Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus)

for the Development of Sustainable

and Eco-friendly Paper Bag

A Research study presented to Special Science for

Secondary on Science Technology Engineering Program

San Juan National High School

San Juan, Kalayaan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Research IV in

Special Science for Secondary

By:

Delos Santos, Zaihirah, T.

Montes, Princess Rihanna, R.

Villarino, Alexa Nicole, B.

1
DEDICATION

This research study is dedicated to our beloved parents, who never failed to show us love,

wisdom, and support. Your unrelenting sacrifices and support have been our most powerful

strength.

To Sir Rafael, who has been by our side since day one. Your dedication to teaching is a

truly great example of what an amazing leader and mentor should be, and it helped us to develop

critical thinking abilities.

To the future researchers, who will be using this study as guide and reference. May you be

inspired by the curiosity and passion that drive the pursuit of discovery.

To Ma'am Khia, whose dedication and mentorship have shaped us into the students we are

today. Your wisdom, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable in our academic and

personal growth.

To the Almighty God, who divine force guiding our paths, thank you for the blessings and

opportunities bestowed upon us. We acknowledge your presence in our lives, guiding us through

challenges and celebrating our successes.

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following people have given of their time and efforts to help us with our research and to

examine portions of our research study; for this, the researchers are truly grateful, appreciative,

and thankful.

To our research adviser, Mr. Rafael Salvador, for his unwavering support, patience,

inspiration, insightful remarks, recommendations, helpful critique, and information sharing to

elevate our study to make it significant.

To our former research adviser, Ms. Khia Del Rosario, for assisting us, giving advice, always

got our back, and understanding our needs as young researchers.

To Mr. Joshua Banay and Mr. John Rey Saroay, for checking our grammar and content and

giving us informative feedback in developing our research.

To our respondents from Paete, Laguna, Barangay Ibaba Del Sur, for helping us conduct our

research study.

To our beloved parents, who have supported us financially, morally, and spiritually through

all the researcher's accomplishments.

Lastly, we are grateful to Jesus Christ, for giving us the insight, wisdom, and strength to try

new things, for leading us through every challenge we encountered, for providing the motivation

to carry on with our studies, and for making it possible for us to do.

3
Table of Contents

Preliminary Pages

Title.……………………………………………………………………………………………….1

Dedication.………………………………………………………………………………………...2

Acknowledgement....…………………………………………………………………………….3

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….6

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………8

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………10

Background of the Study……………………...…………………………………………………12

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………...….13

Research Paradigm…………………….…………………….………………………………….15

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………...…16

Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………………………….16

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………...…………18

4
Scope and Limitations……………………………………………………………………………18

Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………………19

Review of Related Literature and Studies………….…….……...…………………….…….27

Methodology

Research Design………………………………………………………………………………….28

Risk and Safety……………………...…………………………………………………………...29

Tools and Materials………………………………………………………………………………30

Flowchart of the Methodology…………………………...………………………………………31

Procedure………………………………...………………………………………………………34

Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………………………..35

Statistical Instrument…………………………………………………………………………….36

Results and Discussion

Product Description……………………………………………………………………………...38

Analysis and Presentation of Data……………………………………………………………….48

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary…………………………………………………………………………….………….49

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….50

Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………...51

5
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….…………….54

Appendices

Survey Questionnaires

Photo Documents

ABSTRACT

In this study, the researchers utilize the banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for the

Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly. These fibers are gaining increasing importance due

to their advantageous properties compared to synthetic alternatives. Key benefits include

biodegradability, renewability, lightweightness, and superior biochemical and strength

characteristics (Sharma et al., 2021). Of particular significance is their potential as a substitute for

wood. As the banana tree is self-growing and continuously regenerates, its waste disposal has

become a growing concern. Since the researchers intend to reduce the waste of banana stem fiber

and help reduce pollution brought on by plastic waste, the fiber stem of the banana tree serves as

the main ingredient in the production of paper bags.

In making a paper bag, 3kg and 5kg of banana stem fiber is used and 10g of sodium hydroxide

for each. The first test conducted, the researchers used studies on load-bearing capability, which

included 4 kg of sand, to measure durability. The researchers replicate real-world situations by

applying varying strains and weights to the paper bags. The goal was to ascertain how resilient

they were to general wear and tear, ripping, and punctures over multiple uses. Second, the firmness

of the paper bag is evaluated by compression testing. The ability of the paper bags to maintain

6
their shape and structural integrity after multiple cycles of use was evaluated by the researchers

using controlled pressure. This test showed how well the paper bag maintained its strength and

form after being used multiple times. Third, a porosity measurement was necessary to comprehend

the paper bag's breathability and moisture resistance. Using advanced testing methods, the

researchers evaluated the paper bag's ability to allow air circulation while preventing moisture

infiltration. About their suitability in various environments and circumstances.

7
Meanwhile, the impact strength test was measured through the computation of ANOVA, and it

shows the outcomes of the overall that was tested by 20 respondents. The eco-friendly paper bags

results were compared to the results of the commercially available paper bags that underwent the

same tests after. The results indicate that is passed the overall test conducted. Moreover, the final

assessment of paper bags summarizes the study's conclusion, as well as the recommendations and

aiming of this study offer insights for future researchers.

8
CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Introduction

The banana plant, scientifically known as Musa, is a tall herbaceous plant that can reach

heights of two to eight meters. It grows large leaves, measuring up to 3.5 meters in length.

Interestingly, banana trees exhibit a wide range of sizes, colors, and flavors, which are contingent

upon the characteristics of the bananas they yield (Sharil [Link],2023). Beyond its culinary appeal,

the banana plant yields a plethora of polymers that prove valuable in various industrial

applications. One such polymer is cellulose, which is the principal constituent of the banana stem.

Remarkably, cellulose accounts for more than 50% of the total composition of the banana stem.

Additionally, the plant provides hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, all of which contribute

significantly to the paper bag production process facilitated through the utilization of banana stem

via the kraft.

In the past two decades, researchers have conducted numerous studies on natural fibers

derived from plants. These fibers are gaining increasing importance due to their advantageous

properties compared to synthetic alternatives. Key benefits include biodegradability, renewability,

lightweightness, and superior biochemical and strength characteristics (Sharma et al., 2021). Of

particular significance is their potential as a substitute for wood. As the banana tree is self-growing

9
and continuously regenerates, its waste disposal has become a growing concern. Rather than

discarding banana stems, it is wise to explore alternative methods of waste reduction and the

production of valuable products. Such an approach not only relieves the burden of waste disposal

but also encourages the utilization of organic materials in the manufacturing process, such as in

paper production.

