THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE OTHER WORKS: • First passion painting trained under Lorenzo

Guerrero, Toribio Antillon, and Fabian de la

• Philippine National Bank
REVIEWER • Manila Railroad Co. Bel Air Apartments Rosa.
• Capt. Luis Gonzaga Bldg. • Pennsylvania Academy of Fines Arts 1911
FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS • Transferred Drexel to finish BS in
Architecture.
ANTONIO, PABLO S. (01-25-1901_06-14-1975) ARANETA, LUIS MARIA ZARAGOSA • Pursue Architecture in United States.
(07-09-1916) • 1972 US greatly influenced by Art Deco
• Pioneered modern Philippine Architecture.
• Son of the first Filipino Secretary of Finance Architecture.
• Filipino modernist architect of his time.
• 1976 National Artist of the Philippines by F. and Justice, Gregorio Araneta and Carmen • Retired 1956 went back to painting.
Marcos Zaragoza. • 1960 exhibited his work at Manila YMCA.
• DICTUM: Buildings should be planned with • Career began after graduated in University of
austerity in mind and its stability forever as Santo Tomas in 1939 but interrupted by the FAMOUS PROJECTS:
the aim of true architecture… outbreak of WWIII.
• Served the underground movement and
imprisoned at Fort Santiago in 1943.
FAMOUS PROJECTS: • Became Pres, VP, & Board D. of various
business org.
• Affiliated with several cultural and educational
institutions.

FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Manila Central Post Office (1926)

Far Eastern University (1939)

Makati Medical Center (May 31, 1969)

Bank of the Philippine Islands Cebu Main

Life Theater

Times Theater (1939)

Legislative Building (1926) (National Museum of

the Phils)

Ideal Theater (1933)

Santa Catalina College

Manila's Metropolitan

Galaxy Theater

Manila Doctor’s Hospital, U.N. Ave.(1956)

ARELLANO, JUAN MARCOS Y DE GUZMÁN

(04-25-1888_12-05-1960) Cebu Provincial Capitol-part (1937)
Manila Polo • Filipino Architect attended Ateneo Municipal
de Manila, graduated 1908.
1|Pa ge
• Served a year in the Philippine Army as • Manila Pavilion ([Link])
reserve officer. • Holiday Inn
• distinct international style learned in UST next • Dvl. Bank of the Phil.
to Massachusetts Institute of Technology. • Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studio
• Obtained BS in Architecture in MIT in 1941
and masterate in 1946.
BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON
• Appointed as Dean of the UST College of
Architecture and Fine Arts (1954-1959) (09-04-1846_06-01-1912)
• 1973 became trustee of International School. • born in Henderson, New York and raised in
Jones Bridge (1921) • Year later became trustee of OB Montessori Chicago, Illinois
Center Inc. • under the teachings of the Swedenborgian
Church of New Jerusalem
ARELLANO, OTILLO A. (1916_05-13-1981) • American architect and urban planner
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• son of Arcadio Arellano and the nephew of • instrumental in the development of the
Juan Arellano. skyscraper
• Architectural Profession during the 50s to 60s • highly successful management of the World’s
• one of the architects representing the Columbian Exposition of 1893
Philippines in some International Expositions.
• chosen by Imelda Marcos to restore the FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Metropolitan Theater (Uncle’s Art Deco)
• 1970 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan
• 1977 PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year

Aglipayan Church
FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Manila Hotel Landscaping

National Bureau of Investigations

Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company

Burnham Park, Baguio City

Palacio del Governador

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

Phil. General Hospital Landscape

OTHER WORKS:
• Baguio City Planning
Philippine Pavilion (1964) • Army-Navy Club Landscaping
Philippine National Bank • Post Office Landscape
• World's Columbian Exposition

CALMA, LORENZO LICAD

• Current President/Architect & Interior
Designer of LOR CALMA & PARTNERS
• Mapua Institute of Technology in 1954
• one of the pioneers of modern interior design
• All of his furniture designed during the 50s
and 60s are still valuable until now
RCBC Building • 1962, called by Agustin Gamboa and Cancio
Philam Life Building (1961) to help design the interiors of the New Manila
International Airport by Federico Ilustre
ARGUELLES, CARLOS D. (09-15-1922) • partnership between Cancio and Calma in
OTHER WORKS:
• Graduated 1939 interior and furniture design
• Ateneo de Manila Campus
2|Pa ge
• first school in Interior design was established, • involved in a variety of local projects
the Philippine School of Interior Design. FAMOUS PROJECTS: (commercial, industrial, and mixed-use of
• 2010 Most Outstanding Kapampangan Award developments, as well as residential,
in Arts & Architecture educational, and recreational projects)
• 2006 Philippine Institute of Interior Design – • DICTUM: More on Vertical Approach.
Hall of Fame
• 1998 Founding Member & College of Fellow FAMOUS PROJECTS:
(PIID)
• 1997 Phil. Regulatory Commission –
Outstanding Professional of the year in
Interior Design
• 1997 Lifetime Award for Interior Design &
Architecture Baclaran Church
• 1993 Gintong Ama Award for Art & Culture
• 1992 Philipine Institute of Interior Design –
Hall of Fame Award
• 1988 Outstanding Interior Designer Award –
Araw ng Maynila 32-storey one Beverly Place (2012)
• 1985 Founder Member of the Philippine
Institute of Interior Design
• 1963 Art & Architecture Interior Design Award
for Outstanding Contribution in the field of
Interior Design & Allied Arts

FAMOUS WORKS: Melchor Hall - UP Diliman

Centro Escolar University Complex

OTHER WORKS:
• Robinsons commercial Complex
• 26-Storey Ayala Twin Towers
Asian Development Bank Interiors • The Atrium d. Quezon City Sports Club
Church of the Risen Lord • SM City, North Edsa & Sm in Cebu
• Zuellig Building (2012)

DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO
• University of Santo Thomas in Manila 1950
• design of some suburban houses in the
emerging high-end suburbs outside of Manila
• PNRI building witnessed the first nuclear
reaction
College of St. Benilde School of Design & Arts • country’s entrance to the Atomic Age
Building (April 2007) • modernist maxim
Palma Hall – UP Diliman • designed his buildings in the absolute
OTHER WORKS:
modernist tones
• Interior of Development Bank of the
Philippines
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• Interior of Silahis Hotel
• Intr. of Puerto Azul & Beach Resort
• Intr. of [Link] Ramada Hotel
• [Link] Dev’t. Academy of the Phils

CONCIO, CESAR (11-30-1907_04-27-2003)

• first University Architect of the University of
the Philippines Insular Life Building
• one of the architects selected by President
Roxas in 1947 Asian development bank
• study the trends in Architecture and OTHER WORKS:
Engineering to design the buildings of the • Protestant Chapel, U.P.
Capital City • Forestry Bldg., U.P.
• mission enabled him to meet the architect of • Childrens memorial Hosp.
Brasilia’s buildings, Oscar Niemeyer that • Mother of Perpetual Help
exposes influence on his designs, especially • Quezon City Sports Club
the parabolic Church of the Risen Lord in UP • Union Church
Diliman
• 1964 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold
Medal of Merit COSCOLLUELLA, WILLIAM
• 1969 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan • Principal Architect of the W.V. Coscolluela &
Award Associates (WVCA) 1957 Centro Escolar University Complex
• DICTUM: The structure must be well oriented • fifty-three years of experience
3|Pa ge
OTHER WORKS: • visited United States, meeting Paul Rudolph • PHILCITE 1976
• Shoemart Bldgs. In Manila and Eero Saarinen • Phil. Plaza Hotel
• Mindanao State University Bldg., • he realized to use concrete, cheap in the • Parish of the Holy Sacrifice
• Nat’l. Science Dev’t. Bldg. Complex Philippines and easy to form • Philippine International Convention Center
• Colgate Palmolive Phils., Inc. • 1990 He was proclaimed a National Artist of • Manila Hotel (partly)
• Philippine Science High School the Philippines for Architecture by the late • Mandarin Oriental Hotel
former President Corazon C. Aquino.
• DICTUM: Creating Architecture that is both
FORMOSA, GABRIEL modern & undeniably Filipino. LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES (1886-1952)
• 1950’s and by the 1960’s • One of the greatest painters century phil.
• most popular architect of the residences of • painter of Spoliarium
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
the posh Makati villages • son of Juan Luna to Paz Pardo de Tavera
• designed modernist fervor • taught painting in Manila’s School of Arts
• honesty of conception and the principled • studied Arts in Europe got a diploma 1911
concern for human requirements • study Architecture and finished in 1918
transcending the irrelevancies of prejudice • city government appointed him the chief
and instinct" Architect 1920-1924
• 1979 PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year
• 1977 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• 1973 Republic Cultural Heritage Awards
• 1990 United Architects of the Philippines
Likha Award Ayala Museum (old)

