MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Teacher: Mr. Kevin T. Eleseo

In-text Citation

There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is used as an in-text citation and
second, it is used in reference citation.

Let us begin on in-text citation.

The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or essay (Waikato Institute of
Technology, 2010). The main question now is when are we going to use in-text citation? Practically, we use in-
text citations every time we quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements, information, and ideas that came
from others. It is a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated the ideas and concepts.

1. In-text citation with single author used in the beginning

Example: Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice
researchers.

2. In-text citation with single author used at the end

Example: Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers (Fernandez,
2020).

How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can do it. However, title
has to be in quotation marks.

3. In-text citation with article title

Example: In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper citation has to
be observed among novice researchers.

Another example: In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on ways
plagiarism can be avoided.

In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal articles and the like are italicized.
However, when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.

4. In-text citation without quotation

Example: In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism can be
avoided.

Can we use citation in the middle?

It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end of the referenced statement.
However, there are instances that citation appears in the middle of the cited statement.

5. In-text citation in the middle of the statement

Example: Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
sentence, whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.

Another example: Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of
education (Fernandez, 2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different philosophies.

When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which means “and others”.
This is used when you have multiple authors. Multiple authorship is authorship composed of six (6) or
more authors. Thus, when you have less than six authors, you need to write their surname. If you use
in-text citation at the beginning, just connect their surname with a comma and “and”. However, if it is at
the end of the statement, you connect the authors’ surname with the use of comma and ampersand.

6. In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)

Example: Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the
beginning and end of the statement.

7. In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement
(Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).

8. In-text citation with six (6) or more authors

Example: Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of
the statement.

9. In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement
(Fernandez, et al., 2020).

What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or information? In dealing with this scenario, all
of them are placed on the same parenthesis. However, they are separated with a semicolon. Likewise,
authors’ name has to be listed in alphabetical order.

10. Multiple entry with similar information

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement
(Fernandez, 2020; Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).

What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by an author? In circumstance like this, it
can be done it two (2) ways.

11. In-text citation already cited by an author

Example: Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the beginning and
end of the statement.

Another example: Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement (as cited in Pitt, 2020)

How about when you are going to cite a website article without authorship or organizational author? If
you are going to cite a website article without authorship, you need to use the webpage title or few
words of the title in the parentheses.

12. In-text citation using website article without author

Example: “Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones.

Another example: Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man in need,” 2020).

How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text citations omit page numbers.
However, it is encouraged to declare even the page number. Aside from it, this adds credibility to your
sources if you are going to declare it.

13. In-text citation with page number

Example: Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).

14. In-text citation using paragraph number

Example: According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones
(para. 99).

Another example: It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones
(Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).

After learning how in-text citation is done, let us move on to reference citation. This provides authority to your
statements by providing your readers' access to those sources. Likewise, it is an acknowledgment of the
information you have brought out on your research. Of course, in-text citations need to appear in the reference
section of your paper.

Practically, it is the list of the sources you have cited throughout your paper. This will provide your readers
access to all the sources you have considered in your research. Because we have used the APA 6th edition
citation style in your in-text citation, we use also APA 6th edition reference style in your reference entry.
However, this only limited to the reference citations you will be using on your study. These are reference citation
on books, journals, online sources and theses and dissertations in single authorship, multiple authorship, without
author and date.

Reference Citation Style

Books

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press.

If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first letter of the name, middle initial) then
followed by a period. After that, the date of publication and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book
(remember that the whole title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There is an exemption, all proper
names are capitalized. After the title, write the publishing company.

1. Single author

When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book with one to five authorship
takes the usual format.

2. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern
Publishing Company Press.
Note:
Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and ampersand.

3. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.
Note:
After the first author, the word et al. is attached. The Latin term means “et alia” which means “and
others”. Thus, it represents the other authors of the book.

Journal Articles

1. Single Author
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for
Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it different is that it
includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and
page number and digital object identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication
is italicized and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.
2. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged
community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

3. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for
Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

Thesis and Dissertation

1. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.
(Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines.

This citation for thesis or dissertation follows the same format with books. It starts with the author, date
published, title of the thesis or dissertation. Take note that the title needs to be italicized. Then, there is
parenthesis, inside it is the description of what reference is being cited, is it a master’s thesis or
dissertation? Last part is the institution where it is made and the location of the institution (commonly
writers write the country).

2. Thesis or Dissertation from Repository

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.
(Master’s thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines). Retrieved from
http://hdl.thesismasters.net/109287/99

The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should indicate the link of the
thesis.

3. Thesis or Dissertation from Database

ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation. Fernandez, D. V. (2020).
Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis).
Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229)

Note: UMI is the name of publishing company that stands for University Microfilm International. The
services it offers is storage of theses and dissertations.

Online Sources
These are articles from credible website.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from

https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website

Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was retrieved. Remember
not to put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when you make a reference list, it should be
arranged in alphabetical order using the first letter of the surname.

ACTIVITY
Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer on a piece of paper. Then, take a picture of your
work and upload the photo to Google Classroom.
1. What is in-text citation, and when do we use it in our essays?
2. How do you cite a source with a single author at the beginning and end of a statement using in-text
citation?
3. When can you include the title of a source in an in-text citation, and how is it formatted?
4. Explain how in-text citation is used in the middle of a statement, providing an example.
5. When do we use "et al." in our citations, and what does it mean? Provide an example with three
authors.