READING AND WRITING SKILLS: P1 POINTERS TO REVIEW

Module 2: Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information: Graphic Organizers

Graphic organizers- are a visual representation of knowledge that structures information by arranging important aspects of a
concept or topic into a pattern using labels.
Reasons for Using Graphic Organizers:
 Tools for critical and creative thinking
 Tools for organizing information
 Tools for understanding information and relationships
 Tools for self-learning

Module 3: Topic and Sentence Outlines Lesson

Topic outline- arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which are sub-points), in the sequence you want, and
shows what you will talk about.

Sentence outline- is very much the same as the topic outline. It is just that in sentence outline, instead of using words/phrases, you
complete the thought or idea by using complete sentences.

The major difference between the two is simply that while the headings in a topic outline are only a word or phrase, the headings in
a sentence outline are complete sentences.

Module 4: Patterns of Development in Writing: Narration and Description

Patterns of Development of Writing- is the recurring structures and organizational methods used in writing. This is important
because it helps to organize your ideas and communicate effectively.

Narration- The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. Narration is an especially useful tool for sequencing or
putting details and information into some kind of logical order, usually chronological.
The common points of view from which an author can narrate a story are:
 First person POV uses the pronouns “I” and “we.”
 Second person POV uses the pronoun “you.”
 Third person POV uses the pronouns “she,” “he,” “they,” and “it.” ...
 Fourth person POV uses indefinite pronouns like “one,” “oneself,” “someone,” “anyone.”

Description- The purpose of the description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the
reader can picture that which is being described. It is heavily based on sensory details: sight, sound, smell, feel, and taste.
Module 5: Patterns of Development in Writing: Definition and Exemplification
Definition- This explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell what something is. It consists of three parts: (1) the
term, concept, or subject to be defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs, and (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from
the other members of its class. This pattern of development is commonly used in the sciences, humanities, and business.

Exemplification- This is one of the most common and effective ways to show or explain an idea or point (e.g., observation, opinion,
belief). In this pattern of development, the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples.
Many writing assignments in various disciplines require the use of exemplification.

Argumentative and exemplification essays, feature articles, reviews, reports, and case studies often use examples to prove a point.

Module 6,8,9: Patterns of Development in Writing: Comparison and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Problem and Solution
Comparison and Contrast - is a pattern of development that examines the similarities and differences between two or more
subjects. This method helps to clarify how the subjects are alike and how they are different, allowing for a deeper understanding of
the subjects being compared.
Key Elements:
Comparison: Highlighting the similarities between subjects.
Contrast: Highlighting the differences between subjects.
Purpose: To analyze the subjects to draw conclusions or to make an informed decision.

Cause and Effect- is a pattern of development that analyzes the reasons why something happens (the causes) and the results of it
happening (the effects). This method helps to understand the relationship between events and their outcomes.
Key Elements:
Cause: The reason why something happens.
Effect: The result or outcome of what happens.
Purpose: To explain why things, happen and what happens as a result.

Problem and Solution- is a pattern of development that identifies a problem and then proposes one or more solutions to address it.
This method helps to analyze an issue and find ways to resolve it.
Key Elements:
Problem: A situation that is harmful or undesirable.
Solution: Actions or strategies that can be implemented to resolve the problem.
Purpose: To address issues by providing practical solutions.

Module 10: Patterns of Development in Writing: Persuasion

Persuasive- paragraph intends to convince readers to do or believe in something. Many writing genres such as critiques or reviews,
reaction papers, editorials, proposals, advertisements, and brochures make strong use of persuasive paragraphs to state opinions
and to influence others. Knowing how to write a persuasive paragraph allows you to express your conviction or opinion about an
issue or topic and make the readers agree with or adopt your conviction or opinion.
There are three common techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph:
1. Using evidence
2. Giving examples
3. Attacking an opposing view

Module 12: Building- Up Vocabulary: Common Root Words and Forming Words Using Suffix and Prefix
Root words- provide the basic structure and meaning to words. English root words and their meanings are commonly derived from
Greek and Latin roots.

Many English words are formed by taking basic words and adding combinations of prefixes and suffixes to them a basic word to
which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) a read is called a root word because it forms the basis of a new word. Many new words are
formed by adding an affix to the beginning or end of a Latin or Greek root or root word.

Affix- Plays a crucial role in word formation and can alter the meaning, grammatical category, or function of a base word.
 Prefix- are added to the beginning of roots or root words. The most common prefix is un-, which meant not or opposite of.
If you add un- to the word happy, the new word becomes unhappy, which means not happy.
 Suffix- are added to the end of roots or root words. The most common suffixes are -s and -es, which mean more than one
(or the plural) of the word.

Module 13: Properties of a Well- Written Text: Organization

Physical Format- The format is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the text
physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis.
Signal Words- are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from one point to another, the
ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration, question and answer).
Structure- the structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following:
Beginning: introduction, thesis statement hook.

ADDITIONAL
Properties of a Well Written Text are- Organization, Coherence and Cohesion.
Text Organization- makes a text easy to read. It prevents the reader from becoming confused by a jumble of words, sentences, and
paragraphs that are in no particular order. This property makes a text readable and its message clear.

Cohesion is the connection of ideas to the central concept of a text.

Coherence is the relationship of ideas between sentences.
Coherence and Cohesion
 Arrangement of details according to:
1) Chronological- is an arrangement of events in the order of their happening or based on the time they
have occurred.
2) Spatial- The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left to
right, up to down etc.
3) Emphatic- is when information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending
on the writer’s purpose. The coherence of the paragraph is established in one of two ways:(a) from least
to most important, or (b) from most to least important.

Proper language- allows you to capture the message that you want to convey to your readers. It is all about choosing the right words
that accurately capture your ideas.
Technical or Highfalutin Words - Writers want to sound smart by using words that are very technical or have deep meanings.
Though some writing genres require the use of such words, writers should still be careful about using them since they make readers
work harder to understand texts.
Direct and Simple Sentences - When you write, you should also make sure that the language you use is direct and simple rather than
complicated so that readers would easily understand the text. If your readers are the youth, then you should use words that are
familiar to young people.