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Legarda Elementary School

Philippine Center for International Trade Expo

Asian Institute of Management (1968)

Crystal Arcade

Folk Arts Theater

The Concorde Condominium and Office Building
(1976)

Manila Hotel - part (1912)

OTHER WORKS:
Cultural Center of the Philippines • Malacanang Palace
• San Vicente de Paul Chapel
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (1933) • Luis-Perez-Samanlilio Building (1928)

OTHER WORKS: MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED

• G.T. International Tower (2001) • Filipino architect and national artist.
• La Tondena Building • Graduated in UST
• member of the National Commission on
Culture and Arts
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V • trustee of the Katutubong Filipino Foundation
(08-15-1928_11-15-1994) • United Architects of the Philippines
• Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer Monastery of Transfiguration • founder of Francisco Mañosa & Partners
• known for his use of concrete, floating volume • sets the philosophy and direction of the firm
and simplistic design OTHER WORKS: • The most outspoken champion of Indigenous
• avid collector of painting and Chinese Filipino Architecture ((Mimar, 28, June, 1998)
• Istana Nurul Iman, palace of the Sultan of • "Philippine Architecture for Filipinos”
ceramics
Brunei
• Holy Sacrifice Chapel, U.P.
4|Pa ge
• September 1982 Papal Awardee of the Noble • national artist Juan Nakpil was his cousin
Knighthood of the Pontifical Order of St. • finished high school at De la Salle College
Gregory the Great (now a university)
• September 1994 Recognized by the • architecture at the UST in 1936
Professional Regulations Commission as the
Most Outstanding Professional of the Year
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• April 2003 Recipient of the7th LIKHA Gold
Medal Awardgiven by the United Architects of
the Philippines
• June 2004 The Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) bestowed upon him the
Gawad CCP Para sa Sining in the field of Librada Avelino Hall, (Centro Escolar University)
Architecture
• December 2004 One of The Five Outstanding MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELINO
Filipino (TOFIL) by thePhilippine Jaycee (05-26-1917_04-28-2000)
Senate and Insular Life
• Architect and a Physical Planner
National Press Club (1955)
FAMOUS PROJECTS: • formed a partnership with Gabino de Leon
and Homero Ingles
• formed his own architectural firm in 1951
• Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan, 1976 UAP
Likha Award, 1982
• PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year, 1982
• DICTUM: He makes the fullest possible use
of natural light & ventilation.

FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Tahanang Filipino/Coconut palace (1978)
Picache Building (mid 1950s)
OTHER WORKS:
• Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace
OTHER WORKS:
• Mary Immaculate Parish Church
• Quezon Memorial Circle • Former Head Office of PLDT
• Landscaping of Corregidor Island • Lopez Museum Bldg
• San Miguel (1984)

MAPUA, TOMAS (12-21-1888_12-22-1965) Philippine Veterans Bank NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE de JESUS
• first registered Architect of the Philippines (05-26-1899_05-7-1986)
• study in Boone’s Preparatory School in US • Filipino architect, teacher and a community
• finishing Architecture in Cornell University in leader
1911 • 1933, established with other top architects
• civic leader in Manila and councilor of Manila the Philippine Architects Society (later
• founded Mapua Institute of Technology renamed Philippine Institute of Architects
(Philippines’ top Architecture and Engineering • served as its first president
school) • 1941, founded the Philippine College of
• 1954 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Design
Medal of Merit • w/ leading architects like Andres Luna de San
• 1964 Patnubayng Sining at Kalinangan Pedro, Juan Arellano, Pablo Antonio
Development Academy of the Philippines • World War II interrupted this project
FAMOUS PROJECTS: • DICTUM: He makes the fullest possible use
of natural light & ventilation.
• Architect of the Year, 1939, 1940, 1946
• 1950 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold
Medal of Merit Award,
• Most Outstanding Professional in
Architecture, 1951 (from the Philippine
Association of Board Examiners)
• 1952 Honorary correspondent member ng
Societe de Architectes par le Gouvernement
Francais,
Batasang Pambansa (1978)
J. Mapua Memorial Hall (Mapua Institute of • 1955 Chevalier de la legion d'Honneur,
Technology) • 1955 Presidential Medal of Merit from
President Ramon Magsaysay,
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO (1914-1980) • 1968 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan
• parents were Enriqueta Sancho and Ramon Award,
Nakpil • 1971 Republic Cultural Heritage Award,
• government pensionado in the United States • 1972 Rizal Pro Patria Award,
who studied industrial design • 1973 The first National Artists for
• marriage to Carmen Diaz ended with her Architecture,
death with 2 daughters • 1973 Dean of Filipino Architects.
• married a widow, Carmen Guerrero
• had three children, in of whom Luis, is also an
Pier 7 (1918) architect

5|Pa ge
FAMOUS PROJECT: Angela Apartments • Mother of Landscape Architecture in the
Philippines
• active in the field since the late 1950s
• after she received her degree from the
University of California at Berkeley

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Commercial Bank & Trust Building

(now Allied Bank) Fathers Residence, UST (1933)

OTHER WORKS:
• Cathl. of Immaculate Concepcion
• Church of Our lady of Most Holy Rosary
Dambana ng Kagitingan
• Central Seminary Bldg. U.S.T. Campus
• Calvo Building (1933)

PARSONS, WILLIAM E. (1872-1939)

• architect and city planner
Quezon Hall, U.P. Diliman • known for his works in the Philippines during
the early period of American colonization

OTHER WORKS:
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• Quiapo Church
• Rufino Bdg. Ayala Ave.,
Meralco Cmpd. Lndscp.
• QuezonInstitute Administration
• Capitol Theater (1930s)

OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON

(08-07-1897_06-13-2001)
• Filipino Architect and Civil Engineer
• 1914, Ateneo de Manila A.B.
• 1919, University of Santo Tomas, Civil Phil. General Hospital
Engineering
• 1921, University of Pennsylvania, Bachelor of
Architecture Taal Vista Lodge
• worked in the office of Mr. Emile Perrot, an
architect in Philadelphia
• spent two years traveling in Europe, giving
particular attention to architectural designs
• four years an assistant architect in the
Bureau of Public Works in Manila.
• 1972, associated with architect Tomas
Arguelles and established Arguelles and
Ocampo, architects Army and Navy Club

FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Rizal Park Landscape

YMCA Bldg.
Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
OTHER WORKS:
• Baguio Plan together w/ Burnham Libingan ng mga bayani
• Philippine Normal School & Women’s
• Manila Hotel OTHER WORKS:
• First UP Bldg. • Childrens Park, UP Diliman
• Manila Polo Club
PEREZ, DOLLY QUIMBO • Mirador Shrine
• Arrived in January 1963 • Gateway Business Park
• Masters Degree in Landscape Architecture
• from the University of California, Berkeley
6|Pa ge
ROXAS, FELIX Y ARROYO SR. (1820)
• first Filipino architect OTHER WORKS:
• prominent member of the Roxas family • Batulao Village Club, Batangas
• father was Antonio Roxas and his mother • Rizal Park (part)
was Lucina Arroyo
• brother was painter Felipe Roxas y Arroyo
(1840-1899) SINDIONG, ANTONIO
• trained in Europe in 1884 • 1960-1962 past president of the Philippine
• spent his early career in England and India. Institure of Architects
• developed an affection for Revivalist • Designed SM Megamall in Mandaluyong and
architecture in the Philippines. UST Main bldg. plan Harrison Plaza Shopping Center in Manila
• San Ignacio church he imagined a new • June 9, 2006 He was awarded as national
neoclassical building more in temper to the artist for his outstanding achievement in
legacy of the Jesuits architecture and allied arts.
• neogothic Santo Domingo Church in
Intramuros, also destroyed in the Battle of FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Manila 1945

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

UST main bldg

OTHER WORKS:
Farmer’s Plaza Shopping Center
• Church of our lady of Manaoag
• Sta. Teresita Church, Yokohama

Sto. Domingo Church (1875) SANTOS, ILDEFONSO PAEZ (01-23-1897)