The main objective of this research study is to develop a standardized manufacturing

procedure for producing paper bags made from the stems of banana trees that are environmentally

friendly and long-lasting, as well as to assess their strength and durability. Additionally, the goal

of this research is to create a product that does not harm the environment, with a focus on

minimizing the usage of plastic bags and substituting them with low-cost, environmentally friendly

paper bags. Additionally, the project intends to reduce the waste of banana stem fiber and help

reduce pollution brought on by plastic waste.

Background of the study

The search for alternatives for non-biodegradable materials has been prompted by concerns

about environmental sustainability. Paper bags are one of these substitutes that has gained

attention. However, there are issues with deforestation and its impact on flooding that have been

brought up by the creation of paper bags from wood. Existing literature has found that banana

stems have the potential to be a good source of raw materials for making paper in order to solve

this problem. The fibers from banana stems have shown promise in replacing wood as the main

component in paper production. Despite this potential, an existing study entitled "Banana Pseudo

Stem Fiber as Eco Paper Bag Production" by Directo et al. (2022) did not discuss the importance

10
of carrying out adequate tests on paper bags derived from banana stem fibers. It is crucial for

researchers to carry out various tests in order to ascertain the product's performance and quality.

In these tests, the strength, durability, and carrying capacity of paper bags manufactured from

banana stem fibers should be assessed. Researchers can provide a thorough evaluation of the

viability of banana stem as a substitute for wood in paper manufacture by carrying out these tests.

The present study aims to address this by conducting extensive testing to ensure that paper bags

made from waste banana stems meet the necessary quality standards and have the potential to

replace conventional paper bags. This information will be crucial in making informed decisions

regarding the use of banana stem fibers in the production of environmentally sustainable paper

bags.

According to an interview conducted with a barangay copartner in barangay Uno Ibaba del

Sur, it was found that the barangay implements regulations regarding the use of plastic bags in

their public market. The copartner explained that there are consequences for vendors who fail to

comply with the regulation. The first warning results in a fine of five hundred pesos (500 PHP),

the second warning requires a payment of one thousand pesos (1000 PHP), and for the third

warning, the fine increases to one thousand and five hundred pesos (1500 PHP). In response to the

persistent violation of the plastic usage regulation in the public market of Barangay Paete, Laguna,

the Philippine National Police Assistance (PNPA) has issued a final warning. Failure to comply

will result in the confiscation of the vendors' products and the reporting of the situation to the

municipal office of Paete, Laguna, for further action. This approach is implemented in an effort to

reduce the use of plastic bags in the market and address the issue of plastic waste in the area.

In response to the prevalent use of plastic bags and the scattered plastic waste in the

Philippines, the researchers decided to develop an eco-friendly alternative. They developed an eco-

11
friendly paper bag made from banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus). This initiative aims to

promote a more sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging option for carrying purchased

items in the public market. By using banana tree fiber stems as the material for the paper bags, the

researchers hope to reduce the reliance on single-use plastic bags and contribute to the reduction

of plastic waste in the region. This eco-friendly alternative aligns with the regulations implemented

in barangay Uno Ibaba del Sur and supports the community's efforts in addressing the plastic waste

issue. The enforcement of this regulation is essential as the excessive use of plastic in the market

has been causing detrimental effects on the street and the environment. Consequently, the PNPA

is compelled to take decisive measures to address this issue. The aim of this regulation is to reduce

the use of plastic within the barangay, particularly in the public market.

The barangay partner also expressed concerns about the widespread presence of plastic litter

on the streets. This situation has become a significant problem for the community and poses a

threat to the surrounding environment. By strictly implementing the plastic usage regulation, the

barangay authorities seek to mitigate these detrimental effects.

Conceptual framework

The independent variable in the proposed research paradigm is "Banana stem fiber (Musa

genus)" which has been substantiated to possess diverse applications in fields such as paper

manufacturing and textiles. It is regarded as an independent variable as it can be purposefully

manipulated by the researcher, specifically pertaining to its length and shape, in order to optimize

its effectiveness in the production of paper bags. Table B: characteristics can be considered as a

dependent variable since the texture, thickness, strength, and durability of the paper bag is

12
uncontrollable and the outcome is influenced by the independent variable. The relationship

between these two variables lies in the fact that changes in the independent variable (banana stem

fiber) will influence the dependent variable (paper bag characteristics). Altering the length and

shape of the banana stem fiber may lead to variations in the texture, thickness, strength, and

durability of the resulting paper bags. The outcome of this relationship will be observed through

experiments and analysis and will provide insights into how the independent variable affects the

dependent variable.

It is acknowledged that the quantity of blenders available for research purposes is limited and

there is a possibility of overheating during prolonged usage. Furthermore, Trial and error is

employed to refine and enhance the experiment to a greater extent. By implementing a trial-and-

error approach, the study aims to elucidate and improve the understanding of the relationship

between the independent variable (banana stem fiber) and the dependent variable (paper bag

characteristics). Moreover, it is expected to uncover and enhance the strength of the bond between

the banana stem fiber and other components involved in the production of the paper bags. The

amount of banana stem, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, and the duration of boiling are

kept constant through the experience.

Research paradigm

The relationship between the independent variable Banana stem fiber (Musa genus) and the

dependent variable characteristics of the paper bag produced by utilizing banana stem fiber such

as texture, thickness, strength, and durability.

13
Input Process Output

-Prepare all the materials and Utilize the Banana Tree Fiber

the ingredients needed. Stems (Musa genus) for the

-banana stem fiber
Development of Sustainable
-Wash and cut the stem fiber.
-sodium hydroxide
and Eco-friendly
-Transfer the fiber into a pot
-pot
with water.
-strainer
-Boil the fiber stem for 30
-thin fabric/katcha
minutes.

-stone stove
-While boiling for 20 minutes

-food processor add the sodium hydroxide.

-knife -Transfer the boiled stem fiber

-frame strainer into the tub and let it cool.

-tap water -Put the banana stem fiber on a

processor and start to blend it.

-plastic tub
-Put it in a tub full of water.
-sponge
-Use the frame strainer to
-glue
gather blended fiber stems.
-scissor

14
-Tap the sponge into the

strained fiber stem.

-Transfer the stem fiber to the

fabric and let it dry for 24

hours.

-Assemble the dried fiber into

a paper bag.

-Transfer the stem fiber to the

fabric and let it dry for 24

hours.

-Assemble the dried fiber into

a paper bag.

Statement of the Problem

[Link] are the benefits of utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus) for the development of

sustainable and eco-friendly paper bag in terms of:

1.1 durability

1.2 firmness

15
1.3 reducing plastic waste

1.4 reducing paper bag produce from woods

1.5 flooding that is caused by a plastic bag?

2. Is the utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus) for the development of sustainable and

eco-friendly paper bag paper reusable?

3. Is utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus) for the development of sustainable and eco-

friendly paper bags more affordable than a plastic bag?

