
Themes in 21st Century Philippine Literature
1. Political and Social Critique
o Themes: Critiques of government policies, corruption, and social injustices.
o Characteristics: Reflective and often confrontational, addressing issues such
as extrajudicial killings and political instability.
2. Identity and Self-Exploration
o Themes: Exploration of personal and collective identities, including gender,
sexuality, and ethnicity.
o Characteristics: Focus on individual experiences and societal roles, often
challenging traditional norms.
3. Globalization and Cultural Exchange
o Themes: The impact of globalization on local cultures and identities.
o Characteristics: Examination of how global influences shape Filipino life and
culture.
4. Environmental and Climate Issues
o Themes: Addressing environmental degradation and climate change.
o Characteristics: Focus on ecological themes and the impact of environmental
issues on communities.
5. Family and Relationships
o Themes: Exploration of familial dynamics, relationships, and personal
connections.
o Characteristics: Emphasis on interpersonal relationships and family life.
6. Economic Disparity and Poverty
o Themes: The effects of economic inequality and poverty on individuals and
communities.
o Characteristics: Realistic portrayal of socio-economic challenges and
struggles.
7. Technology and Digital Life
o Themes: The influence of technology and digital media on daily life and
relationships.
o Characteristics: Examination of how digital advancements affect human
interaction and storytelling.
8. Historical Reflection
o Themes: Revisiting historical events and their impact on contemporary society.
o Characteristics: Integration of historical context into modern narratives.
9. Cultural Preservation
o Themes: Efforts to preserve and celebrate Filipino culture and traditions.
o Characteristics: Focus on cultural heritage and the challenges of
modernization.
10. Exploration of Folklore and Mythology
o Themes: Incorporation of traditional folklore and mythology into contemporary
narratives.
o Characteristics: Blending of mythological elements with modern storytelling.
References
• Tan, B., & Baldisimo, K. (2010). Trese: Murder on Balete Drive. Visprint Inc.
• Syjuco, M. (2010). Ilustrado. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• De Veyra, L. (2011). Supermacho. Visprint Inc.
• Syjuco, M. (2011). Ilustrado. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• De Veyra, L. (2012). Lourd de Veyra’s Supermacho. Visprint Inc.
• Rosca, N. (1991). State of War. New York University Press.
• Guerrero, L. (1978). The History of Philippine Literature. University of the Philippines
Press.
• Arcellana, F. (2000). Selected Works. University of the Philippines Press.