• pioneered the landscape architectural
profession in the Philippines
• Born in Baritan, Malabon, Rizal
• graduated in the University of Santo Tomas in
1954 BSAR
• second degree in Architecture & Master of
Architecture degree at University of Southern SM Megamall Mandaluyong
California School of Architecture
• June 9, 2006 He was awarded as national OTHER WORKS:
artist for his outstanding achievement in
• Farmers Plaza Shopping Center
architecture and allied arts
• 43- Storey Pacific Plaza
San Ignacio Church (1889)
FAMOUS PROJECTS: • 22- Storey Metro Bank Plaza
OTHER WORKS: • 20- Storey Cebu Plaza
• 28 Storey La Metropole
• Reconstructed Parish Church of
• Harrison Plaza Shopping Center
• Dominican Church, England 1750

TOLEDO, ANTONIO M.
Rev. Fr. RUANO, ROQUE (08-16-1877_03-05-
1935) • first Pensionados for Architecture w/ Carlos
Baretto, Juan Arellano, and Tomas Mapua
• Spanish priest-civil engineer
• graduated BSAR at Ohio State in 1911
• drew up plans for University of Santo Tomas Caliraya Lake Resort • one of the pioneer professors of Mapua
(UST) Main Building
Institute of Technology taught there until 1967
• it is the first earthquake-shock resistant
• 1961 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold
building in Asia.
Medal of Merit Award
• constructed at the Sulucan property of the
Dominican order in city of Manila
• submitted himself to faith of Dominican Order FAMOUS PROJECTS:
in 1894
• arrived in the Philippines in the year 1904
• served his first few years in the Colegio de
San Juan de Letran as Father Rector
• transferred to UST & was able to obtain a Loyola Memorial Park
Doctorate in Civil Engineering
FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Cebu Provincial Capitol (1937)

Dominican Residences in Baguio City Eternal Gardens

7|Pa ge
OTHER WORKS: • modernist movement
• Our Lady of Lourdes • movement's leading names (including Ludwig
• Franciscan Church of Singalong Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter
• Nuestra Senora de Guia Gropius)
• influenced the works of Gropius & Mies van
der Rohe
FAMOUS INTERNATIONAL • DICTUM: When a time comes for a change,
ARCHITECTS the outsider
ALVAR, AALTO Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
(02-03-1898_05-11-1976) FAMOUR PROJECT:
Manila City Hall (1939)
• Finnish architect and designer
OTHER WORKS: • work includes architecture, furniture, textiles
and glassware
• Phil. Normal School Womens (with William • span of his career, 1920S-1970s
Parsons) • 1930s, Nordic Classicism of the early work, to
• UP Padre Faura Campus a rational International Style Modernism
• UP University Library • 1940s onwards, more organic modernist style
• Department of Tourism & Finance Building • 1957 Royal Gold Medal for Architecture from
• Leyte Provincial Capitol the Royal Institute of British Architects
• Bureau of Customs (1939) • 1963 Gold Medal from the American Institute AEG Turbine Factory 1909
of Architects
VIOLA, CARLOS A. (04-08-1912_07-31-1994) • DICTUM: Architecture must create buildings BREUER, MARCEL LAJOS
which are conceived as a total artistic (05-21-1902_07-01-1981)
• very first graduates of the College of
expression.”
Architecture of UST 1935 • Hungarian-born modernist
• professors then were outstanding ar.s and • architect and furniture designer of Jewish
engineers (Tomas Arguelles, Tomas Mapua, FAMOUS PROJECTS:
descent
Juan F. Nakpil, Fernando Ocampo, and • One of the masters of Modernism
Andres Luna de San Pedro) • interest in modular construction and simple
• first worked in the office of Juan Nakpil as a forms
draftsman • “Father of furniture Architecture”
• rising to associate architect from 1946-1950 • AIA Gold Medal (1968)
• first exposure, Iglesia Ni Cristo group • DICTUM:
• executed under Nakpil's company through o A Building has straight geometrical
the Bishop's Palace in San Juan, Manila lines
• 1961 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold o Nature & Architecture are two different
Medal of Merit Award. Paimio Sanatorium, Finland 1932 things
o Architecture is a social art.
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Riola Parish Church 1975-1978

Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Office
Paimio Sanatorium, Finland 1932

Iglesia Ni Cristo, Cubao Helsinki Auditorium 1949-1966

OTHER WORKS: Saint John's Abbey 1961

• Town Hall of Saynatsalo
• Pension Bank
• Convalescent Home @ Paimio
• Hall of Residence,
• Massachusset’s Institute of Technology
• Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki
• Library at Vipuri
Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Temple
BEHRENS, PETER (04-14-1868_02-27-1940)
• German architect and designer Whitney Museum of American Art
8|Pa ge
OTHER WORKS: • space frame in many different materials like
• Harneshmasher House timber plywood, aluminum, paper board ,
• Tubular steel cantilever chair, Bauhaus Bldg. prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
• Pirelli Tire Building, 1969
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• Atlanta central library, 1980

CANDELA, FELIX (01-27-1910_12-07-1997)

• Spanish architect
• development of Mexican architecture and Casa Mila 1906–1912
structural engineering
• major contribution in architecture
development of thin shells made out of GILBERT, CASS (11-24-1859_05-17-1934)
reinforced concrete • American architect
Geodesic Dome, US Pavilion, Montreal
• Famous for thin – shell structures • proponent of skyscrapers in works like the
Exposition 1967
• one of the most concrete Engineer of the age Woolworth Building
• • IStructE Gold Medal • responsible for numerous:
• Augusto Perret prize of the Architects o museums (Saint Louis Art
International Union Museum)
• 1968 AIA Gold Medal o libraries (Saint Louis Public
Library)
o state capitol buildings (the
FAMOUS PROJECT: Minnesota, Arkansas and West
Virginia State Capitols)
o public architectural icons (United
States Supreme Court building)
Union Tank Car Repair Shop, Louisiana • public buildings in the Beaux Arts style
reflect the optimistic American sense
GAUDI, ANTONIO (06-25-1852_06-10-1926)
• Catalan architect born in Reus
• figurehead of Catalan Modernism in FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Catalonia region of Spain
Candela Oceanographique • loves to use hyperboloids & paraboloids
• asserted that the straight line belongs to
man & the curved line belongs to God
• Father of Fantastic Architecture

FAMOUS PROJECT:

Woolsworth Bldg., N.Y 1910-1913

Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico

Sagrada Famillia 1882-Present

US Supreme Court West Façade

Palacio de los Deportes

OTHER WORKS:
• Church of our Lady of Miracles
• Radiation Institute, Mexico
• Chapel of the Missionaries of the Holy Spirit, Casa Batllo 1904-1906
Coyoacan Mexico

FULLER, BUCKMINSTER (07-12-1895_07-01- Oberlin College - Allen Memorial Art Museum

1983) 1917
• American architect
• systems theorist, author, designer, inventor,
GROPIUS, WALTER
and futurist
• developed geodesic dome (05-18-1883_07-05-1969)
• Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were • German architect
later named by scientists for their • founder of the Bauhaus School along
resemblance to geodesic spheres with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le
• Invented the “Geodesic Dome” Casa Vicens 1883-1889 Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright
9|Pa ge
• pioneering masters of modern architecture FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• “The Arch’t. Collaborate (TAC) w/c was
made-up of young arch’ts
• 1959 AIA Gold Medal
• 1961 Goethe Prize
• DICTUM: Architecture begins where
engineering ends

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Candela Oceanographique Kimbell Art Museum 1966-1972

Bauhaus Bldg., Germany 1925- 1926

AT& T Bldg. N.Y. 1984 Yale Art Gallery 1951-1953

OTHER WORKS:
• Alfred Newton Richard’s Medical Center
• University of Pennysylvania
• Unitarian Church, Ronchester N.Y.
• Indian Institute of Management
• Paul Mellon Center for British studies
Walter Gropius House Lincoln MA 1938 • Wharton Esherick Studio
• Richards Medical Research Laboratories
• Fred E. and Elaine Cox Clever House
Palacio de los Deportes • Margaret Esherick House

OTHER WORKS: KORUKAWA, KUSHO (04-08-1934_10-12-2007)

• William Proctor’s Museum, N.Y. • Japanese architect
• Theater of the Dance – Lincoln Center • one of the founders of the Metabolist
Movement
• Art of Gallery of the University of Nebraska
• DICTUM: Architecture should have the
• Amon Carter Museum, Forth Worth, Texas
element of growth and change
• The Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove,
Fagus Factory 1911-1913 California in 2007

OTHER WORKS: KHAN, LOUIS (02-20-1901_03-17-1974)

