INDIAN HISTORY Bahadur Shah 7far the last Mughal Emperor (a)Doetrine of Lapse (expansionist policy): + Introduced by Lord Dalhousie > if there was no natural heir + Then adopted son was not accepted as the heir to the throne. ‘The state would be annexed to the British Empire. Staics of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi were amiexed on basis of this expansionist policy of the British. ‘The native rulers fearing annexation joined the revolt, \ {b) Subsidiary Alliange (expansionist policy): > Introduced by Lord Wellesley & To accept British supremacy + To maintain British troops > ‘To keep a British resident (e) Annexation of Awadh(expansionist policy > Awadh annexed by Lord Dalhousie ® On the pretext of misrule or maladministration or misgovermance (d) Disrespeet of Bahadur Shah/ Poliey towards the Mughals * Lord Dalhousie announced that his successors were not allowed to use Red Fort > Lord Canning announced that his successors were not allowed to use titles of emperor (e) Disrespect to Nana Sahib: > Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao He was not accepted as the heir to the throne and was denied the pension of 80, 000 pounds. () Disrespect of Rani Laxmi; Rani Lakshmibai, The Rani of J > Her adopted son was not accepted as the heir to the throne under the Doctrine of Lapse > Jhansi was annexed.INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X- 2024 LIGIO} customs/Social reformy introduced (a) Interference in the so by the Britis! Ban on Sate > Ban on Child Marriage > Ban on Female Infanticide (killing of girl child) * Introduction of Widow Remarriage (b) Intraduetion/ A pprehensions of Modern Innovations: + Introduced railways: orthodox Hindus were not happy for different classes sitting together in common carriages + Introduction of telegraph poles: Indians thought they were meant to hang those who went against the British.. (oa inversion lo Christianity © inheritance of property not allowed if not converted (d) Taxes an religious places like temples and Mosques (e) Introduction of Western Education: » Reduced the position of Pundits and Maulvis LITARY CAUSI (@ No promotions: > Indian soldiers were not given promotion beyond position of Subedar {b} Low Salaries: + Indian soldiers were not given salaries equal to the British counterpart of same position. (c) General Service Enlistment Act: * The new recruited Indian soldiers had to compulsory cross the sea fo serve the British lands > This was considered a taboo by the Brahmans, (d) No Extra Allowances: The soldiers no longer received extra pay (batte or bhatta) for service, * No postage services > No newspaper (c)Annexation of Awadh/Oud! >» Thousands of soldiers resented this annexation. (f) IM treatment of Indian soldiers: r lllfed > Ill housedINDIAN HISTORY cuass x -2028 ECONOMIC (a) The handloom and_cotiage industry declined: CAUSES ® Raw cotton and jute exported. Economie exploitation was ong of the ‘causes for the revolt Markets flooded with machine made goods, > ‘The artisans lost their job, (b} Unemployment: sos their territories to the British due to expansionist pobcies, > Musicians, Amistsof the kinp’s court thes ost patronage, (©) Pove The farmers suffered great loss duc to fornines 7 The British wave no help to them an thus they Face poverty (d) Drain of Wealth; & The Company exported untold quantities of ver, silk, cotton, wo England every year. > ‘They bought raw materials at cheap rates from [Link] sold finished goods at high rates to India. ld, jewels, they had to pay bi » Incertain areas subsistene: jute, coftve and tea, > Forced to grow cash crops > This resulted in hardship to the farmers and inereases in food prices. rming to:commercial crops such as indigo, Tnumiediate cause ‘The introduction of Enfield Rifle > Enfield Rif_le was introduced + Cartridge had to be bitten off before being loaded in a rifle % Thwas rumored thal the cartr cased with cow and pig fat, = Cow was sacred to Hindus and piz was a tahoo t Muslim: » ‘This angered the Hindus and Muslims as it hurt their religious sentin Mangal Pandey of Barrackpore Wa revolted. He was arrested on 39" March 1837. He was hanged on 8" April, 1857, the fitst one who Why is it First War o! For the first time all sections of the socie against the British