A
Micro project report On
"BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN
INDIA”
SUBMITTED TO M.S.B.T.E., Mumbai
For the Award of
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Roll no Name of Student Enrollment no
07 Raj Deepak Debadwar 2110740009
11 Vedant Radhakrishna Badave 2110740013
32 Prathamesh Chandrakant Shinde 2110740037
43 Abhijeet Vasant Lendave 2110740056
54 Sanket Ravindra Badave 2110740069
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr.S.T.Jadakar
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
NBA ACCREDIATED
SVERI’s College of Engineering (Polytechnic), Pandharpur
Gopalpur Pandharpur-413304
2023-24
AFFILIATED TO
M.S.B.T.E.
Evolution sheet for Micro Project
Academic Year:- 2023-24 Name of Faculty:- Mr.S.T.Jadakar
Course:- Computer Engineering Course code:- CO5I
Subject:- Environmental Studies Subject Code:- 22447
Semester:- 5 Scheme:- I
"BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN
Title of Project:- INDIA”
COs addressed by the Micro Project:
CO 1 Develop Public awareness about environment
Select alternative energy resources for Engineering Practice
CO 2
CO 3 Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity
CO 4 Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution
CO 5 Manage social issues and Environmental Ethics as lifelong learning Suggested Exercises
The practical’s in this section are PrOs.
Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)
Marks out of 4
Marks out of 6 Total
for
for mars
Roll No Name of students performance
performance in out
in oral/
group activity of 10
Presentation
07 Raj Deepak Debadwar
11 Vedant Radhakrishna Badave
32 Prathamesh Chandrakant Shinde
43 Abhijeet Vasant Lendave
54 Sanket Ravindra Badave
Name and
Signature of Mr. S.T.Jadkar
faculty
SVERI’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (POLYTECHNIC), PANDHARPUR.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled
“BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN INDIA”
Submitted by
Roll no Name of Student Enrollment no
07 Raj Deepak Debadwar 2110740009
11 Vedant Radhakrishna Badave 2110740013
32 Prathamesh Chandrakant Shinde 2110740037
43 Abhijeet Vasant Lendave 2110740056
54 Sanket Ravindra Badave 2110740069
is a bonafide work carried out by above students, under the guidance of Mr Jadakar.S.T and it is
submitted towards the fulfillment of requirement of MSBTE, Mumbai for the award of Diploma in
computer Engineering at SVERI’s COE (Polytechnic), Pandharpur during the academic year 2023-2024.
(Mr.S.T.Jadkar)
Guide
(Mr.P.S.Bhandare) (Dr. Misal N. D.)
HOD Principal
Place: Pandharpur
Date: / /
Acknowledgement
“Biodiversity Conservation In india” has been developed successfully with a great contribution of five
students in a period of two months. We like to appreciate their guidance, encouragement and willingness
since without their support the project would not have been a success. We would like to give our heartfelt
gratitude to Principal Dr. N. D. Misal, Guide & HOD Mr.Bhandare P.S who is the supervisor of our project
for helping and encouraging us in many ways to make our project a success. We would never been able to
finish our work without great support and enthusiasm from friends and support from our family. We would
like to thank the department of Information Technology, for giving us permission to initiate this project and
successfully finish it.
Introduction
For much of the time man lived in a hunter-gatherer society and thus depended entirely on
biodiversity for sustenance. But, with the increased dependence on agriculture and
industrialization, the emphasis on biodiversity has decreased. Indeed, biodiversity, in wild and
domesticated forms, is the source for most of humanity, food, medicine, clothing and housing,
much of the cultural diversity and most of the intellectual and spiritual inspiration. It is, without
doubt, the very basis of life. Further that, a quarter of the earth’s total biological diversity
amounting to 1.7 million species, which might be useful to mankind in one way or another
would be in serious risk of existence over the next 2-3 decades. On realization that the erosion of
biodiversity may threaten the very existence of life has awakened man to take steps to
conserve it. In this paper, the overview of biodiversity status of India, its importance, threats to it
and various approaches for biodiversity conservation, action plan and current status have been discussed.
What is Biodiversity?