• Deutscher Werkbund, Exhibition factory • American architect based in Philadelphia,
• New Civic Center, Boston (w/ Pietro Belluschi Pennsylvania, United States
• U S Embassy, Athens • working in various capacities for several firms
• Pan American Bldg. New York in Philadelphia
• Harvard Graduate Center • founded his own atelier in 1935
• Baghdad University • served as a design critic and professor of
architecture at Yale School of Architecture Palacio de los Deportes
from 1947 to 1957 as private practice.
• AIA Gold Medal
JOHNSON, PHILIP CORTELYOU
• RIBA Gold Medal
(07-08-1906_01-25-2005) • DICTUM: Architecture is the reaching out for
• American architect the truth
• invented the term international Style
• responsible for the 1932 exhibition of modern FAMOUS PROJECTS:
arch
• works were influenced by Mies Van Der Rohe
He was a student at the Harvard Graduate
School of Design
Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico
• gay, and has been called "the best-known
openly gay architect in America"
OTHER WORKS:
• 1978 American Institute of Architects Gold
Medal • Capsule House at the Celestial Theme
• 1979 Pritzker Architecture Prize Pavillion
• DICTUM: Architecture is the art of how to • Takara Group, Pavillion, Expo ‘70
waste space Salk Institute 1959-1965 • Sony Tower, Osaka, Japan
• Ishikawa, Cultural Center
• Peace Memorial Gamagori, Japan

10 | P a g e
• Headquarters of the Japanese Red Cross • one of the pioneers of modern architecture FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Society • born in Switzerland and became a French
• National Museum of Ethnology citizen in 1930
• career spanned five decades, with his
LATROBE, BENJAMIN H. buildings constructed throughout Europe,
India, and America
(05-01-1764_09-03-1820)
• Frank P. Brown Medal
• British neoclassical architect who immigrated • 1961 AIA Gold Medal
to the United States • DICTUM: The house is a Machine to live in.
• known for his design of the United States
Capitol
• work on the Old Baltimore Cathedral/The FAMOUS PROJECTS: Candela Oceanographique
Baltimore Basilica (first Roman Catholic
Cathedral constructed in the United States)
• one of the first formally trained professional
architects in the United States
• drawing influences from his travels in Italy
• British and French Neoclassical architects
such as Claude Nicolas Ledoux
• DICTUM: A bldg. is the combination of
different geometric figures.
Villa Savoye 1928-1931
FAMOUS PROJECTS: Cafe Museum Vienna 1899

OTHER WORKS:
• Steiner House, Vienna 1910
• American Bar
• Scheu House, Vienna
• Sugar mill
• Moller House
• Ruffer House
Old Baltimore Cathedral 1816-1821 • Villa Moller, Vienna
Unité d'Habitation 1947-1952 • Khuner Villa
• Villa Winternitz

MACKINTOSH, CHARLES RENNIE

(07-07-1868_12-10-1828)
• Scottish architect, designer, water colourist
and artist
• designer in the Arts and Crafts movement
• main representative of Art Nouveau in the
United Kingdom
Latrobe Gate, Washington Navy Yard • influence on European design
Notre Dame du Haut 1954
• born in Glasgow and he died in London
OTHER WORKS:
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• Le Pavillion de L’Esprit Nouveau
• Swiss Pavillion, Cite Universities, Paris
• U.N. Secretariat
• Dominican Monastery of La Tourette
• Visual Arts Center, Harvard University
• Villa Cook, France
• Villa La Roche, France
• Dom-ino House, prototype
Pope Villa • Villa Jeanneret-Perret
Hill House
OTHER WORKS: LOOS, ADOLF (12-10-1870_08-23-1933)
• Capitol Richmond, Virginia • Austrian architect
• Bank of Pennysylvania • influential in European Modern architecture
• Sedgeley House • in his essay Ornament and Crime, he
• Baltimore Exchange abandoned the aesthetic principles of the
• Decatur House Vienna Secession
• Old West, Dickinson College • contributed to the elaboration of a body of
• Hammerwood Park theory and criticism of Modernism in
architecture. (Influenced by Le Corbusier)
LE CORBUSIER • against the idea of fanciful designs
• anti- ornamentalist, a believer of Engineering
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris Glasgow school of art 1898- 1907
& Plumbing
(10-06-1887_08-27-1965) • adherent of Monumen-talism.
• architect, designer, painter, urban planner, • DICTUM: Supply and demand regulate
writer architecture form

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FAMOUS PROJECTS:

The Willow Tearooms 1903 Seagram Bldg (1958)

Einstein Tower (1921)
MAILLART, ROBERT
(02-06-1872_04-05-1940)
• Swiss civil engineer
• revolutionized the use of structural reinforced
concrete with such designs:
o the three-hinged arch & the deck-stiffened
arch for bridges
o the beamless floor slab and mushroom
ceiling for industrial buildings
• completed Salginatobel (1929–1930) German Pavilion (1929)
Schwandbach (1933) bridges De la Warr Pavillion (1935)
• In 1991 the Salginatobel Bridge was declared OTHER WORKS:
an International Historic Civil Engineering
Landmark by the American Society of Civil • Tugendhat House
Engineers • Illinois Institute of Technology
• DICTUM: A bridge is like a house. Each • Cullinan Hall (1958)
bridge & each house is a special case; each • Chicago Convention Hall
must be constructed & shaped accdg
NERVI, PIER LUIGI
FAMOUS PROJECTS: (06-21-1891_01-09-1979)
• Italian engineer
Columbushaus (1932) • studied at the University of Bologna
• qualified in 1913. Dr. Nervi
OTHER WORKS: • taught as a professor of engineering at Rome
University from 1946-61
• Metal Worker’s Union • known as a structural engineer and an
• No. 64 Old Church St. Chelsea architect,
• his innovative use of reinforced concrete
LUDWIG, MIES VAN DER ROHE • 1964 won the AIA Gold Medal.
Maria Ludwig Michael Mies • DICTUM: Structural correctness, w/c is
identical w/ functional
(03-27-1886_08-19-1969)
Schwandbach Bridge 1933 • German-American architect
FAMOUS WORKS:
• commonly referred to as Mies
• last director of Berlin's Bauhaus
• headed the department of architecture in
Illinois Institute of Technology - Chicago
• he developed the Second Chicago School
• pioneering masters of modern architecture w/
Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, and Frank Lloyd
Wright.
• 1959 Royal Gold Medal
Salginatobel Bridge 1929–1930 • 1960 AIA Gold Medal
• 1963 Presidential Medal of Freedom Stadio Olimpico (1932)
• DICTUM:
MENDELSOHN, ERICH o Less is more.
(03-21-1887_09-15-1953) o Architecture is the will of an epoch
• Jewish German architect translated into space.
• expressionist architecture in the 1920s
• developing a dynamic functionalism in his FAMOUS PROJECTS:
projects for department stores and cinemas
• lived in the United States and taught at the
University of California, Berkeley
• also served as an advisor to the U.S.
government
• DICTUM: Palazzetto dello Sport (1957)
o Architecture seizes upon space,
encompasses space and is space
itself.
o Architecture depends on the sensuous
seizure by means of touch and sight. Farnsworth House (1951)

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OTHER WORKS: • brother of the architect Gustave Perret
• The Miniatry of Education • 2005 his post-World War II reconstruction of
• Brazilian Pavillion with Lucio Costa Le Havre (city in the Seine-Maritime
• Presidents Palace department of the Haute-Normandie region in
• [Link] Church France)
• declared by UNESCO one of the World
Heritage Sites
I.M. PEI - Ieoh Ming Pei • DICTUM: Truth is indispensible to
(04-26-1917) Architecture & architectural lie concepts.
Priory of Saint Mary and Saint Louis (1962) • Chinese American architect
• master of modern architecture FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• spent ten years working for a firm in New
OTHER WORKS:
York before founding Pei Cobb Freed &
• UNESCO Auditorium (1958) Partners
• Italian Embassy • best known for his controversial glass
• Australian Embassy pyramid in the courtyard at the Louvre
• Artemio Franchi Municipal Stadium (1932) Museum in Paris
• Hangar in Orvieto (1935) • 1979 won the AIA Gold Medal.
• 1989 the first Praemium Imperiale for
NIEMEYER, OSCAR Architecture
• 2003 won the Lifetime Achievement Award
Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Church of the Notre Dame (1922)
(12-15-1907_12-05-2012) Museum.
• Brazilian architect • 1983 won the Pritzker Prize
• one of the key figures in the development of
modern architecture FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• design of civic buildings for Brasília
• planned city which became Brazil's capital in
1960
• collaboration with other architects on the
United Nations Headquarters in New York
City
• exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of
House in the Rue (1904)
reinforced concrete is influential during the
late 20th and early 21st centuries.
• love for use of curved lines
• DICTUM: Grand Louvre and the Pyramids (1989)
o Form follows beauty
o Architecture is invention