4. Is it feasible to create paper bags using the kraft pulping process?

5. Do the products made from utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus) for the development

of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags differ a lot from a traditional paper bag?

Research Hypothesis

H0 Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the products made from utilizing banana tree fiber

stems (Musa genus) for the development of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags than from a

traditional paper bag.

Ha Alternative Hypothesis

There is a significant difference between the products made from utilizing banana tree fiber

stems (Musa genus) for the development of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags than from a

traditional paper bag.

16
Significance of the Study

The purpose of this research is to examine the fiber from banana stems potential for use in the

environment to help reduce the waste of banana stems. This study is expected to have significant

benefits for vendors, farmers, the community, and future researchers. The vendors will benefit

from this study by using paper bags made from the fiber stem of the banana (Musa genus) tree

instead of plastic bags because paper bags made from the banana fiber stem are much cheaper than

plastic bags, and it helps minimize the plastic waste at the researchers target location. Farmers will

benefit from this study as it provides them with an alternative solution for managing the waste

generated from their banana farms. Instead of having to dispose of the banana stems as waste, they

can potentially earn additional income by selling or utilizing them for paper production. The

study's findings will help the community reduce waste that is quickly growing and create a clean

environment. Furthermore, it will contribute to a decrease in the use of plastic. In addition, this

study will contribute to the knowledge of future researchers. It is essential to know the

characteristics or properties of the materials that are used in this experiment, and they can serve as

a foundation as they try to improve the features of the output for the study.

Scope and Delimitation

In this study, the researcher's focus is on the community in Paete Laguna, Barangay Uno

Ibaba Del Sur, which sells vegetables. Since using plastic bags is prohibited in Paete Laguna, the

17
researchers are determined to produce paper bags from the fiber stem of the banana (Musa genus)

tree in order to reduce plastic waste and provide sellers with more affordable options.

This study is limited to vegetable sellers in Barangay 1(Uno) Ibaba Del Sur Paete, Laguna

who still use plastic bags for their products rather than employing eco-friendly paper bags, which

are considerably less expensive than plastic..

Definition of Term

Plastic bag- Refers to what consumers commonly use that needs to be avoided in order to reduce

plastic waste.

Organic components - The ingredients used by the researchers that came from natural resources.

Vendors - Refers to the respondents of the researchers in this study

Banana stems - Refers to the plant and main component used by the researchers.

Cellulose- Refers to the fiber stem component's that help to create a stronger and higher-quality

paper bag.

Extensive testing - Refers to the present study aims which were not resolved in the existing study.

Biodegradability - Refers to one of the key benefits of research study.

18
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The purpose of this literature review is to provide the reader with a general overview of

Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for the Development of Sustainable and Eco-

friendly Paper Bags. A product made from resources that are no longer used to lessen the waste.

According to Arafat et. al, 2018 Banana fiber is a strong natural fiber that blends well with

cotton or other fibers. artificial fibers are used to create composite materials. When fiber is

extracted, a significant percentage of Wastes made of lignocellulosic material are produced, and

their disposal causes issues in the neighborhood. That is: The characteristics of paper, extracted

banana fiber (EBF), and waste banana fiber (WBF) were morphological, and chemical

characteristics to create handmade paper. WBF was distinguished by greater fiber length, less -

cellulose, and lignin content. EBF and WBF were pulled into pulp. with different active alkali and

boiling-point cooking times. High-strength natural fiber from bananas can be easily combined with

synthetic or cotton fiber to create composite materials. A significant amount of lignocellulosic

waste is produced during the fiber extraction process, and its disposal causes issues in the

19
surrounding environment. In order to create handmade paper, the chemical and morphological

characteristics of waste and extracted banana fiber (EBF) were compared in this study. WBF was

distinguished by greater fiber length, less -cellulose, and lignin content. EBF and WBF were pulled

into pulp. With different active alkali and boiling-point cooking times.

Lignocellulosic biomasses such as banana pseudo stem are attractive cellulose sources for

bioenergy production, and for the use in biorefinery processes. However, pretreatment of

lignocellulosic material is required to remove hemicellulose and lignin, while increasing cellulose

accessibility to enzymatic hydrolysis (i.e., decreasing biomass recalcitrance). The effect of

different concentrations of acid (H2SO4), alkaline (NaOH) and peroxide (H2O2) pretreatments on

the chemical composition, cellulose accessibility, and enzymatic digestibility of banana

pseudostem were studied. The water insoluble solids (WIS) recovery was low (∼30%) for the

severe pretreatment conditions applied, indicating high material solubilization. Acid pretreatment

completely removed the hemicellulose content, whereas alkaline and peroxide pretreatments

reduced its amount to 4.38 and 8.68%, respectively. In contrast, the lignin content increased (from

17.26 to 39.99%) after severe acid pretreatment, while alkaline and peroxide pretreatments reduced

the lignin content to 7.65% and 7.17%, respectively. In line with hemicellulose and lignin removal,

the cellulose content increased from 60.84 to 75.48 and 74.37%, respectively for alkaline and

peroxide pretreatments, with no alteration for acid. Dye adsorption assays showed that alkaline

and acid pretreatments resulted in high internal and external specific surface areas – indicative of

high cellulose accessibility – when compared with peroxide pretreatments. Overall, alkaline and

acid pretreatments resulted in the highest glucose yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of banana

pseudo stem, compared with peroxide pretreatment. In conclusion, concentrations of each

pretreatment that led to the highest glucose yields was identified, confirming that the banana

20
pseudo stem is a great source of fermentable sugars, with high potential for biofuel production

(Shimizu, [Link], 2018).

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of epoxy composites fortified with

natural fibers such as jute, banana, and coconut, further augmented by the incorporation of Rubik's

layer, aimed at evaluating their mechanical performance in terms of tensile, bending, and impact

properties. As sustainable alternatives to traditional reinforcement materials, these natural fibers

offer the advantage of low environmental impact, renewability, and biodegradability. The Rubik's

layer, known for its three-dimensional interlocking structure, holds promise in enhancing

composite properties due to its unique geometry and material characteristics. The study involves

the fabrication of composite specimens through a systematic layering process, varying the

composition of natural fibers and Rubik's layer. A comprehensive experimental campaign is

conducted to assess the tensile strength, bending modulus, and impact resistance of the resultant

composites. The results are systematically compared against those of pristine epoxy composites to

ascertain the influence of the added reinforcements and enhancement layer. The findings reveal

distinctive trends in mechanical behavior based on the type and proportion of natural fibers

employed. Notably, the jute-reinforced composites exhibit commendable tensile and bending

properties, while banana and coconut reinforcements contribute to improved impact resistance.