atrocities came together to fight Results of 1857 Revolt (headings) a), Administrative Political Changes b) Queen's Proclan ¢) End of Peshwas and the Mughal Rul ) Reorganization of the Army €} Rise in Nationalism on beDIAN HISTORY CLASS X- 2024 The outeome of the | a) Administrative/Political changes: revolt: ® Rule of East India Company in India ended > Rule of British Crown began, Queen Victoria first Queen of India Lord } Secretary of State was appointed Charles > Secretary of state was to be assisted by a 15-member council Canning called India Council. Board of Directors were abolished, * Governor General was replaced by the title of Viceroy. Lord Canning took over as first Viceroy of India. rst b) Queen’s Proclamation: > On I Now 1858 + Declared by Lord Canning e rulers: ® Noannexation of territories Right to adopt sons and successors to throne. Doctrine of Lapse will be abolished Queen Victoria's > Treaties will be honored Proclamation y ‘The Queen made the following promises to the nat | | + No interference in political matters transferring power > Equallity from Company to Crown The Queen made the following promises the people of India: > No interference * Fauality Indians to he considered for higher posts in government + promised Public utility services cjEnd of Peshwas and Mughals Nana Sahib Med and rule of Peshwas came to an end > Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal ruler was sent to exile and he later died. Rule of Mughals came to an end d) Reorganization of army > British soldiers were inereased > British soldiers were given key weapons > British soldiers were given key positions ©) Rise in Nationalism: » Sacrifices of 1857 leaders like Nana Sahib, Rani of axmibai, Tamtiya Tope etc inspired the Indians. > Poems & songs about heroic deeds inspired the Indians.INDIAN HISTORY. CLASS x - 2024 Causes for the Rise of Nationalism Meaning Feeling of oneness. unity, patriotism. brotherhood, spirit of sacrifice for eountey. Nationatisen: Common culture living in one geographical unit Factors responsible for the Rise of Indian National (a) Unemployment: > Artisans in India lost their jobs, (b) Poverty The farmers suffered great loss duc to famines > The East India Company gave no help to them (¢) Drain of Wealth: > Company bought raw materials at cheap rates from India and sold finished goods at high rates to India. Eg. Raw materials like ‘cotton and jute a) Exploitation of peasai = Fam were forced to given deserving prices, Ss row cash crops like Indigo, wer 2) Religious Reform Movements: Raja Ram Mohan Roy Reformers brought reforms that created spirit of nationalism. > Opposed caste system > Uplifted position of wemen * Women Education > ban on Sati * Opposed child marriage Swami Vivekananda started Ramkrishna Mission Dayanand Saraswati started Arya Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Brahmo Samaj Jyotiba Phule started Satya Shodhak Samaj Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy: 7 Started the Brahmo Samaj Wrote papers like Sambad Kaumudi and Mirat ul Akbar Worked towards upliftment of women Promoted Women education Opposed casteism: Opposed child marriage Encouraged widow remarriage Vvvvwy Contribution of Mahatma Jyotirac Govindrao Phule/ lyotiba Phuk Started first school for women Uplifted position of widows and backward class Opposed untouchability Wrote Gulameiri \ y \INDIAN HISTORY CLASS x- 2024 policies of the British: ¥ The Vernacular Press Aci > pul restrictions on printing in yen > they could not criticize the government cular news papers F Indians wore not allowed to print anything that would excite the feelings of the Indians against the British. > Was not applicable on English newspapers a ¥ The Arms A © Indians were not allowed to cary any arms > Norms without license Was not applicable to the English ¥ ISexam: > Reduced the a Indians > Age reduced from 21 to 19 years ge to appear for Indian Civil Service exam for ¥ ‘The Grand Del > Held in 1877 * By Lord Canning > To celebrate the proclamation of Queen Victoria as the Empress of the Nation Lakhs of rupees were spent > There was no help given to the Indians who were undergoing famine Darbar: Ubert Bil = Proposed by Lond Ripon > written by Sir C P Ibert © This bill gave cquality (at par) to the Indian and European judges > Indian judyes could try both the Indians and Europeans % This was protested by the British, the bill was then withdrawn in the British Parliament. 