The concept of biodiversity (synonyms with biological diversity) has been known to man ever since he
began to minutely observe the living being around him. The term biological diversity was used by Robert
E. Jenkins and Thomas Lovejoy in 1980. The word biodiversity itself may have been coined by W. G.
Rosen in 1985. The term biodiversity was used as the title for a symposium organized by national
Research council in Washington in 1986. At about that time, as people became more aware of the
extinction crisis, biodiversity emerged as a significant issue. It was given concrete expression in the
World Resources Institute (WRI), World Bank (WB), International Union of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) publications concerned with conservation of
world’s biological diversity. However, biodiversity did not became a familiar term to general public until
the United Nations Conference on the Environmental and Development (UNCED) held at Rio de Janerio
(Brazil) in 1992. The Conference laid immense stress on the biological diversity of our earth planet and
the need to preserve it for posterity. It defined the biodiversity: ‘Biodiversity means the variability
among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.’ This is the single legally accepted definition of biodiversity adopted by the
UN convention on Biological Diversity.
Biodiversity at global and country level:
It is estimated that there exists 5-50 million species of living forms on the earth. However, only 1.7
million have been identified so far. These include 4,27,205 species of green plants, fungi, bacteria and
viruses; 61,917 species of vertebrates and protochordata; and12,32,490 species of invertebrates including
protista.
India has two major realms
called Palearctic and the Indo-
Malayan, and three biomes
namely the
tropical humid forests, the tropical dry/deciduous forests and the warm desert/semi deserts.
India has 10 biogeographical regions including (i) the Trans-Himalayan, (ii) Himalayan, (iii)
Desert, (iv) Semi-Arid, (v) Western Ghats, (vi) Deccan Peninsula, (vii) Gangetic plain, (viii)
Coasts, (ix) Northeast, and (x) Islands (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). Among these biogeographic
Importance of biodiversity:
The Benefits of Biodiversity to mankind are:
1 . Ecological role of biodiversity:
All species provide some kind of function to an ecosystem. They can capture and store energy, produce
organic material, decompose organic material, help to recycle water and nutrients throughout the
ecosystem, control erosion or pests, fix atmospheric gases, and help regulate climate. These
physiologically processes are important for ecosystem function and human survival.
Diverse is the ecosystem better able to withstand environmental stress and consequently is more
productive. The loss of a species is thus likely to decrease the ability of the system to maintain itself or to
recover from damage or disturbance. Just like a species with high genetic diversity, an ecosystem with
high biodiversity may have a greater chance of adapting to environmental change. In other words, the
more species comprising an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem is likely to be.
2. Economic role of biodiversity:
For all humans, biodiversity is first a resource for daily life. One important part of biodiversity is crop
diversity, which is also called agrobiodiversity.
Most people see biodiversity as a reservoir of resources to be drawn upon for the manufacture of food,
pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products
Some of the important economic commodities that biodiversity supplies to humankind
are:
Modern agriculture: Biodiversoty is used as a source of material for breeding
improved varieties,
and as biopesticides, biofertilizers etc.
Food: Crops, livestock, forestry and fish. Mangroves and coral reefs in coastal
zone support
3. Aesthetic and cultural benefits
Biodiversity has great aesthetic value. Examples of aesthetic value include eco-tourism, bird watching,
wildlife, gardening, etc. Eco-tourism is a source of economical wealth for many areas, such as many parks and
forests, where wild nature and animals are a source of beauty and joy for many people. Biodiversity is also part of
many cultural and religious beliefs. In many Indian villages and towns, plants like Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi),
Ficus religiosa (Pipal), and Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) and various other trees are considered sacred and
worshipped by the people. Several birds, animals and even snake have been considered sacred. Also, we
recognize several animals as symbols of national and heritage.
4. Scientific role of biodiversity
Biodiversity is important because each species can give scientists some clue as to how the life evolved
and will continue to evolve on Earth. In addition, biodiversity helps scientists understand how life
functions and the role of each species in sustaining ecosystems.