The introduction of the Rubik's layer further refines these properties, with discernible variations

based on its placement within the composite structure. This paper offers valuable insights into the

multifaceted impact of natural fiber reinforcements and Rubik's layer incorporation on epoxy

composites. The systematic evaluation of mechanical attributes provides a comprehensive

understanding of the synergistic effects among these constituents. As the demand for sustainable

and high-performance materials escalates, this research contributes to the growing body of

21
knowledge on composite design, catering to diverse engineering applications that prioritize

mechanical excellence and ecological responsibility. (Rabbi, [Link], 2023).

According to Zaheer,2021 "The single-use plastic bags have become an environmental

threat, mainly due to the duration and nature of their decomposition. Plastic bags can take hundreds

of years to decompose, and most of the plastics do not biodegrade. "Unlike eco-friendly paper bags

that are biodegradable for the reason that it is made out of the materials that are quite easy to

decompose by bacteria and other microorganisms present in the atmosphere such as banana stem

fiber that have already been proven in many existing studies.

According to Subash & Muthiah, (2021), the global output contributed 107 million MT, and

by 2030, it is anticipated to increase to 145 million MT. Plant-based, animal-based, man-made,

and synthetic fibers can all be produced. Jute, ramie, and hemp are examples of plant-based fibers

with a market share of 5.7% in the textile sector. The researcher's product can contribute to plant-

based textiles in the 107 million MT, and by 2030 and expand the 5.7% in the textile sector.

In order to choose the best intended uses, such as high-quality bio-composite raw material, it

is crucial to understand the fundamental characteristics of natural fibers. In order to increase the

sustainability and economic value of various natural fibers, this paper explains their properties and

potential applications. Natural fibers are potential lightweight composite and reinforcement

materials because of their low density, high strength to weight ratio, and reduction. (Karimah, [Link],

2021) Considering a fiber's property will make it easier to determine what type of products could

contain a fiber as a primary ingredient (based on those properties). If it is the main ingredient of a

product, the properties of the fiber will help to the production of a product to ensure that the

outcome is appealing.

22
According to Kumar, 2015 "A number of ligno-cellulosic raw materials are available

including bast from leaves, weeds and wild grasses which may be used by the industry in India,

but yet is not widely available to each and every part of the handmade paper industry in India.

Banana (Musa sapientum) fibers may be suitable in making handmade paper and paperboard."

Exploring the feasibility of using banana tree fibers for creating sustainable and environmentally

friendly paper products. With an emphasis on sustainability and ecological factors, this could entail

evaluating the quality, accessibility, and processing techniques necessary to incorporate these

fibers into the papermaking process.

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a year-round crop that grows practically everywhere in

Bangladesh. Post-harvest biomass wastes from banana crops are produced in significant amounts.

Currently, waste that can be used to extract banana fiber totals 37,40,096 tons per year. Some of

them have the potential to be sources of raw materials, including natural fibers, that can be utilized

to reinforce composite structures. (Arafat, [Link], 2018) Banana crops are not just some kind of

waste in Bangladesh. It has different functions and usage according to this statement. Its usage and

functions can be utilized to reinforce composite structures. It can be employed as the primary

ingredient in some products so that the banana isn't wasted.

The pseudo-stem of the banana plant is where banana fiber, a ligno-cellulosic fiber, is

formed. It is a bast fiber with comparatively high mechanical qualities. Banana fiber is a high-

quality fiber because it has unique physical, chemical, and other qualities. (Sawankar, [Link], 2020)

The fiber stem of bananas, which has relatively strong mechanical qualities, is a useful symbol

that could be helpful in the development of various items. Due to its components and qualities, not

just in one type of product it may be helpful but also in various types of items.

23
According to Sangamithirai and Vasugi, 2020 "Natural fibers are revived and used in various

applications as a substitute for environmentally hazardous synthetic ones. It’s year-round

availability and affordability and has good market potential. "Environmentally hazardous synthetic

are not biodegradable that will result in a long-time pollution and other hazard in the environment.

In various studies it is proven that using banana fiber as a substitute for environmentally hazardous

synthetic inasmuch as banana fiber that are biodegradable as well as not cause pollution or another

hazard to the environment.

As stated by Kavitha [Link], 2021 "There are many types of natural fiber including hemp, flax,

jute, wood fiber, rice husks, straw wheat, oats, bagasse, barley, grass reeds, banana fiber, oil palm

empty fruit bunch, coir, sisal, cotton, kenaf, ramie, water pennywort, paper-mulberry, kapok,

abaca, pineapple leaf fiber" but banana fiber is the most suitable for making paper forasmuch as it

is found that its rich in cellulose and low in lignin content compared than the hardwood. It consists

of cellulose, which is the principal constituent of the banana stem. Remarkably, cellulose accounts

for more than 50% of the total composition of the banana stem. Additionally, the plant provides

hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, all of which contribute significantly to paper bag production.

According to Aiman [Link], 2023 “The planting of banana trees is increasing which lead to an

increase in the waste disposal of banana stems” Both pieces note the growing banana tree

cultivation, which has led to an increase in trash from the disposal of banana stems. This

widespread observation highlights the urgent need for creative approaches to recycle these

plentiful agricultural waste items. This study intends to address this environmental issue while also

advancing the creation of eco-friendly substitutes by concentrating on the use of banana tree fiber

stems for sustainable paper manufacture.

Physical Properties of Banana stem fiber Products

24
Durability

It refers to the ability of these products to withstand external stresses, wear and tear, and

environmental conditions without significant deterioration or loss of structural integrity over time.

High durability allows for a longer lifespan for products, which reduces the need for frequent

replacement or disposal. In turn, this promotes sustainability by reducing waste and preserving

resources. Products made from strong banana stem fiber can also be used in a variety of sectors,

including packaging, textiles, and construction, where durability and resilience are crucial. By

exploiting a natural, renewable resource, this use not only encourages environmental friendliness

but also helps companies that typically rely on less ecologically friendly resources adopt

sustainable practices.

Reusability

The term reusability refers to the ability of an object, component, or system to be used

again for a similar or different purpose without modification. In other words, reusability is the

ability to use something more than once, either for the same purpose or for a different one.

Reusable items, such as paper bags, can assist the environment by lowering the amount of pollution

people experience by preventing the items from becoming a waste. This product can also help

consumers to save money because it can be used several times, especially when it comes to

shopping. This reusable paper bag may be used not only for the items that customers want to put

in it but also for those items they have purchased.

Porosity

25
Porosity is the quality of being porous, or full of tiny holes. Liquids go right through things

that have porosity so something with porosity lets things through this physical property will keep

the paper bag long lasting since the liquid will pass through the tiny hole, it prevents the

accumulation of moisture and preserves its overall quality.