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Hotel de Ville, Le Havre

OTHER WORKS:
National Gallery East Building
• French Atomic Research Center
• Garage Ponthieu
Modern Art Museum (1996) • The Concert Hall of the École Normale de
Musique de Paris
• reconstruction of the French city of Le Havre

RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON

(09-29-1838_04-27-1886)
• American architect
John Hancock Tower (1976) • designed buildings in Albany, Boston, Buffalo,
Chicago, Pittsburgh, and other cities
Cathedral of Brasília (1970) OTHER WORKS:
• style he popularized is named for him:
• Park Hotel, Shanghai Richardsonian Romanesque
• Gulf Oil Bldg. • one of "the recognized trinity of American
• Mile High Center architecture" w/ Louis Sullivan and Frank
• Collins Place Dev’t. Lloyd Wright
• Hongkong and Shanghai Bank • monumentability because this gave 3 things;
“Continuity, permanence & power of a
building to embody a heroic attitude.”
PERRET, AUGUSTE
• first exponent of the 2nd Eclectic period in the
(02-12-1874_02-25-1954) U.S.A.
• French architect
National Congress Bldg. of Brazilia (1964) • world leader and specialist in reinforced
concrete construction
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FAMOUS PROJECTS: • TJ Watson Research Center
• Chapel of Concordia Senior College

SAARINEN, ELIEL
Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen
(08-20-1873_07-01-1950)
• Finnish architect
• early years of the 20th century became
Lippo Building (1987) famous for his art nouveau buildings
Marshall Wholesale Store (1890) • became a professor in the University of
Michigan's Architecture Department
OTHER WORKS:
• build many railway stations in Europe
• Endo Laboratories, Garden City • 1947 received the AIA Gold Medal
• Cocoon House • DICTUM: Beauty grows from necessity not
• The Greely Forest Laboratory from repetition of formulas

SAARINEN, EERO (08-20-1910_09-01-1961) FAMOUS PROJECTS:

• Finnish American architect
• industrial designer of the 20th century
• famous for varying his style according to the
Trinity Church (1877) demands of the project
• simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or
machine-like rationalism
• son of Eliel Saarinen
• invented the “Reflective Glass”
• elected a Fellow of the American Institute of
Architects in 1952 Des Moines Art Center (1948)
• winner of the AIA Gold Medal in 1962
• DICTUM: Function influence but does not
dictate form

Thomas Crane Public Library (1882)

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

RUDOLPH, PAUL MARVIN

(10-23-1918_08-08-1997)
• American architect
• dean of the Yale School of Architecture for six
years
National Museum, Finland (1904)
• use of concrete and highly complex floor
plans
• famous work, spatially complex Brutalist
concrete structure Dulles International Airport
• donated his archive, spanning his entire
career, to the Library of Congress, as well as
all intellectual property rights to the American
people
• helped to establish the Center for
Architecture, Design, and Engineering at the
Library of Congress
• known to be gay
Christ Church (1949)
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
OTHER WORKS:
TWA “The World Airlines” Terminal (1962)
• Cranbrook Educational Community (1940s)
• Helsinki Central Railway Station (1909)

SKIDMORE, OWINGS AND MERRILL

(1887-1953)
• American architectural and engineering firm
formed in 1936 in Chicago
Yale Art and Architecture Building (1963)
• Formed by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel
Owings
• 1939 they were joined by John O. Merrill
St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial • opened their first branch in New York City,
(1965) New York in 1937
• SOM is one of the largest Architectural firms
in the world
OTHER WORKS: • primary expertise is in high-end commercial
• U.S. Embassies, London & Oslo buildings
• Chapel & Kresge Auditoruim
Wellesly College Art Center • General Motors Technical Center
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• SOM that led the way to the widespread use FAMOUR PROJECTS:
of the modern international-style or "glass
box" skyscraper
• Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them "The
Three Blind Mies"

FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Yoyogi National Gymnasium (1964)

Carson Pirie and Scott Store (1899

Jin Mao Tower (1999)

Guaranty Building (1894) St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo (1964)

OTHER WORKS:
• Tokyo City Hall (1991)
• Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the
east & main offices (1958/2000)
• National Gymnasium 1964 Olympic Games
Sears Tower (1973) • Tokyo Plan (1960)

VITRUVIUS - Marcus Vitruvius Polio

Auditorium Bldg., Chicago (1889)
(80-70BC_ after 15BC)
• Roman architect in the 1st century BC
• born in Verona
• famous as an architect to the emperor
Augustus
• "De architectura (Ten Books on
Architecture)" summary of his own
experience in the field of architecture
Lever House (1952 - with Gordon Bunshaft) • stated that “Architecture must meet 3
requirements: Strength, Beauty, Utility
OTHER WORKS: Wainwright Building (1890) • (book) explained the theory of the
architectural order of pillars, technical objects
• Connecticut General Life Insurance Bldg.
• (book) shapes and types of temples and
• Air Force Academy TANGE, KENZO (09-04-1913_03-22-2005)
introduced rules for the design of houses
• Shaklee Terraces • Japanese architect
• John Hancock Western Home Office Bldg. • one of the most significant architects of the
• Banque Pambert 20th century FAMOUS PROJECTS:
• Yale Rare Book Library (with G. Bunshaft) • combining traditional Japanese styles with
modernism
• designed major buildings on five continents
SULLIVAN, LOUIS HENRY • patron of the Metabolist movement
• gained international recognition in 1949 when
(09-03-1856_04-14-1924) he won the competition for the design of
• American architect Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
• "father of skyscrapers" • 1987 winner of Pritzker Prize for architecture
• "father of modernism” • DICTUM: “Modern Architecture need not be
• first to give logic & form to the steel Western De Architectura
skyscraper
• architect and critic of the Chicago School
FAMOUS PROJECT:
• mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright
• inspiration to the Chicago group of architects
or as the Prairie School
• one of "the recognized trinity of American
architecture" w/ Henry Hobson Richardson
and Frank Lloyd Wright
• 1944 posthumously received the AIA Gold
Medal.
• DICTUM: Form follows function
Design of drainage wheel, Dewatering Machines
Hiroshima Peace Museum (1955) & Surveying instruments

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FAMOUS PROJECTS:

Roman orders & capitals

Exxon Building (1971) St. Paul Cathedral (1677)
WAGNER, OTTO KOLOMAN
(07-13-1841_04-11-1918)
• Austrian architect and teacher
• advocated a breakaway from historicist
architecture
• founder of modern European architecture
• 1896, published a textbook entitled “Modern
Architecture”
• (book) expressed his ideas about the role of
the architect, based on the text of his 1894
inaugural lecture to the Academy United Nations Headquarters (1962)
Hampton Court (1702)
• style incorporated the use of new materials
and new forms to reflect the fact that society
itself was changing. OTHER WORKS:
• DICTUM: Nothing that is not practical can be • Whitehall Palace (1675)
beautiful • Winchester Palace

FAMOUS PROJECTS: WRIGHT, FRANK LLOYD

Frank Lincoln Wright
(06-08-1867_04-09-1959)
Time-Life Building (1958) • American architect, interior designer, writer
and educator
OTHER WORKS: • designed more than 1,000 structures and
• Rockefeller Apartments (1936) completed 532 works
• The Corning Museum of Glass (1951) • Organic Architecture, believed in designing
• The New York Hall of Science (1964) structures, harmony with humanity and its
• Trylon and Perisphere for the 1939 New York environment (philosophy)
Church of the Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station • became chief assistant to architect Louis
(1899) Steinhof Asylum (1907) World's Fair
Sullivan after college
• founded his own firm and developed a style
WREN, CHRISTOPHER known as the Prairie school (organic
Sir Christopher Michael Wren architecture main)
(10-20-1632_02-25-1723) • 1939 Royal Institute of British Architects gold
• 1949 American Institute of Architects gold
• most highly acclaimed English architects in
medal
history
• DICTUM: Less is only more where more is no
• accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52
good.
churches in the City of London
• after the Great Fire in 1666, rebuild the St.
Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Post Office Savings Bank of Vienna (1906) in 1710
• Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at
the University of Oxford
• notable astronomer, geometer, and
WALLACE, HARRISON KIRKMAN mathematician- physicist
(09-28-189_12-02-1981) • founder of the Royal Society (president
• American architect 1680–82)
• works in the mid-twentieth century comprised • scientific work was highly regarded by Sir
large, modernist public projects and office Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal
buildings
Fallingwater (1939)
• major projects are marked by straightforward FAMOUS PROJECTS:
planning and sensible functionalism
• residential side-projects show more
experimental flair
• introduced “Thermal Glass” at UN Secretariat
Building
• member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts
from 1955 -1959
• 1967 received the AIA Gold Medal

