🧬 NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS REVIEWER 🧬

✅ Mendel’s Principles (Review)

●​ Traits = controlled by genes (from parents).​

●​ Genes come in pairs.​

●​ Only 1 gene goes into gametes (sperm/egg) = segregation.​

●​ Genes separate independently.​

❗ Non-Mendelian Inheritance = Exceptions to Mendel

🌸 Incomplete Dominance
●​ Blended result.​

●​ Ex: Red x White = Pink (RR x WW = RW)​

●​ Probabilities:​

○​ Pink x Red = 50% Pink, 50% Red​

○​ Pink x Pink = 25% Red, 50% Pink, 25% White​

🐄 Codominance
●​ Both traits show up.​

●​ Ex: Black x White = Spotted (BB x WW = BW)​

●​ Spotted x Spotted = BB (Black), BW (Spotted), WW (White)​

🧬 Multiple Alleles
●​ More than 2 alleles exist for a trait.​

●​ You still inherit only 2.​

●​ Ex: Blood Types​

○​ A = IAIA or IAi​

○​ B = IBIB or IBi​

○​ AB = IAIB (codominant!)​

○​ O = ii (no antigen)​

●​ Ex 1: AB mom x O dad → kids = IAi or IBi → Type A or B​

●​ Ex 2: B mom x O kid + A dad = Must be:​

○​ Mom = IBi​

○​ Dad = IAi​

👨🏽‍🦱 Polygenic Traits

●​ Many genes affect 1 trait.​

●​ Ex: Skin color = controlled by 4–6 genes!​

🧬 Sex-Linked Traits
●​ Found on X or Y chromosomes.​

●​ Usually recessive.​

●​ Females:​
○​ XXc = carrier​

○​ XcXc = has trait​

●​ Males:​

○​ XcY = has trait (no 2nd X to mask it)​

●​ Ex: Colorblindness, Hemophilia​

●​ If normal-vision mom (XXc) x colorblind dad (XcY):​

○​ Sons = 50% colorblind​

○​ Daughters = 50% carriers​

👩‍⚕️ Hemophilia
●​ X-linked recessive​

●​ Males more likely to express it​

●​ Daughters of affected dad = all carriers if mom is normal​

🧬 Chromosomes & Karyotype

●​ Karyotype = visual of all chromosomes.​

●​ Sex chromosomes: XX = female, XY = male​

●​ X is larger than Y.​

🧠 Tips to Remember
Type Key Idea Ex.

Incomplete Dom. Blend (3rd look) Pink flower

Codominance Both show up fully Spotted cow

Multiple Alleles More than 2 alleles Blood types

possible

Polygenic Many genes = 1 trait Skin tone

Sex-linked Trait on X or Y, often rec. Hemophilia, Colorblind

📝 Quick Quiz
All answers are revealed after EACH question

🧪 Non-Mendelian Genetics Quiz 🧪

1. What type of inheritance shows a blended phenotype?​
A. Codominance​
B. Incomplete Dominance​
C. Polygenic​
D. Sex-linked

✅ Answer: B. Incomplete Dominance​

Ex: Red x White = Pink

2. Which inheritance shows both traits fully visible in the offspring?​

A. Incomplete Dominance​
B. Multiple Alleles​
C. Codominance​
D. Polygenic

✅ Answer: C. Codominance​
Ex: Black cow x White cow = Spotted cow
3. What blood type results from a person with alleles IA and IB?​
A. Type A​
B. Type B​
C. Type AB​
D. Type O

✅ Answer: C. Type AB​

Both A and B antigens show — codominant!

4. How many alleles can you inherit for one trait?​

A. 1​
B. 2​
C. 3​
D. Unlimited

✅ Answer: B. 2​
Even if more exist, we only get 2.

5. A woman with XXc and a man with XcY have a daughter. What are the chances she is a
carrier?​
A. 0%​
B. 25%​
C. 50%​
D. 100%

✅ Answer: C. 50%​
She could inherit Xc from either parent.

6. Which of these is an example of a polygenic trait?​

A. Blood type​
B. Freckles​
C. Tongue rolling​
D. Skin color

✅ Answer: D. Skin color​

Controlled by 4–6 genes.
7. What is the genotype of someone with type O blood?​
A. IAIA​
B. IAi​
C. IBi​
D. ii

✅ Answer: D. ii​
No antigens present.