Firmness

It refers to the structural integrity and resistance to deformation exhibited by materials

derived from the stems of banana trees (Musa genus). It quantifies the ability of these products to

maintain their shape and withstand external forces or loads. Products made from banana stem fiber

must be extremely stiff. It guarantees that these materials can be successfully applied in a variety

of settings where stability and durability are crucial, such as construction materials, textiles, or

packaging. By leveraging a renewable and biodegradable resource and minimizing our reliance on

conventional, less ecologically friendly materials, we can support sustainable practices by utilizing

goods that take advantage of the firmness of banana stem fiber. This strategy supports the

overarching objective of encouraging environmentally responsible construction and industry

practices.

Thickness

Refers to the state or quality of being thick. Thickness helps the product to become more

durable because it is one of the most important features of something that can be characterized as

durable. A product having this kind of feature can also improve a product's quality.

26
CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology used for collecting the data for the study. It explains

the research design, materials and its usage, methods and procedures conducted in the study.

Research Design

The study is an experiment on the viability of utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus)

for the development of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags. The researcher chose the

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) since there are no restrictions on the number of

treatments, reducing treatment condition bias, errors, and variability that can be beneficial to the

study. As stated by Sirisilla (2023) Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and

procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of

variables. In this study, there are a total of four variable; Controlled (Commercial paper bag and

27
commercial plastic), 3 kilo of Stem Fiber, 5 kilo of Stem Fiber, to determine if there is a significant

difference between banana tree fiber stems (Musa Genus) and commercially paper bag and plastic

bag in terms of sustainable and eco-friendly.

Risk and Safety

This section describes the risks associated with using tools, equipment, and ingredients for

the experiment. Additionally, it offers ways to minimize the risks and maintain all safety while

using equipment, tools and/or ingredients.

When gathering raw material, it is necessary to use a knife especially to cut it off the stem

and also when cutting it into small pieces, it is necessary to be careful when using it and keep your

eyes on the stem fiber that you are cutting to avoid causing harm to yourself.

Throughout the boiling process, sodium hydroxide must be added once the fiber stem is in

the stove for around 30 minutes. Extreme caution is required to dissolve sodium hydroxide in water

because it heats up and it can cause skin burns. It is also necessary to use potholder, particularly

when transferring the banana stem into a container, to prevent the skin from getting burned.

Electric shocks can occur when using a processor, particularly if it has scabs. So, the first

thing the researchers need to do before using the blender is check the wire if it has scabs, if so,

cover it with electrical tape before using and plug in the blender to prevent electric shock.

With the help of the stitching, the paper bag itself can be carried out. Using a needle can also be

risky. By using it properly, it can help to prevent hand injuries that can cause pain.

28
In this experiment, it is best to know all the risks to avoid any kind of injury. It can also help

to increase knowledge when it comes to what needs to be done to make this experiment safe and

avoid the risks of misuse of the equipment needed in the experiment.

Tools and Materials

Table 1. Tools and Materials and its Usage

Material Use

Big pot It is used to boil the fiber stem of the banana

with water.

Stone stove Used to boil the fiber stem of bananas by

direct application of heat.

29
Blender/Food processor Used to blend the fiber stem to make it finer.

Plastic tub Used as storage to put the cut banana stem

fiber.

Knife Used to cut the banana fiber stem into pieces

to boil and blend easily.

Frame strainer Used to strain finer banana stem fiber from

the water.

Banana stem fiber The main ingredient for utilizing banana tree

fiber stems (Musa genus) for the development

of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags

katcha Use as a base for drying the banana stem

sheets.

Banana stem fiber Used to dissolve other components of the

banana stem fiber leaving only cellulose.

Gathering of Banana
stem fiber

Preparation of Cutting it into pieces

raw material
Washing the banana
stem fiber

3kg
Preparing the banana
stem 5kg
30
Adding the sodium
hydroxide
10 g
Making of the
product
Molding

Drying

Assemble Sewing

Durability
Testing Reusability
Firmness

Porosity
Figure 1. Flowchart of Methodology

The graphical representation above illustrates the procedures to be performed during the

production of Eco-Friendly Paper Bags.

Procedure

Phase 1. Gathering of Raw Materials

The first thing the researchers do is harvest a matured banana stem fiber (Musa genus) and

carefully cut the stem close to the roots using a sharp knife while ensuring minimal damage to the

plant, then the researchers remove the outer layer, then cut it into strips before cutting it into small

31
pieces. After that, the researchers wash the banana stem thoroughly to remove any dirt present on

the stems.

Phase 2. Making of the Product

The researchers prepared the materials that are needed to conduct the experiment. Which

includes a big pot, stone stove, food processor, plastic tub, knife, frame strainer, 3 kg of small

pieces of banana stem fiber (Musa genus), katcha, and sodium hydroxide.

In the beginning of the experiment, the researchers need to put the small pieces of the banana

stem fiber in a pot with water and boil it. After 20 minutes, add 10g of sodium hydroxide to remove

other components of the banana and retain the essential component that is important in the

production of paper, which is cellulose. After 30 minutes, look over to see whether the banana

stem is soft by using a spatula. Once the banana stem is soft, transfer it to a container and let it

cool. By using a food processor, refine all the banana stems and pour it on a water-filled container.

Use the frame strainer to separate out the banana stem then mold it to a thickness of 0.2 cm and

transfer it on a katcha. After transferring it on a katcha, place it on a light-filled area and let it dry

within 48 hours. The process applied is for the first treatment.

Ensure that the banana stem has completely dried and if so, remove it from a katcha and

proceed to the next step. Before performing the sewing process to assemble the dried banana stem

to become a paper bag, the researchers prepare all the materials such as thread, needle, and scissor.

Using scissors, cut the excess of the dried banana stem. Insert the end of the thread in the needle’s

hole and make a knot at the end of the thread then proceed to the sewing process. Fold the dried

banana stem and sew both ends together. On the bottom part, fold the dried banana stem into a

triangle and then stitch each side securely using a needle and thread.

32
Perform the same process for the second treatment of a paper bag with a different

measurement. The amount of banana stem fiber that is used on the second treatment is 5 kg, with

10 g of sodium hydroxide which is similar to the first treatment. In terms of molding, the thickness

must be measured at 1cm. The procedure is performed once more to create another paper bag.

Phase 3. Testing

Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for the Development of Sustainable and

Eco-friendly Paper Bags has gained considerable attention due to its potential environmental

benefits. The researchers focused on testing the reusability aspects of these bags, specifically

examining their durability, firmness, and porosity.

First, the researchers tested durability by using load-bearing capacity studies including 4kg

sand. The paper bags are put under varied strains and weights by the researchers in order to mimic

real-world conditions. Determining their resilience to general wear and tear, tearing, and punctures

over several uses was the aim.