4) Role of Press & Literature: Rabiner Tagors > The newspapers printed patriotie articles that aroused a feeling of nationalism: > criticizing the wrong policies of the goverment was printed > It printed what was going on in the world. Made Indians aware of the international events > Newspapers like. Times of India, Bengales Patrika, Kesari etc > Rabindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandea Chatterjee wrote , Amrita Bazaar tic songs, poems and articles which inspired the Indians. - idranath Tagore composed the National Anthem > Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the national song. Vande Mataram,INDIAN HISTORY ‘CLASS X- 2024 indian National Congress {INC) (first All India political organization) Precursors of INC: Regional organizati East India Association: > 1866 > by Dadabhai Naoroji + to highlight Indian problems befire the British Tndian Association: > 1876 » by Surendra Nath Banerjee 10 present the Indian demands in front of the ernment Indian National Congress Formed on 28" December, [885 Immedi of the INC ie objectives > Unity of the political or national workers all over India. Unity among the people of India > Formulate popular demands and place them in front of the ovemment > Organize publie opinion British officer who: helped to set up AOHume Allan Octavian Hume Bol PONS aU NR UR OF CONGRESS. Lord Dutferin supported Hume's views First Session of INC Dee 1885 > President: W C Banerjee = Plave: Mumbai nd Session of INC 1886 > President: Dadabhai Naoroji Jace: Kolkata Attitude of the British al stages British were friendly with the congress 4 its goal was self-government within the British empire > Lond Dullerin believed that congress would act as a safety valve to divert the diseoment * Later became hostile and unfriendly as the aim of the congress was compleie independence and it became popular and criticized the policies of the government: PaINDIAN HISTORY CLASS X- 2024 Why so called Moderates Early Natvonalists > Followed moderate methods: prayer, petition. 1905. anal Movernent(190S-19 16) Assertive Nationalists Followed forcetul methods: swadeshi, boycott. government ‘Aim * self-government within the British | ~ Complete Independence or Poorna Swaray Methods }- Constitutional methods: & aggressive methods: ¥ Prayer ¥ swadeshi ¥ Petition and Appeal Y boycott Y pleading ¥ national education ¥ Speech ¥ mass movement Y Peaceful pracession Y revivalism © passive resistance ‘Attitude * had Faith in British » No faith in British towards }- Believed that they could be > British persuaded by arg they would respond favourably to Indian public opinion to India g cation/transporticommunil > In favour of western philosophy ments me an importer of finished goods) * Curse to India » In favour of Indian culture and tradition ‘Achievements ® Laid foundation for freedom i National unity > Brought politic ‘onsciousness % Criticized the wrong policies of the| + government Due to their efforts-----Public service commission/Indian Council Act » Encoura goods > Provided employment to Indian crafismen ged use of indigenous * Swaraj was made the aim of Congsss Encouraged national education Causes for the rise of Assertive Nationalism: 1905 to 1914 | Failure of moderate methods Y They used constitutions ¥ B a deaf ear > Repressive policl Partition of Beng: ‘On communal lines People understecd the re Caleutta Corporation Act Indias Universities AcUSeditious > Economic exploitation/f > World events ROKK K Ethiopia defeated Laly cars ies oF Lord Curzon J motive behind e plague Africa. tition, et Pe.INDIAN HISTORY CLASS X-2024 ition of Early Nationalist leaders to the freedom strugale hale] Surendra Nath Banerjee Dadabhai Naoroj laid the foundation of India’s freedom struggle Slogan: Opposition where necessary, cooperation where possible > Called Political guru Called Father of > Called Unofficial politieal mentor of Gandhi Nationalist movement Ambassador of Indi > as Gandhi was much > as he convened the first Englan influcnced by his thoughts > Called CLE (Companion of Indi n Empire) All Poli | Conference » Asa member of the British Parliament, he