8. In codominance, what is the phenotype of BW cow?​

A. Black​
B. White​
C. Gray​
D. Spotted

✅ Answer: D. Spotted​
Both traits show together.

9. What is the sex chromosome pair for a male?​

A. XX​
B. XY​
C. YY​
D. XcXc

✅ Answer: B. XY
10. A male with hemophilia has children. Who will inherit the affected X?​
A. Only his sons​
B. Only his daughters​
C. Both sons and daughters​
D. No one

✅ Answer: B. Only his daughters​

Fathers pass X to daughters, Y to sons.

📊 PEDIGREE CHART REVIEWER

🧬 What is a Pedigree Chart?
●​ A family tree diagram showing how traits are passed from one generation to the next.​

●​ Shows who has, carries, or doesn’t have a trait.​

♀️♂️ Symbols to Remember

Symbol Meaning

◯ (circle) Female

⬜ (square) Male

Shaded (filled) Has the trait

Unshaded Normal (no trait)

(empty)

Half-shaded Carrier (has 1 bad

gene)
Horizontal line Married or couple

Vertical line Shows offspring

Slash (/) Dead person

📝 Siblings = lined up L–R in birth order.

📅 Generations
●​ Labeled using Roman numerals (I, II, III...)​

●​ Top = oldest, bottom = youngest​

●​ Can also number people in each generation​

🔍 How to Read Pedigrees

●​ Find how many offspring, males/females, marriages, and carriers are there.​

●​ Check if the trait is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked.​

💡 Trait Type Tips
✅ Dominant Trait
●​ Appears every gen​

●​ 1 parent must show the trait to pass it​

●​ If it skips a gen → Not dominant​

⛔ Recessive Trait
●​ Can skip gens​

●​ Both parents can be carriers (no trait)​

●​ Child gets trait if both give recessive allele​

♀♂ Sex-Linked Trait (X-linked)

●​ Carried on X chromosome​

●​ More common in males​

○​ Males: XY → 1 bad X = shows trait​

○​ Females: XX → needs 2 bad Xs to show trait​

●​ Mom = carrier → may pass to sons who will express it​

🧠 Common Analysis Questions

●​ Who did the person inherit the trait from?​

●​ Is the trait dominant or recessive?​

●​ How many people:​

○​ Have the trait?​

○​ Are carriers?​

●​ Are carriers male or female? (Hint: X-linked carriers are usually female)​

🧬 Genotype Guessing (Sample Coding)

●​ White (normal) = TT or Tt​

●​ Black (affected) = tt​

Use known info + parent-child clues to guess genotypes.​

📝 Quick Quiz
1. What shape represents a male in a pedigree chart?​
A. Circle​
B. Square​
C. Triangle​
D. Diamond

✅ Answer: B. Square
2. If a trait skips a generation, it is most likely...​
A. Dominant​
B. Codominant​
C. Recessive​
D. Incomplete

✅ Answer: C. Recessive
3. What does a shaded circle mean?​
A. Male with trait​
B. Female carrier​
C. Female with trait​
D. Female with no trait

✅ Answer: C. Female with trait

4. What does a half-shaded symbol usually represent?​
A. A dead person​
B. A person with two dominant alleles​
C. A person with no alleles​
D. A carrier of the trait
✅ Answer: D. A carrier of the trait
5. If a female is a carrier of an X-linked disease, who is more likely to show the trait?​
A. Her sons​
B. Her daughters​
C. Her husband​
D. Her parents

✅ Answer: A. Her sons

6. In a pedigree, what does a horizontal line between a circle and a square mean?​
A. Siblings​
B. They are twins​
C. Married or couple​
D. Cousins

✅ Answer: C. Married or couple

7. Which generation is usually placed at the top of a pedigree chart?​
A. Youngest​
B. Middle​
C. Oldest​
D. Carriers

✅ Answer: C. Oldest
8. In sex-linked inheritance, why are males more often affected?​
A. They have stronger chromosomes​
B. They only have one X chromosome​
C. They cannot be carriers​
D. Their Y chromosome blocks diseases

✅ Answer: B. They only have one X chromosome