Greenwich Hospital, north front (1712)

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1959)
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Rainier Tower (1977)
Robie House or “Prairie House” (1910)
THE PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE
OTHER WORKS: PRICE
• Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1923) • Philip Johnson 1979 Laureate 2.
• Johnson Wax Company Bldg. (1939) • Kevin Roche 1982 Laureate MAKKAH ROYAL CLOCK TOWER
• Larkin Administration Bldg. (1906) • Luis Barragan 1980 Laureate HOTEL – MECCA (SAUDI ARABIA)
• Tokyo Plan 1960 5. Unity Temple (1908) • I.M. Pei 1983 Laureate 601 meters
• Taliesin (studio) 7. Taliesin West • James Stirling 1981 Laureate
• Richard Meier 1984 Laureate
YAMASAKI, MINORU • Hans Hollein 1985 Laureate
(12-01-1912_02-07-1986) • Oscar Niemeyer 1988 Laureate
• Gottfried Bohm 1986 Laureate
• American architect
• Gordon Bunshaft 1988 Laureate
• failed Pruitt–Igoe housing project and for his
• Kenzo Tange 1987 Laureate
design of the Twin Towers of the World
Trade Center • Frank Gehry 1989 Laureate
• most prominent architects of the 20th century • Aldo Rossi 1990 Laureate
• concept of architecture is one of “serenity & • Fumihiko Maki 1993 Laureate
delight.” • Robert Venturi 1991 Laureate
• two master practitioners of "New Formalism” • Christian de Portzamparc 1994
w/ architect Edward Durell Stone • Alvaro Siza 1992 Laureate
• Tadao Ando 1995 Laureate
• Rafael Moneo 1996 Laureate
FAMOUS PROJECTS: • Norman Foster 1999 Laureate 3.
TAIPEI 101 – TAIPEI (TAIWAN) 508
• Sverre Fehn 1997 Laureate meters
• Rem Koolhaas 2000 Laureate
• Renzo Piano 1998 Laureate
• Herzog de Meuron 2001
• Glenn Murcutt 2002 Laureates
• Thom Mayne 2005 Laureate
• Jorn Utzon 2003 Laureate
• Paulo Mendes da Rocha 2006
• Zaha Hadid 2004 Laureate
Torre Picasso (1988) • Richard Rogers 2007 Laureate
• Jean Nouvel 2008 Laureate
• Eduardo Souto de Moura 2011 Laureate
• Peter Zumthor 2009 Laureate
• Wang Shu 2012 Laureate
• Kazuyo Sejima & Ryue Nishizawa 2010
Laureate
• Toyo Ito 2013 Laureate 4.
SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL
CENTER – SHANGHAI SH (CHINA)
WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDINGS 492 meters
World Trade Center (1973)

Pacific Science Center (1962)

5.
1. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE
BURJ KHALIFA – DUBAI (UNITED CENTER – HONG KONG HK (CHINA)
ARAB EMIRATES) 829.8 meters 484 meters
17 | P a g e
1A. STATURE
• It is the vertical distance from the floor to the
top of the head.
• Use in establishing min. heights of openings
6. and doors.
PETRONAS TOWERS – KUALA
10.
LUMPUR (MALAYSIA) 451.9 meters GUANGZHOU INTERNATIOJNAL
FIANANCE CENTER – GUANGZHOU
GD (CHINA) 438.6 meters

PAST BOARD QUESTIONS IN

ARCHITECTURAL INTERIORS
PERSONAL SPACE – space within 3ft that is
used in furniture design

WHITE – color that reflects more light

1B. EYE HEIGHT
NIGHT CURTAIN – it is use so that people • Vertical distance from the floor to the inner
cannot see you from outside when light are open corner of the eye.
at night. • Use in establishing sight lines in such facilities
as theaters, auditoriums, conference rooms
7. 0.45m x 0.45m – Minimum area of bedside table and in the placement of the signage and other
NANJING GREENLAND FINANCIAL with drawers closed. visual material.
COMPLEX – NANJING JS (CHINA)
450 meters FURNISHINGS – it is not included in
architectural interiors (included: floors, walls,
cornice)

GRANITE – best for kitchen counter.

ANTHROPOMETRICS &
DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN SPACE

1C. ELBOW HEIGHT

• Distance measured vertically from the floor to
the depression formed at the elbow where the
forearm meets the upper arm.
8. • Use in establishing comfortable heights for
WILLIS TOWER – CHICAGO IL work counters, vanities, and other work
(UNITED STATES) 442.3 meters surfaces used while standing.

ANTHROPOMETRICS
• measurement and study of the size and 1D. SITTING HEIGHT ERECT
proportions of human body.
• Vertical distance from the sitting surface to
• Used to develop standards for human
the top of the head.
clearances and maneuvering space between
• Use in determining the allowable height of the
9. furniture or equipment.
obstruction from the surface of a seat or, by
KINGKEY 100 – SHENZEN GD adding the seat height, the height of the
(CHINA) 441.8 meter obstruction above the floor.
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1E. SITTING HEIGHT NORMAL 1J. HIP BREADTH 1N. POLITEAL HEIGHT
• Vertical distance from the sitting surface to • Breadth of the body as measured across the • Distance, taken vertically, from the floor to the
the top of the head. widest portion of the hips. Can also be taken underside of the portion of the thigh jusq be
• Use in determining min. height of obstructions with the subject in a standing position, called hind the knee while the subject is seated with
from the surface of a seat or, by adding the the maximum breadth of the lower torso. body erect.
seat height, the min. height of the obstruction • Use in determining allowances for inside • Use in establishing the height of seating
above the floor. chair width dimensions, bar and counter surfaces above the floor, particularly the
seating, perch-type office stools. highest point on the front of the seat.

1F. EYE HEIGHT SITTING

• Vertical distance from inner corner of the eye 1K. ELBOW REST HEIGHT 1O. BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH
to the sitting surface. • Height from the top of the sitting surface to • Horizontal distance from the rearmost surface
• Use in determining sight lines and optimum the bottom of the tip of the elbow. of the buttock to the back of the lower leg.
fields of vision where visibility is one of the • Use in determining height of armrests, work • Use in connection with seating design,
central design considerations, such as in counters, desks, tables, special equipment. particularly location of legs, vertical surfaces
theaters, auditoriums, lecture rooms, and of the front of benches, banquettes, etc., as
other interior spaces in which audiovisual well as determination of seat lengths.
activities are required.

1L. THIGH CLEARANCE

• Distance taken vertically from a sitting
surface to the top of the thigh at the point 1P. BUTTOCK KNEE LENGTH
1H. SHOULDER BREADTH where the thigh and the abdomen intersect. • Horizontal distance from the rearmost surface
• Max. horizontal distance across the deltoid • Use in design of interior elements such as of the buttocks to the front of the kneecaps.
muscles. counters, desks, conference tables, cabinet • Use in determining the proper distance from
• Use in establishing allowances for eating work, or furniture that may require the user, the back of a seat to any physical obstruction
around tables and for row seating in theaters while seated to position his or her legs under or objects located in front of the knees.
and auditoriums. the work surface.

1Q. BUTTOCK-TOE LENGTH

1I. ELBOW-TO-ELBOW BREADTH 1M. KNEE HEIGHT • Horizontal distance from the rearmost surface
• Distance across the lateral surfaces of the • Vertical distance from the floor to the of the buttocks of the tip of the toe.
elbows measured with elbows flexed and midpoint of the kneecap. • Use in determining the proper distance from
resting lightly against the body with the • Use in establishing the distance from the floor the back of a seat to any physical obstruction
forearms extended horizontally. to the underside of a desk, table, or counter, or objects located in front of the knees.
• Use in determining allowances for seating particularly where the seated user is required
around conference tables, dining tables, to have his lower body partially under the
counters, card or game tables. furniture.
19 | P a g e
PEOPLE AND SPACE

1R. BUTTOCKHEEL LENGTH

• Horizontal distance from the base of the heel
to a wall against which the subject sist erect
with his leg maximally extended forward
along the sitting surface.
• Use in determining space requirement for
lounge and informal seating arrangements.