Second, compression tests are used to assess the paper bag firmness. The researchers tested

the paper bag capacity to hold their structural integrity and form through several cycles of use by

applying controlled pressure. This test revealed how well the paper bag held their strength and

shape after several uses.

33
Third, understanding the breathability and moisture resistance of the paper bag required a

porosity measurement. The researchers examined how well the paper bag permitted air circulation

while limiting moisture infiltration using sophisticated testing techniques. Regarding their

applicability in different climates and situations.

Statistical treatment

In this study, the researchers employed statistical methods to obtain precise results. They used

the means to calculate the average attributes of banana stem fibers weighing 3kg and 5kg, aiming

to discern the significant difference in compressive strength of individual paper bags. The

outcomes of the eco-friendly bags made from banana stem fibers will be compared to the mean of

two commercial paper bags. A one-way ANOVA, with a significance level of 0.05, was chosen to

assess differences in concentrations, aligning with data produced by the study. Lastly, during the

reusability test, durability, firmness, and porosity were examined to identify any significant

differences. The researchers employed one-way ANOVA with a 0.05 significance level to gauge

the compressive strength's significance. This is to evaluate if the values of factors found are

significant and will be generalized by classifying the values into linguistic expressions such as

“passes” or “failed.”

34
Statistical Treatment

35
In this research study the researchers use a validated questionnaire, a questionnaire is a series

of meticulously crafted questions that are organized in an ordered fashion for respondents to

complete in order to gather data and information.

The respondents were asked to place a check mark on their chosen responses with

corresponding scales. A four-point rating scale was used to determine each part of the

questionnaire. One of the responses in the given questionnaire was weighted as follows: first, the

point given for the verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”, four (4), if “agree”, Three (3), if

“disagree “two (2), and if “strongly disagree” one (1).

In order to assess the validity of these studies, the researcher tested the product by its

durability, firmness, porosity, and it benefits to environment and humans which helped in finding

out that it is possible to use the eco-friendly paper bag made from banana stem fiber The finished

product were evaluated by twenty (20) selected vegetable vendors of Ibaba Del Sur Paete, Laguna.

36
CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents data and statistics gathered throughout the paper bag experimental

process using banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus). The data that is presented in the table is

according to the statement of the problem.

Product Description

This part provides a summary of the features of the samples that were used in this study.

Table 2. Product

Physical Description Rough, thick, and yellowish-brown in color

Structure of the Product Banana fiber stem, sodium hydroxide, and

water

Uses Applicable for vegetables and fruits

Test Performed Reusability test: durability, firmness, and

porosity

Product Design 40 x 27 cm

Shape Rectangular

37
Table 2 provides the details of the product. The physical description is rough, thick, and

yellowish-brown in color. The structure of the product is composed of banana fiber stem, sodium

hydroxide, and water. In terms of its uses, it is mostly used for vegetables and fruits. The product

design measures 40 x 27 cm and has a rectangle shape. The test performed is for reusability, to

assess durability, firmness, and porosity of the paper bag.

Analysis and Presentation of Data

Durability and Firmness (Impact)

This test illustrates the performance of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for

the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper Bags when it comes to durability and

firmness. Indicators 2 and 3 are questionnaires related to durability and firmness. The durability

test consists of a weight bearing test, 4 kilograms of sand are poured down in the paper bag. It was

tested for 5mins. The respondents tested the paper bag capacity to hold their structural integrity

and form through several cycles of use by applying controlled pressure for firmness. This test was

performed by 20 respondents. The paper bag is made from 3 kilograms of banana stem fiber

(indicator 2) and has a sum of 58, an average of 2.9, and a sd of 0.70. The same test was conducted

for 5 kilograms of banana stem fiber to create a paper bag (indicator 3) which has a sum of 74, an

average of 3.7, and a sd of 0.63. Which indicates that a paper bag made from 5 kilo grams of

banana Stem fiber is moderately suitable for use. The paper bag with 3 kilo grams of banana stem

fiber is less suitable for use.

Table 3. Summary of Durability and Firmness

38
Indicator Respondents Sum Average SD(standard

deviation)

Indicator 2 20 58 2.9 1.80

Indicator 3 20 74 3.7 3.80

Total 3.3 3.70

Table 3 shows the ratings given by the 20 respondents who assessed the acceptability of impact

strength and durability in both Utilize Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for the Development

of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper Bags and commercially available paper bags using the

checklist. Paper bags with 3 kilo gram fiber stems have a sum of 58, an average of 2.9, and a sd of

0.70 and paper bag with 5 kilo gram of banana stem has a sum of 74, an average of 3.7, and a sd

of 0.63.

Table 3.1 Anova (Durability and Firmness)

Source of Ss Df Ms F P Value F Crit

Variation

Between 6.4 1 6.4 17.37142857 0.00017105 4.098171731

Groups

Within 14 38 0.368421053

Groups

Total 20.4 39

39
Table 3.1 shows the ratings given by the 20 respondents who assessed the acceptability of

impact strength and durability in both Utilize Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for the

Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper Bags and commercially available paper bags

using the checklist. Paper bags with 3 kilo gram fiber stems have a sum of 58, an average of 2.9,

and a sd of 0.70 and paper bag with 5 kilo gram of banana stem has a sum of 74, an average of 3.7,

and a sd of 0.63.

Table 3.2 Interpretation of the Result of the Impact Test

Paper bag Weight of the Height of the Mean of the Interpretation

sands used for paper bag from Remarks

weight bearing the ground

3kg 4kg 3ft 1.80 Slightly

penetrated

5kg 4kg 3ft 3.80 Did not

penetrated

Overall Mean 2.80 Has Holes but

did not Penetrate

Legend:

Range Verbal interpretation Remarks

40
4.60-5.00 No Penetrated: No damage Highly Acceptable

3.60-4.50 Did Not Penetrated Acceptable

2.60-3.50 Has Holes but did not Penetrate Moderately Acceptable

1.60-2.50 Slightly Penetrated Less Acceptable

1.00-1.50 Penetrated Not Acceptable

Table 3.2 illustrates the verbal interpretation and remarks of the results of the manual impact

test of the paper bag. The paper bag with 3kl has a mean of 1.80, 4kl for weight of the sands used

for weight bearing and 3ft for height of the paper bag from the ground. Therefore, it has slightly

penetrated. While the paper bag with 5kl has a mean of 3.80, 4kl for weight of the sands used for

weight bearing and 3ft for height of the paper bag from the ground. It means it did not penetrate.

In general, the paper bag is less acceptable since it has an overall mean of 2.80.

