Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Istrumental Method of Analysis
Chem-352
Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: pH-metric Titration of HCl with Na2CO3 Solution
Prepared By:
Abdullah Jubaer
ID:2002035
Level/Term:3/1
Lab Group:3
Partner’s Id:
2002033
2002048
2002053
2002060 .
Date of Performance: 11-12-23
Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the equilibrium constants of the reaction
between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid . It also focuses on analytical technique of pH
metric titration and understand the function of pH meter and pH metric titration method in
quantitative analysis. It also includes the study of reaction sequences of the reation between sodium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid and to generate and analyze pH-metric titration curves.
Theory:
pH meter is a instrument which is used to measure pH of the solution and gives a titration curve.
The sharp change in the pH of the solution during the experiment determines the end point of the
titration. The concentration of hydrogen ions exhibits wide range of variation while transitioning
from alkaline to acidic solution allowing for a convenient way of expressing the concentration of
hydrogen ions without involving a negative exponent.The pH of a solution is defined as the
negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in that system.
pH = − log [H+]
When two solutions with different pH are separated by a glass membrane, a potential difference
is created across the membrane.This potential dufference is proportionally related to the difference
of pH levels between the two solutions. The EMF of the electrode will follow the equation shown
below if the pH of one solution is kept at a constant value while the pH of the other solution is
changed gradually.
The electrode was immersed in the beaker containing Na2CO3 solution. When HCl was added
from the burette into the solution of Na2CO3, the potential between the HCl solution and the inner
surface of the glass tubes and test solution varied with the change in hydrogen ion concentration
of the solution and consequently emf of the electrode changed. This emf was recorded by an in-
built potentiometer of the pH meter and was automatically converted electrically to a direct reading
of pH of the solution.
Chemical Reactions:
Reaction: Na2CO3+ 2HCl = NaCl+ H2O+CO2
A two-step reaction-
Step1: Na2CO3+ HCl= NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2: NaHCO3 + HCl= NaCl +H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇌ CO2+ H2O
Overall reaction: Na2CO3+ 2HCl= 2NaCl + CO2+H2O
Apparatus:
1. Beaker
2. Pipette
3. Burette
4. Stirrer
5. pH meter
Chemicals:
HCl, Na2CO3, distilled water
Procedure
1. First the pH meter was standardized with a buffer solution.
2. 20 ml of Na2CO3 was taken in a beaker.
3. HCl was added to the beaker in a very low amount using a burette.
4. After every addition of HCl the pH of the solution was taken by the pH meter. The HCl
was added repeatedly until the pH reached almost 3.
5. The pH values were plotted against the corresponding volume of HCl.
6. Also, the graphs of ΔpH/ΔV and Δ2pH/ΔV2 were plotted, which gave the actual endpoint of the
titration
Data Collection
ml of HCL pH dpH/dV 𝑑2 (pH)/𝑑𝑉 2
0 10.44 -0.7 0.68
0.5 10.09 -0.36 0.08
1 9.91 -0.32 -0.11
1.5 9.75 -0.375 0.0625
1.9 9.6 -0.35 -0.291666667
2.3 9.46 -0.466666667 -2.22045E-15
2.6 9.32 -0.466666667 -1.111111111
2.9 9.18 -0.8 -0.666666667
3.2 8.94 -1 -4.5
3.6 8.54 -2.8 5
3.9 7.7 -1.3 5.833333333
4.1 7.44 -0.133333333 -1.888888889
4.4 7.4 -0.7 0.166666667
4.6 7.26 -0.666666667 1.888888889
4.9 7.06 -0.1 -0.666666667
5.1 7.04 -0.233333333 -1.222222222
5.4 6.97 -0.6 0.5
5.6 6.85 -0.5 0.5
5.8 6.75 -0.4 0.666666667
6.1 6.63 -0.2 0.5
6.3 6.59 -0.1 0.5
6.4 6.58 -0.05 -1.75
6.6 6.57 -0.4 -2.416666667
6.9 6.45 -1.125 -0.4375
7.3 6 -1.3 -20.5
7.6 5.61 -7.45 23.5
7.8 4.12 -2.75 10
8 3.57 -0.75 0.25
8.2 3.42 -0.7 -1
8.3 3.35 -0.8 5
8.4 3.27 -0.3 -1
8.6 3.21 -0.5 1
8.7 3.16 -0.4 -1
8.8 3.12 -0.5 4
8.9 3.07 -0.1 -1.5
9.1 3.05 -0.4 3
9.2 3.01 -0.1 1.378947368
9.5 2.98 0.313 0.033019391
Graphical Representation:
dpH/dV vs Volume of HCl Added (mL)
1
-1
-2
dpH/dV
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volume of HCl Added (mL)
.
d2pH/dV2 vs Volume of HCl Added (mL)
30
25
20
15
10
d2pH/dV2
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volume of HCl Added (mL)
Calculation:
From graph 2,
The first inflection point occurs at V1 = 3.6 mL.
The second inflection point occurs at V2 = 7.6 mL.
For V1 = 3.6 mL, pH = 8.54
For V2 = 7.6 mL, pH = 5.51
So, the first dissociation constant is K1 = 10-8.54 = 2.88*10-9
The second dissociation constant is K2 = 10-5.61 = 2.45*10-5
Result:
The first inflection point occurs at V1 = 3.6 mL.
The second inflection point occurs at V2 = 7.6 mL.
The first dissociation constant is K1 = 10-8.54 = 2.88*10-9
The second dissociation constant is K2 = 10-5.61 = 2.45*10-5
Discussion
In this experiment we used Na2CO3 solution to study the pH behaviour.The solution showed high
pH at the beginning before adding HCl. With the addition of HCl from burette,the pH gradually
declines as the H+ of acid solution substitues Na+ of Na2CO3 solution.At the very begining the pH
value changes very slowly, but after some time when a very small amount of base is added, the pH
value changes very sharply in the region of the neutral point. Using the experimental data three
individual curves were plotted. Those were: i) pH vs Volume of HCl, ii) First derivative of pH vs
Volume of HCl and iii) Second derivative of pH vs volume of HCl. . The peaks on the plots
represents the naturalization reaction between HC1 acid and Na2CO3 in two steps.At the first step
Na2CO3 is converted to NaHCO3. In the second step, NaHCO3 is further neutralized to H2CO3.The
second critical point was more sharp then the first in the second graph. From the result it is also
seen that second dissociation constant (K2) is higher than first dissociation constant (K1).