1S. VERTICAL REACH HEIGHT, SITTING

• Height above the sitting surface of the tip of
the middle finger when the arm, hand, and
fingers are extended vertically.
• Use in establishing the location of overhead
controls, buttons, etc., and accordingly would
be of more use to an equipment designer.

1T. VERTICAL GRIP REACH

• Measured from the floor to the top of a bar
grasped in the right hand while the subject
stands erect and the hand within which the
bar is grasped is raised as high as it can be
conveniently without experiencing discomfort
or strain.
• Use in establishing maximum height above
the floor for switches, controls, levers,
handles, book shelves, hat shelves, etc.

1J. SIDE ARM REACH

• Distance from the center line of the body to
the outside surface of a bar grasped in the
right hand while the subject stands erects and
the arm is conveniently outstretched
horizontally without experiencing discomfort
or strain.
• Use in specialized spaces, such as hospital
interiors or laboratories.
20 | P a g e
BODY MEASUREMENTS

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SPACE REQUIREMENTS

22 | P a g e
SPACE CORRIDOR SPACE REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS

23 | P a g e
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
FOR PWD

24 | P a g e
ERGONOMICS SIZES OF RESIDENTIAL
• Applied science concerned w/ understanding FURNITURES AND FITTINGS
the interactions among humans and other CIRCULATION SPACE
elements of system, so people will interact
effectively and safely.
• Based on anthropometrics standards, it is a
product that are shaped to fit the body’s
contour.
• Maximize productivity by reducing operator
fatigues and discomfort

PROXEMICS
• The study of measurable distances between
people as they interact (Edward Hall)
• Nature, degree and effects of spatial
separation individual naturally maintain

1. INTIMATE DISTANCES
Embracing, touching, whispering o
Close Phase- less than 6 inches (15 cm)
Far Phase- 6 to 18 inches (15-46 cm)
SIZES OF FURNITURE CIRCULATION SPACE
2. PERSONAL DISTANCE
Interactions among good friends, family
Close Phase- 1.5 to 2.5 ft (46-76 cm)
Far Phase- 2.5 to 4 ft (76-120 cm)

3. SOCIAL DISTANCE
Interactions among acquaintances
Close Phase- 4 to 7 ft (1.2 to 2.1 m)
Far Phase- 7 to 12 ft. (2.1 to 3.7 m)

4. PUBLIC DISTANCE
Used for public speaking
Close Phase- 112 to 25 ft (3.7 – 7.6 m)
Far Phase- 25 ft (7.6 m) or more

THE TRADITIONAL SENSES

BARRIER FREE SPACES

Pertaining to spaces, buildings, and facilities fully
accessible and usable by all people including the
physically handicapped.

25 | P a g e
SIZES OF FURNITURE FOR LIVING AREA KITCHEN EQUIPMENT

SIZES OF FURNITURE CIRCULATION SPACE SIZE OF ACCESSORIES

KITCHEN LAYOUTS

SIZES OF CIRCULAR TABLE

CIRCULATION SPACE

26 | P a g e
PLUMBING FIXTURES

KITCHEN FINISHES

KITCHEN DESIGNS VENTILATION

VENTILATION
• Range center may be ventilated by a hood w/
SIZES OF RESIDENTIAL OF
exhaust fan. FURNITURE
o Vertically through roof
o Directly through exterior wall SPACE PROGRAMMING
o Horizontally to outside (soffit above, wall
cabinets)
• Day lighting is always preferred
• Counter top surfaces SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMAL
o Ceramic Tiles, Marble or Granite, MEETINGS
Synthetic Stones, Stainless Steel, Solid
Surface

RESIDENTIAL BATHROOM
• Operable window or skylight above
• Exhaust fan should be located close to the
shower or high on exterior wall opposite the
bathroom door.
• Backing for the tub or shower enclosure
should be moisture resistant.
MATERIALS
Walls - Glazed Ceramic Tiles, Marble or Granite
Floor - Unglazed Ceramic Tiles Marble or Granite

27 | P a g e
TERTIARY COLORS
• By mixing 1 primary color and 1 secondary
colors
• Red+ Orange = Red-Orange
• Blue + Violet = Blue-Violet
• Yellow + Green = Yellow-Green

WARM COLORS
• Red =Passion, Rage
• Orange = Energy, Stimulating
• Yellow = Attention, Happy

COOL COLORS
• Green = Refreshing Sedating
• Blue = Peaceful, Conducive to Think
• Violet = Sophistications, Melancholy

ADDITIVE MIXING
• The primary colors of light are orange –
red, green and black.
• When all three are added together (left)
CIRCULATION SPACE they form white. When two primaries are
combined, other hues are produced.

COLORS
SUBTRACTIVE MIXING
• The primary pigment colors, yellow,
COLOR WHEEL
magenta, and cyan. Subtractive mixing of
all three produced black.

TERMS
• Hue - another name of color
• Chroma – intensity and saturation
• Value- lightness and darkness of colors
• Tin – color + white
• Tone – color + gray
• Shade - color + black
• Key color – dominant color in a color
scheme or mixture
• Color scheme – combination of colors that
harmonize with each other
• Mono-chromatic – using one color
• Complimentary- using two colors (hue) that
are opposite
• Analogous – using three colors (hues) that
are neighboring each other
• Triadic – using three colors (hues) that are
equal distance apart on the color wheel

PICKING A COLOR SCHEME

PRIMARY COLORS - Red, Blue, And Yellow
LMD (Light, Medium, and dark)
• Light – is the background
SECONDARY COLORS
• Medium – large furniture and windows
• Mixing of two primary colors • Darker – accessories
• Red + Blue = Violet
• Yellow+ Red = Orange
• Blue + Yellow = Green

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only transports the objects to be perceived
from the outside world to the cortex.

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS INTERIOR LIGHTING

LIGHTING DESIGN
• Planning of our visual environment
• Good lighting aims to create perceptual
conditions which allows us to works
effectively

PERCEPTION
• Information we receive about the world
around us is through our eyes.
• Light’s intensity, the way it is distributed
throughout a space and through its
properties. Light creates specific conditions
which can influence our perception.

PERCEPTUAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Presenting a model of the eye to demonstrate
the similarities to the workings of a camera
does not provide any explanation as to how
the perceived image comes into being – it

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HIGH-VOLTAGE FLUORESCENT TUBE -
Lower luminous efficacy & Long life

REFLECTORS - The most important elements in

the construction of luminaires in control lights.
Reflectors with diffusely reflecting surfaces –
mostly white or with a matte finish.

LOWER-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS -

Comparable to fluorescent lamp in the way they
are constructed and how they operate & Sodium
vapour.

LUMINARES
1. DOWNLIGHT- Predominantly
downwards, Mounted in ceiling
HIGH-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMP - Short
quartz glass discharge tube that contains a
mixture of inert gas and mercury. Electrodes are
positioned at both ends of the discharge tube.

2. DIRECTIONAL SPOTLIGHT PROVIDES

ACCENT - lighting of specific, areas or
objects, Light distribution is narrow to
medium

SELF-BALLASTED MERCURY LAMPS -

Quartz glass discharge tubes for high pressure
DISCHARGE LAMP - In contrast to
mercury discharge and an additional flame.
incandescent lamps, lamp from discharge lamp is
Provided with coating of light diffusing materials.
not produced by heating a filament but by gases
and metal vapor.

FLUORESCENT LAMP - Low pressure

discharge lamp using mercury vapor.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP - Tubular 3. UP LIGHTS - Combined a downlight and

lamps. Has a combination of 2 or 4 discharge uplight in one fixture, Lighting for floor
lamp. to ceiling or for glazing lighting over a
wall surface
METAL HALIDE LAMPS - A further
development of mercury and are therefore similar
to these with regards to construction and
function. Mixture of metal halides. Halogen
compounds have advantage that they melt at a
considerably low temperature.