Absorption Test

Table 4 Summary (Porosity)

Indicator Respondents Sum Average Sd(standard

deviation)

Indicator 9 20 63 3.15 3.15

Indicator 10 20 71 3.55 3.55

Indicator 11 20 70 3.5 3.50

3.4 3.4

41
The test shows the summary performance of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus)

for the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper bags when it comes to Porosity. The

provided data appears to be related to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a single

factor. The analysis is applied to three indicators which are indicator 9, 10, and 11. The summary

table displays the count, sum, average, and sd for each group. Indicator 9 has 20 respondents with

a sum of 58, an average of 2.9. Indicator 10 has 20 counts with a sum of 74, an average of 3.7 and

indicator 11 has a sum of 70, an average of 3.5. The sd for Indicator 9 is 3.15, for Indicator 10 is

3.55, and indicator 11 is 3.50. This proves the study of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa

genus) for the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper bags is the quality of being

porous.

Table 4.1 ANOVA (POROSITY)

Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit

Variation

Between 1.9 2 0.95 3.281818182 0.044769728 3.158842719

Groups

Within 16.5 57 0.289473684

Groups

Total 18.4 59

The table illustrates the performance of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus) for

the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper bags when it comes to Porosity. The

42
provided data displays the group, ss, df, f, p-value and f-crit. The data applied to two groups, which

is between group and within group. For between group, the ss is 1.9, the df is 2, the ms is 0.95,

and the f is 3.2818182, the p-value is 0.0447697 and the f-crit is 3.1588437. While for the within

group, the ss is 16.5, the df is 57, and the ms is 0.2895737. Which indicates that the paper bag has

the state of being porous.

Benefits

Table 5 SUMMARY (BENEFITS)

Indicator Respondents Sum Average SD (standard

deviation)

Indicator 1 20 64 3.2 3.20

Indicator 4 20 69 3.45 3.45

Indicator 5 20 75 3.75 3.75

Indicator 6 20 70 3.5 3.50

Indicator 7 20 70 3.5 3.50

Indicator 8 20 75 3.75 3.75

3.525 3.52

This test demonstrates the production of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems (Musa genus)

for the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper Bags in terms of its benefits. There are

5 indicators that are included on the questionnaire that are related to its benefits which are the

indicators 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. These benefits are related to how reusable the paper bag is. The 20

43
respondents tested the paper bag’s reusability to find out its benefits. The paper bags in indicator

1 have a sum of 64 and an average of 3.2. In indicator 4, have a sum of 69 and it has an average of

3.45. On the other hand, there are two pairs of indicators that have the same sum and also an

average. These are indicators 5 and 8 which have the sum of 75 and an average of 3.75. While the

other pair is the indicators 6 and 7, it has the sum of 70 with an average of 3.5. This table also

illustrates the overall average and the overall variance of indicators 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 which has

a 3.525 average and has an overall sd of 3.52. This indicates that the paper bag is made from the

banana stem fiber that is moderately preferable to use.

Table 5.1 ANOVA (BENEFITS)

Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit

Variation

Between 4.275 5 0.855 2.896582467 0.016856877 2.293911158

Groups

Within 33.65 114 0.295175439

Groups

Total 37.925 119

The table illustrates the ANOVA results of the benefits test that was performed by 20

respondents. Wherein between groups have the SS of 4.275, DF of 5, MS of 0.855, F of

44
2.8965825, P-value of 0.0168569, and 2.2939112 for F-crit. On the other hand, within group has

SS of 33.65, DF of 114, and 0.2951754 for MS. Moreover, these two groups have a total of

37.925 in SS and 119 in DF. This indicates that it passed the benefits test conducted by the

researchers.

Table 6 (SUMMARY)

Indicator Respondents Sum Average SD(standard

deviation)

Indicator 1 20 64 3.2 3.20

Indicator 2 20 58 2.9 2.90

Indicator 3 20 74 3.7 3.70

Indicator 4 20 69 3.45 3.45

Indicator 5 20 75 3.75 3.75

Indicator 6 20 70 3.5 3.50

Indicator 7 20 70 3.5 3.50

45
Indicator 8 20 75 3.75 3.75

Indicator 9 20 63 3.15 3.15

Indicator 10 20 71 3.55 3.55

Indicator 11 20 70 3.5 3.50

3.45 3.45

This test illustrates the overall result of the production of Utilizing Banana Tree Fiber Stems

(Musa genus) for the Development of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Paper Bags. There are 11

indicators included in the questionnaire that are related to its durability and firmness, porosity, and

its benefits. The paper bag in indicator 1 has a sum of 64 and an average of 3.2. In indicator 2,

there is a sum of 58 and an average of 2.9. While in indicator 3, it has a sum of 74 and has an

average of 3.6. In indicator 4, have a sum of 69 and it has an average of 3.45. On the other hand,

there are two pairs of indicators that have the same sum and also an average. These are indicators

5 and 8 which have the sum of 75 and an average of 3.75. While the other pair is the indicators 6

and 7, it has the sum of 70 with an average of 3.5. While in indicator 9 has 63 and has an average

of 3.15. In indicator 10 has a sum of 3.55 which has an average of 3.55. And the last indicator,

which is indicator 11, has a sum of 70 and has an average of 3.5. This table also illustrates the

overall average and the overall sd of all indicators which has a 3.45 average and has an overall sd

of 3.45. Which indicates that the paper bag that is made from the banana stem fiber is moderately

preferable to use.

46
Table 6.1 Anova (Summary)

Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit

Variation

Between 14.3 10 1.43 4.658924396 0.000005 1.876216127

Groups 29776284

24516075

Within 64.15 209 0.306937799

Groups

Total 78.45 219

The 6.1 table shows the ANOVA outcomes of the overall test that was tested by 20

respondents.

Between group has an SS of 14.3, DF of 10, MS of 61.43, F of 4.658924396, P-value of

0.0000052977628424516075, and an F-crit of 1.876216127. However, within group has SS of

64.15, DF of 209, MS of 0.306937799. These two groups have a total of 78.45 in SS and 219

in DF which indicates that it passed the overall test conducted. This review describes the

characteristics and potential uses of some natural fibers in order to improve their sustainability and

economic values. Natural fibers have low density and high strength to weight ratio and reduction

make them potential as light weight composite and reinforcement materials (Karimah, 2021). This

study with the P-value of 0.0000052977628424516075 proved that using eco-friendly paper bags

47
utilized from the fiber stem of the banana tree is beneficial in terms of durability, firmness, porosity

and its benefits to the environment and humans. Since the result is less than 5%, then the Null

hypothesis is rejected. This favors the alternative hypothesis, there is a significant difference

between the products made from utilizing banana tree fiber stems (Musa genus) for the

development of sustainable and eco-friendly paper bags than from a traditional paper bag.

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter contains a summary of the research, as well as conclusions and recommendations

based on the findings of the study.