presented Indian problems there > Called Grand Old Man of Ing © Paper. The Beng > Book: Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India. Started Servants of India Society ¥ Started Indian’ Association > Started East India Assoc > Heudvocated sel government > Encouraged primary education » Wanted to reduce land revenue > First Indian to quality for the ICS exam Was elected President of INC thrice > Under his presidency congress passed resolution demanding: self — government, boycott, swadeshi, national education, peINDIAN HisTORY CLASS K-2024 Contribution of Assertive Nationalist leaders to the freedom struggle Lal —Bal - Pal Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal et logan : Swaraj is my irthright and I shall have it, Relerred to as Punjab > Called the Fatherot [> Called the Father of Kesari Indian unrest Revolutionary tho Sher-e-Punjab or Lion af | Called Father of » Belonged to the Punjab because of his valor} assertive Natio Pal trio ed the Foren methods of swadeshi and boycott were adlopied by C Book: Young India > Papers: Kesari in » Papers: The New Ing to spread radical 1 Marathi, Mahratta in The Tribune Papers: Punjabi, Vande English Mataram > Book: Gita Rahasya, Arctic Home of Vedas Started the Servants of > Stariedihe Home Rule [> Travelled all over the People Society Movement country spreading the to help the downtrodden | Organized Shivaji and message of nationalism als to ‘Ganpati fe foster spirit of nationalism Organized Akharasand Lathi clubs pe 10INDIAN HISTORY Lass X-2024 Eventi Parti Viceroy Lord € year TOS, Date of Partition T6™ Gerober 1905 Reasons given by the British (pretextexeuse) © Bengal was too big a province » For eusy and better ada administrative necessi Tmotive that the Indians understood: © Bengal was the nerve centre of nationalism ” Create a wedge between the Hindus and Muslims © ‘To dampen spirit of nationalism * ‘to show the power of British raj Renetion of the Indians to the pantition of Bengal © 16" October 1905 was observed as a day of mourning Fasts and protests were held everywhere > Rabindra Nath Tagore composed a national song The day was celebrated as Raksha bandhan day to show brotherhood Boycott of foreign goods © Adoption of swadeshi Meaning of Swadeshi—~use of goods made in your own country. Boycott---not to buy foreign goodsINDIAN HISTORY CLASS K -2024 Event Muslim League Formation, 30" December, 1906 First Session > 30" December 1906 presided by Nawab Salimullah F ai Day First President of Muslim League: Nawab Salimallah Permanent President of Mustim League: Aga Khan Factors and ovents that led to its formation: Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan 1) Hindi-Urdu controversy > Urdu was the official language in courts in UP > Government issued an order that petitions could also be ‘submitted in Hindi > The relations between the two communities worsened 2) Role of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: > He declared that the political interests of the Mustims and Hindus were different > He believed that the loyalty to the British wou favours. He started the Mohammed: d ensure jobs and Anglo Oriental Collese > Ile started the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College of Defence » Started the United Indian Patriotic Association 3) Divide and Rule pot ‘The British divided Bengal on communal lines Ex., Partition of Bengal They encouraged communal feelings ‘They used the caste structure to put one community other 1) Misinterpretation of History/Communal Instruction: > They portrayed Muslim rulers as invaders and Hindu rulers as cruel to Muslim subjects yey 5) Economie Backwardness of Muslims 6) Educational Backwardness of Muslims. Mastin deputation: \ Led by Aga Khan To Lon Minto and Shimla Objectives of Mustim League To be loyal to British Protect the political rights of Muslims in India Check the working’ influence of the congress. Prevent hostility towards other communities yuhINDIAN HISTORY class X- 2024 Event Split of Congress / Surat Session Where Surat Year 1907 Why/ Reasons » The Assertive Nationalists exeluded from the congress > Dispute... regarding methods of Swadeshi and Boycott used during the Partition of Bengal The Assertive Nationalists wanted to declare them us official methods of INC and