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LIGHTING SYSTEMS LIGHT COLORS
DAY LIGHT (51 LUMENS PER WATT)
• Use where the color matching is important;
equivalent to north sky; not in general use
because of high proportion of blue

COOL WHITE (58 LUMENS PER WATT)

• Combines efficient with good color rendering;
used in factories, offices, schools

DELUXE COOL WHITE (42 LUMENS PER

WATT)
• Less efficient than daylight 20%; has a better
color rendering properties in the long
wavelength; used in stores and some
factories

WHITE (59 LUMENS PER WATT)

• Highest efficiency lamp; often used in
factories and offices

WARM WHITE (59 LUMENS PER WATT)

• High efficiency lamp; only moderate color
rendering
• Emphasis Yellow and yellow green

DELUXE WARM WHITE (42 LUMENS PER

WATT)
• Most efficient lamp; closest approximation to
tungsten filament color rendering
• Suitable for homes, restaurants

LUMINARES (OR LIGHTING FIXTURES)

LOUVRED LUMINAIRES
• Designed for linear light sources such as
fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent
LAYER LIGHTING SYSTEM lamps
GENERAL LIGHTING / AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Overall lighting
• Provides light for visual recognition
• Convenient occupant circulation
o DRAMATIC
▪ used in museum and boutique stores
▪ Low, to create significant contrast
with display and to heighten drama
o RELAXED
▪ Uplighting WALL WASHER
• Illuminates wall and depending on how they
TASK LIGHTING are designed- also part of the floor.
Stationary wall washers are available as
• for reading, chopping, writing recessed and surfacemounted luminaires
• Surround not less than 1/3 of work surface

FOCAL LIGHTING/ ACCENT LIGHTING

• Illuminates features; display such as artwork,
architectural features, retail display
• Draw attention to favorite object or interest
o Accent lights, wall washer
o Theatrical equipment
o Track lights
CEILING WASHING
DECORATIVE LIGHTING • Brightening or lighting ceiling and for indirect
ambient lighting.
• More decorative than functional
• They are installed above eye height on the
• Like; jewelry ornament
wall or suspended from the ceiling
• Chandelier, scone, lantern, pendant

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COFFERED LIGHT PANELS LIGHTING DESIGN AUDITORIUM
• Illumination diffuses through a prismatic lens
or reflected off surfaces
• Produced skylight effect and minimize glare

SPOT LIGHT
LIGHTING DESIGN FOR RESTAURANT
• Most common form of movable luminaires
• Illuminate a limited area

FLUSH LIGHT PANELS

• Isolated square, continuous light strips, or a
luminous ceiling

CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINIARES SURFACE-MOUNTED OR SUSPENDED

1. INDIRECT - 90%-100% of the light LUMINAIRE
output is directed towards the ceiling • Similar to flush light panels BASIC COMPOSITION IN
and upper walls of the room • Provide direct or semi- direct illumination ARCHITECTURE
2. SEMI- INDIRECT - 60%-90% of the lights
SHAPE AND PROPORTION
is directed upwards; 40%- 10%
downwards
3. GENERAL DIFFUSE (DIRECT AND
INDIRECT) - Provide approximately
equal distribution of light upwards and
downwards
4. SEMI-DIRECT - 60%-90% of the lights is
directed downwards; 40%- 10%
upwards PRACTICAL LIGHTING LAYOUT
5. DIRECT - 90%-100% of the light output is • A regular arrangement of ceiling luminaires
directed downwards provides the amount of lighting in the space

RECCOMENDATION OF ILLUMINIARES
TRADITIONS
LEVEL
- GOLDEN RULES
- GOLDEN RECTANGLE
- RECTANGLE LINES
- CLASSICAL ORDERS
- RENAISSANCE THEORIES

LIGHTING DESIGN FOR OFFICES

DIFFUSED LIGHT
• Emanates from broad or multiple light
sources and reflecting surfaces.
• Few shadows

DIRECTIONAL LIGHT
• Produces brightness variation and shadows
which are necessarily perception of shapes,
form, and texture
• Directional lighting is often Desirable

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• Plane 2D - line extended becomes a plane
with properties of length, width, shape,
surface, orientation, position
• Volume 3D - a plane extended becomes a
volume with properties and length, width,
depth, form, space, surface, orientation,
position.

PLANE
• Shape is the primary identifying
characteristics of a plane.
• Supplementary properties are surface,
color, pattern, texture, affecting visual
weight and stability.
• Plane serves to define the limits or
boundaries of a volume

VOLUME

FORM
• The primary identifying characteristics of a
volume. Established by shapes &
interrelationship of planes. A volume can be
solid space displaced by mass or void
contained by planes.

PRIMARY SOLIDS

RENAISSANCE THEORIES
PRINCIPLES USED IN CLASSICAL ORDERS

TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS

DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

CLASSICAL ORDERS

SUBTRUCTIVE TRANSFORMATION
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF
ARCHITECTURE
• Point - zero dimension. Indicates position
in space.
• Line 1D - point extended becomes a line.
With properties of length, direction &
position. ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

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REGULAR COMPOSITION OF REGULAR DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS ADDITIVE FORM
FORMS • A Sphere can be transformed into any
number of ovoid and ellipsoidal forms by
elongating it along an axis.

SPATIAL TENSION
• A Pyramid can be transformes by altering • This type of relationship relies on the close
the dimensions of the base, modifying the proximity of the forms or their sharing of a
height of the apex, or tilting the normally common visual trait, such as shape, color,
vertical axis. or material.

IRREGULAR FORMS
• A Cube can be transformed into similar
prismatic forms by shortening or elongating
EDGE-TO-EDGE CONTACT
its height, width or depth.
• In this type of relationship, the forms share a
common edge and can pivot about that
edge.

DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF A
CUBE INTO A VERTICAL SLAB

IRREGULAR COMPOSITION OF REGULAR FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT

FORMS • This type of relationship requires that the
two forms have corresponding planar
surfaces which are parallel to each other

SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION
CREATING VOLUMES OF SPACE

INTERLOCKING VOLUMES
• In this type of relationship, the forms
REGULAR FORMS WITHIN AN IRREGULAR interpenetrate cache other's space. The
COMPOSITION forms Tend not share any visual traits

ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF A PARENT

FORM BY THE ATTACHMENTOF
SUBORDINATE PARTS

FORM & SPACE

ELEMENTS OF FORM DEFINING SPACE
• Horizontal plane
• Base plane
IRREGULAR FORMSWITHIN A REGULAR • Elevated Plane
FIELD • Depressed Plane
• Overhead Plane

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
SUBTRACTIVE FORM are the tools you work with when you design.
• Form/Mass - The volume of a structure
• Line - Creates visual direction
• Texture - Surface pattern or physical
materials
• Space - Interior or exterior enclosure
• Value - The play of light & shadow on a
structure
• Color - Applied or inherent to the building
material

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TEXTURE GENERATIVE DESIGN
• Texture is the apparent look or feel of the
surface of an art object.

SPACE
• Space is the relative position of one
threedimensional object to another.

VALUE
• Light and dark are relative perceptions of
light.
FLUIDITY - historically appears in BAROQUE
PATTERN I REPETITION Architecture
• When lines and shapes are repeated, they
create a pattern.
• Patterns can be regular or irregular,
however, architects try to repeat elements of
design in a regular manner.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
are the concepts that determine how a design is Casa Mila (1905), Barcelona, Spain, Antonio Gaudi
organized.
• Unity - All parts of the design work together ‘FLUIDITY’ PLIANT
as a whole.
• Proportion - The size relationship of a part to
the whole.
• Emphasis - The focal point of the design.
• Balance - Symmetrical or asymmetrical
organization of elements NURBS - (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines)
• Repetition - Creates a visual rhythm
• Contrast - The variation of opposite
TYPOLOGICAL METHOD
• ‘TOPOLOGY’ + IN-BETWEEN
BASIC PRINCIPLES ➢ Contrast ➢ Hierarchy • Typology – elastic deformation (stretching,
➢ Proportion ➢ Balance ➢ Rhythm ➢ tapering, twisting)
Character ➢ Datum

EVOLUTIONARY ARCHITECTURE ➢ Folding

Architecture ➢ Morpho-ecologies ➢ Generative
Design ➢ Fluidity ➢ Typological Method

SPACE + FORM: FOLDING

SHIFT OF DESIGN PARADIGM

• followed by research in the academe

GREGG LYN (1993)

• University of California, Los Angeles
• "Theory of emergence-looks up at natural
MORPHO-ECOLOGIES - morphogenetic phenomena "
process
JOHN FRAZER (1995)
• Architectural Association (London)
• "the use of genetic algorithm as "a a class of
highly parallel evolutionary, adaptive search
procedures."

EUGENE TSUI (1999)

• University of California, Berkeley
• "study of nature's processes, organisms,
structures and materials at a multitude of
levels”
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SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE

RANDOMIZED REVIEWER ON THEORY OF

ARCHITECTURE

21ST ARCHITECTURE

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