From above it is clear that the survival and well being of the present day human population, depends on
several substances obtained from plants and animals. The nutritional needs of mankind are also met by
wild and domesticated animal and plant species. Indeed, the biodiversity in wild and domesticated form is
the source for most of humanity’s food, medicine, clothing and housing, much of the cultural diversity,
and most of the intellectual and spiritual inspiration. It is, without doubt, the very basis of man’s being. It is
th
believed that 1/4 of the known biodiversity, which might be useful to mankind in one way or the
other, is in serious risk of extinction. This calls for an integrated approach for conserving global
biodiversity.
Biodiversity Conservation Methods:
We must make every effort to preserve, conserve and manage biodiversity. Protected
areas, from large
wilderness reserves to small sites for particular species and reserves for controlled uses,
will all be part of
this process. Protected areas are legally established sites managed for conservation
of biodiversity.
Worldwide about 8,163 protected areas cover over 750 million hectares of marine
and terrestrial
ecosystems, amounting to 1.5 percent of Earth’s surface.
India is the second most populous country, and therefore any plan attempting at
conservation must
consider socio-economic development as the mounting human pressure threatens the
biotic resources of
the country. Furthermore, ours is predominantly an agriculture country, and hence, policy
makers should
realize that conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity is the key to all
developmental
planning projects.
1.Action plan:
To conserve the biodiversity, the immediate task will be to devise and enforce time bound programme for
saving plant and animal species as well as habitats of biological resources. Action plan for conservation,
therefore, must be directed to:
Inventorization of biological
resources in different parts of
the country including the
island
Inventorization of biological
resources in different parts of
the country including the
island
Inventorization of biological
resources in different parts of
the country including the
island
Rehabilitation of rural poor/tribes displaced due to creation of protected areas.
Conservation of microorganisms which help in reclamation of wastelands and revival of
Conservation of microorganisms which help in reclamation of wastelands and revival
of
biological potential of land
Protection and sustainable use of genetic resources/germplasm through appropriate
laws
and practices
Protection of domesticated plant and animal species in order to conserve indigenous
genetic diversity
Support for protecting traditional skills and knowledge for conservation;
Multiplication and breeding of threatened species through modern techniques of tissue culture
and biotechnology
Discouragement of monoculture introduction
Restriction on introduction of exotic species without adequate investigations.
Regular access to biological resources of the country with the purpose of securing equitable share
n benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and associated knowledge relating to it
Conservation of micro-
organisms which help in
reclamation of wastelands
and revival of
Conservation of micro-
organisms which help in
reclamation of wastelands and
revival of
Biosphere Reserves in India
Fig. Map showing the sites of 15 Biosphere Reserves setup in India
The fifteen Biosphere Reserves set up in the country so far not only aim to protect representative
ecosystems, but also serve as laboratories for evolving alternative models of development. The Ministry
of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) provided financial assistance to the respective State Governments
for conservation and management of these Biosphere Reserves. Research and development projects were
also supported. Biosphere Reserves of the country qualify the essential criteria
Conclusion:
It is imperative that the phenomenon of biodiversity is very vast, complex and interdependent and there is no
single over-arching effect of diversity on either productivity or stability. The realized effects will depend
heavily on environmental context and the time scale over which the effects are studied. However, it has become
obvious that biodiversity is indeed important for both managed and natural ecosystems, though the relative
contributions of diversity and composition remain unclear. It is therefore necessary for legislators to understand
the basic science in order to maintain diversity at its current levels. If current human growth and resource
management patterns do not change, it is likely that we will lose many important species, and the
ecosystems of the world may never recover. In present paper the various conservation strategies by
government, voluntary organizations, public participation as well as the individual efforts have been
discussed, that how they commutatively plays a major role for the conservation of the biodiversity.
Human is only one more of natural creatures and should not be alien to the other life-forms. We have no
moral right to destroy nature and other beings that dwell on earth. We should treat all animals and plants
with compassion. Every individual can make a small and yet significant effort in the race to save our
planet and conserve biodiversity
Reference:
Agrawal, K. C. (2009). Biodiversity: Concept, Conservation and Management.
Central Zoo Authority (CZA) report (2011). Important zoo in India
ENVIS. Environmental Information system. http://www.envis.nic.in/
NBA Annual Report (2009-10). National Biodiversity Authority. Govt. of India.
UNESCO report (2005). World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