the Early Nationalists disagree } Dispute regarding the Presidentship of Congress > Assertive Nationalists demanded Lala Lajpat Rai as the President Rash Bihari Ghosh was made the President of the INC Y Event Lucknow Pact Year of signing: De Signed Between: INC (Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists) and Muslim League > Unity of Farly Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists Unity of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League » Unity of Hind Demanding sel Developed s governing institutionsINDIAN HISTORY Lass x - 2024 Freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi Now cooperation Civil disobedience | Quit India Your 1920 12 March 1930 | 8 August 1942 Slogan: Do or Die Meaning Withdrawal of support | Disobeying Free India and cooperation to government Luws British as they were show opposition to unjust imperia Causes? Government ofl * Simon > Failure of circumstances | act of 1919 and the commission Cripps mission Rowlatt ActiBlack |” Lahore session off ‘Threat of theadings) ail) the congress Japanese attack > Jallianwalla bagh > Acute communal tension ‘Causes for th anperation movement: Rowlatt Aet) Black Act ¥ The government of India act of 1919 introduced diarchy. This was resented by the Indians. The government feared an uprising So the Rowlatt Aet was passed. ve the government extraordinary powers. ment could arrest anyane without any reason search without a warrant imprison without a trial, I mera trial Jalianwaka Bagh memorial Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy Amritsar People had assembled to oppose the Rowkatt uct 13" April 1919 General Dyer had banned all public meetings, v ¥ “ +. His troops blocked the only exit i? “ Opened fire at the unarmed people hundreds of men, women, chilelren were killed, 7 siaried by Moham: Office of KI war Y Khalifa was the Sultan of Turkey and rel Muslims ¥ Gandhi gave support to the move Muslim unity T Aland Shaukat Alt iff was abolished after the first world ious head of ent to bring Flindw pe.14INDIAN HISTORY CLASS x - 2024 Dandi March Gandhiji picking salt | * He chose salt, as salt was a common Dandi March From Sabarmati to coast of Dandi 12" March 1930 With 76 followers, many joined later Gandhiji picked salt at Dandi to show the defiance of Salt law and commencement of Civil Disobedience Movt ouity used by all sections of the y and it was freely available to ‘but still it was taxed. imon comm All White Commission 1927 Simon Commission was sent to India to find out to what extent the act of 1919 had worked and to bring further constitutional reforms. All seven of its members were English men and no Indian representative ‘The Indians opposed and protested y y \ y \ Jawaharlal Nehru Passed the resolution of Purna Swaraj * Decided that on 26" Jan 1930 Indian flag was unfurled aind_was celebrated as the first independence day ¥ for the Quit India Ri Failure of Cripps Mission called this proposal as “It isa post dated cheque drawn on crashing bank* ‘Threat of Japanese attack Japan and England were fighting the world war on opposites, Indian leaders feared that Japan would attack India > 50 demanded for the British fo Quit India, peasINDIAN HISTORY CLASS x -2024 Non Cooperation bedience | Quit India Positive: bonfire |» All leaders > Hindu-Mustim unity | of foreign goods, were arrested Method/Prog | Abolition of strikes. and the untouchability > Swadeshi movement took F Promotion of F Nottoobey a violent tum. swadeshi goods and laws,(Breaking of | > People burnt khadi salt law, forest police stations, > Prohibition of laws) stoned buses intoxicating drinks | * Not to pay taxes and looted the (like land revenue) treasury Negativ > Boycott of foreign good > Boycon of Government schools and colleges ing up titles Giil Disobedience | Quit India Why called off [> Chauri chaura > Dieddown incident, because of the S$" Feb 1922 repressive 3000 peasants were methods of the ‘on procession, » Tocall off the aw rent + ‘The police used sivil disobedience | fines lathi tcargas to disperse movement charge. them, > Attend the second imprisonment. & The angry crowd round table burnt the police conference station and 22 police | People living near ‘officers were killed the shore would be > Seeing the violence allowed to ‘Gandhiji called off manufacture salt the movement. > Political prisoners swould be released Why was Civil | As per the provisions of the Gandhi- Irwin pact: Gandhiji attended Disobedience the second round table Movement renewed ‘The other parties discussed only their narrow objectives: Gandhi was disappointed and renewed the civil disobedience movement to fight for complete independence. paleINDIAN HISTORY CLASS x- 2024 cooperation Civil Disobedience Quit India Tmpactiresalt | + Mass movement > Making people > Making people > Hindu- Muslim bold and patriot bold and unity > defied govt laws patriotic Removal of > Massmovement [¢ Mass movement wnigachabiliiy > Hindu. Muslim — [* Made the British » Promoting swadeshi unity: realize that the > Making people bold | > opposed their days in and patriot imperialistic India were policies of govt numbered. Methods of Gandhi Saty vwvy raha Non Violence Mass Movement Swadeshi ‘Social deals of Ganahipr yvvy Equality between Men and Women Removal of Untoue! Hindu Muslim Unity Prohibitin; tity imtoxieating drinksINDIAN HISTORY class x- 2020, Freedom He took part in the non-cooperation movement organized by Gandhi. He was elected as the president of the congress He started the Forward Bloc. He was the supreme commander of INA He gave the fumous slogans: ¥ “Give blood and | shall give you freedom.” ¥ “Jai Hind” ¥ “Chalo Dethi® Which panty was formed by Bose? When? Forward Bloc! 1939 Aims’ Objectives of the Forward Bloc Liberate India with the support of workers , peasants . youth and other o: Establish a soeiafist society alter freedor Remove zamind: lave new credit policy Industrialization nizations, Formation of INA-Indian i nal Army/Azad Hind Fauj Formation of INA September 1942, The one who conceived the idea of INA Capt Mohan Singh The leader of INA Rash Bihari Bose The Supreme Commander In Chief of INA Subhash Chandra Bose Objectives of the INA Fight against the British army with modern weapons Organise « provisional government to mobilise all the forces effectively Total mobilization of Indian man-power and money for waragainst the British Motto. ..unity , faith and sacrifice Rohievemonts oF INA TNA Tiberated Imphal and Kohima, Inclian soldiers were inspired Andaman and Nicobar islands were renamed as Shahid and Swaraj islands pe. 38INDIAN HISTORY. & CLASS X- 2024 Cabinet Missior 1946 Members Lord Pethick Lawarence Sir Stafford Cripps. AN. Alexander Proposal Clauses Federati > Federat > Al other subjcets to rest with Provinces, > The British provinces to be divided into three groups: > Set up Constituent Assembly (389 members) > Set up interim government on of all the provinces and states of India. on to deal with foreign affairs, defence and communications. A.B, C Reactions > Congress accepted the id > Rejected imerim governm Muslim League accepted it entirely and later rejected of Constituent Assembly. Mountbatten Plan 1947 Provisions/ Clauses > ‘Two dominions India and Pakistan, /Proposs » ission to demarcate the boundaries Mountbatten Plan > Constituent Assembly to frame the constitution > Referendum to be held to devide the future of the NWEP, Sylhet. > ‘The princely states like Hyderabad, Mysore, Kashmir) free to joi cither of the dominions ot remain independent, > Transter of power to India by 15" August 1947 Reasons for congress > Communal riots epiing the partition plan Differences between the Muslim League and the he Mouanbaiten Indian National Congress especially experienced during the Interim govt > A smaller India with strong centre was better than a larger one with weak centre + To bea secular and democratic country pe > To avoid a civil war Indian Independence Net : uly 18th, 1947. Jawaharlal oft swears in as the fin | * Authority 0 e Minister offtzee Toda with effect from August 15, 1947 © Two dominions India and Pakistan to be formed the British Parliament would ceas » Governor-General for each of the dominions > Constituent Assembly for-each of the dominions. They were to frame the constitution for their respet > The princely states were free to join either of dominions or remain independent. Treaties entered would end, ive dominions. > A boundary commission to demarcate the boundaries Division of assets and army Last viceroy of India Lord Louis Mountbatten pa.19