Summary

The main purpose of this study is to determine if the banana tree fiber stem can be an alternative

main ingredient in making paper bags. Its objective is to determine the goal of this research to

48
create a product that does not harm the environment, with a focus on minimizing the usage of

plastic bags and substituting them with low-cost, environmentally friendly paper bags.

The researchers utilize 4 paper bags in total: 1 paper bag for 3 kilos, 1 paper bag for 5 kilo, and

2 paper bags for commercially available. A survey questionnaire served as an instrument to collect

data for impact strength. Looking at the findings of the result aligned with the interpretation of

mean remarks of the 20 vegetable vendors who assessed the impact strength of the paper bag; The

paper bag with 3 kilos has a mean of 1.80, hence they are less acceptable. Paper bags with 5kl and

commercially available paper bags have a mean of 3.80 yielded a mean of two, indicating that they

are acceptable. Furthermore, after 5 minutes of putting sand used for weight-bearing on a 3-kilo

paper bag, the outcome showed slightly penetrated because the 3-kilo paper was too meager.

Additionally, the 5 minutes of putting sands used for weight-bearing on 5kl and commercially

available did not penetrated. Based on the results, the researchers can infer that the paper bag made

from 5kl of banana stem fiber lasts longer than 3kl of banana stem fiber.

Conclusion

The strength of the paper bag utilized of banana stem fiber is significantly affected by the

banana stem added. The research suggests using 5 kilograms or more for making a paper bag out

of banana stem fiber.

Banana stem fiber is available year-round, year-round products are available whether it is

rainy or dry season. As the banana tree is self-growing and continuously regenerates, its waste

disposal has become a growing concern. Rather than discarding banana stems, it is wise to explore

alternative methods of waste reduction and the production of valuable products. Such an approach

49
not only relieves the burden of waste disposal but also encourages the utilization of organic

materials in the manufacturing process, such as in paper production. Paper bags made from banana

stem fiber have been discovered to exhibit properties comparable to those of traditional crops,

providing support for the use of this material in growing crops. Overall, the research demonstrates

that utilizing the banana tree's fiber stem has advantages for both the environment and people.

Recommendation

This segment contains the result and recommendation in terms of production of paper bags

made from the fiber stem that were conducted by the researchers. In the boiling process, make sure

that it will boil within 20 minutes and preferably cut the banana stem fiber into cubes so that it is

easier to smash it and soften rapidly within the boiling process. In addition, the process for refining

banana stem fiber can be lesser since it is cut into cubes or small pieces and also it is boiled well.

Furthermore, it is better to use a food processor than a blender to refine banana stems. The

banana stem fiber is more refined after it is used with a food processor. Additionally, the texture

of the paper made from the banana stem fiber is better when it is used with a food processor to

refine it.

The future researchers may refer to this study to gather information and to develop the study

of the future researchers. These future researchers can improve and find more information in terms

of the process or procedure in conducting an experiment. Furthermore, future researchers can apply

effective and new techniques especially when it comes to the experiment that the future researchers

may conduct to have a better outcome of their study.

50
References

Arafat, Nayeem…, Sharil, M. A., Adli, M. H., & Nawi, A. (2023). Paper Bag Production using

Banana Stem Via Kraft Pulping Process. Department of Science and Mathematics, Centre for

Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, 84600

Pagoh, Johor, MALAYSIA. [Link] Bodiongan/Downloads/[Link]

51
Adli, M. H. Z., Sharil, M. A. M., & Nawi, A. A. (2023). Paper Bag Production Using Banana

Stem Via Kraft Pulping Process. Multidisciplinary Applied Research and Innovation, 4(3), 164-

70.

Balda, S., Sharma, A., capalash, n., & sharma, p. (2021, february 17). Banana fiber: a natural and

sustainable bioresource for eco-friendly applications. Springer link. Banana fiber: a natural and

sustainable bioresource for eco-friendly applications

EBSCOhost | 142057180 | Analysis of physical properties of Banana and Bamboo fiber

Composite-I. (n.d.-b).

[Link]

&jrnl=03777537&AN=142057180&h=4QMJY5fVco1tQ%2bc85L8uK%2bPRrVmUIDK7Oeef

GqTrWLuRFrV%2bpPeMf%2bvnEyl3AKHp4IXR6ZAqmeF8YyqDdCzZPw%3d%3d&crl=c&f

bclid=IwAR3FwyNJxf71BgGjRLwZImKItr7fNocPyWXT9ceJVoi_2AbrzkyDozVqU2A&result

Ns=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=[Link]%3fdirect%3dtrue%26

profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d03777537%26AN%3d1

42057180

Direct, J. F., Moril, I. A. F., Maestro, J. F., Sariba, F. F., & Gan, R. F. (2022). Banana Pseudo Stem

Fiber as an Eco Paper Bag. [Link]

university/engineering-mechanics/banana-pseudo-chapter-1-

5/38701945?fbclid=IwAR1hzCsMCYQfQsepvn4xlTGnmJrWbzFEds68CStmD4ac6kFvP52YQ4

Jf0Y

Kumar, A., Singh, B. P., Jain, R., & Sharma, A. a. K. (2013). Blending studies of hosiery waste

pulp withAlkaline sulphite cooked pulp of NaturalFibres & the use of lignosulphonate.

52
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(10),

5224–5233. [Link]

withalkaline-sulphite-cooked-pulp-of-naturalfibres--the-use-of-lignosulphonate.

Kavitha, V., & Aparna, G. (2021). A review on banana fiber and its properties. Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 9(3), 118–121.

[Link]

Md, K., & Arafat, Y. (2018, January 31). Handmade paper from waste banana fibre. ResearchGate.

[Link]

Sangamithirai, K., & Vasugi, N. (2020). Banana fibre – A potential source of sustainable textiles.

Google Scholar. [Link]

Subash, M. C., & Perumalsamy, M. (2021). Eco-friendly degumming of natural fibers for textile

applications: A comprehensive review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 5, 100304.

[Link]

Zaheer, M. (2021, may 2). Consumers’ Opinions on the Plastic Bag Ban and Using Eco-Friendly

Bags for Shopping in Pakistan. Retest & Interviewer Assessment in TEDS.

[Link]

bag-ban-and-using-eco-friendly-bags-for-shopping-in-pakistan%20(1).pdf

[Link]

Appendices

53
Respondent no.1 Respondent no. 2

Respondent no.3 Respondent no. 4

54
Respondent no. 5 Respondent no. 6

Respondent no. 7 Respondent no. 8

55
Respondent no. 9 Respondent no. 10

Respondent no. 11 Respondent no. 12

56
Respondent no. 13 Respondent no. 14

Respondent no. 15 Respondent no. 16

57
Respondent no. 17 Respondent no. 18

Respondent no. 19 Respondent no. 20

58