Made By: Hafiz Usama Bashir PHYSICS (9th)

Chapter # 1
Physical Quantities and Measurements
Exercises Short Questions
Q1. How physics plays an important role in our life?
Ans: Physics is the most fundamental of all the sciences. It underpins other natural sciences like biology and
chemistry. For example, biology uses physics to understand blood flow, and chemistry relies on physics to
understand chemical reactions.

Physics is also the foundation of technology. Rockets, maglev trains, and medical robots are all based on
physics principles. Physics drives the development of everyday technologies like airplanes, computers, and
medical imaging.

Furthermore, physics is essential for many professions. Engineers, pilots, doctors, electricians, and
programmers all apply physics concepts in their work. For example, pilots need to understand how wind
affects flight paths.

Q2. Estimate your age in minutes and seconds.

Ans: Suppose my age = 15 years

= 15 × 365 days = 5475 days (1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)

= 5475 × 24 hours = 131400 hours (1𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 24 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

= 131400 × 60 minutes = 7884000 minutes (1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠)

= 7884000 × 60 seconds = 473040000 seconds (1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)

Therefore, if I am 15 years old, my age in minutes is approximately 7,884,000 minutes, and in seconds, it's
about 473.040.000 seconds.

Q3. What base quantities are involved in these derived physical quantities: force, pressure, power and
charge?
Ans:
Force:

Force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

SI Unit of force is Newton (N) = 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −2

Base quantities involved in force are mass, length, and time.

Pressure:
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
The SI unit of force (F=ma) is Newton N 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −2 and unit of area A is 𝑚². The SI Unit of Pressure is Pascal
"Pa”

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𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −2
1 𝑃𝑎 = = 𝑘𝑔𝑚−1 𝑠 −2
𝑚²
So, the Base quantities involved in pressure are mass, length, and time.
Power:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
The SI unit of Work (𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑) is 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝐽) = 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −2 and unit of time is second
𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −2
The SI Unit of Power is 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 ‘W’ = 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −3
𝑠

So, the Base quantities involved in power are mass, length, and time.

Charge:

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

So, the SI Unit of charge is 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶) = 𝐴 𝑠

Base quantities involved in charge are Electric current, and time.

Q4. Show that prefix micro is thousand times smaller than prefix milli.

Ans: As we have, micro = 10−6 = 10−3 × 10−3 = 10−3 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖 (𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖 = 10−3 )

1 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 = 10−3 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖 = 1/103 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖 = 1/1000 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖

So, prefix micro is thousand times smaller than prefix milli.

Q5. Justify that displacement is a vector quantity while energy is a scalar quantity.
Ans: Displacement is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction. When an object moves
from one position to another, its displacement is the straight-line distance between the initial and final
positions, along with the direction from the starting point to the ending point.

On the other hand, energy is a scalar quantity because it only has magnitude and no specific direction
associated with it. For instance, the kinetic energy of an object depends only on its speed and mass, not on the
direction in which it is moving. Therefore, energy is classified as a scalar quantity.

Q6. Screw gauge can give more precise length than Vernier calipers. Briefly explain why?
Ans: Screw gauge can give a more precise length than Vernier calipers because of the smaller least count of
screw gauge.

Explanation:
The smaller the least count of an instrument, the more precise will be its reading. A typical screw gauge has a
least count of 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm while a typical vernier calipers has a least count of 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm.
As least count of screw gauge is about 10 times smaller than that of vernier calipers that's why screw gauge
can give about 10 times more precise reading of length than vernier calipers.

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Q7: Differentiate between mechanical stopwatch and digital stopwatch.
Ans: Difference between mechanical stopwatch and digital stopwatch:

Feature Mechanical Stopwatch Digital Stopwatch

Display It has two circular dials It has no dials but a screen.
Operation One knob for start/stop/reset Two buttons: start/stop and reset
Accuracy Up to 1/100th of a second Up to 1/1000th of a second
Least Count Generally 1 s Generally 0.01 s

Q8: How measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of an irregular shaped stone?
Ans: The volume of an irregular shaped solid can be measured by displacement method.

Steps
i. Take some water in a graduated measuring cylinder
ii. Note the volume of water in the cylinder. This is the initial volume of water
iii. Irregular shaped solid is fully immersed into the water.
iv. Again note the volume of water. This is the final volume of water
v. The difference between the final and initial volume of water is the actual volume of an irregular shaped
solid.

Q9: What precautions should be kept in mind while taking measurement using a measuring cylinder?

Ans: While using a measuring cylinder, it must be kept vertical on a plane surface. The correct method to note
the level of a liquid in the cylinder is to keep the eye at the same level as the meniscus of the liquid.

Q10: Why do we need to consider significant digits in measurements?

Ans: Significant figures play a vital role in determining which digits in a number are reliable and meaningful.
They indicate the precision of a measurement or calculation by identifying the digits that are known with
certainty. If we go beyond significant digits, we add the level of uncertainty associated with a particular value.
So, it is important to consider the significant digits in measurements.

Q11: How can random error be reduced?

Ans: Random errors are unpredictable and uncontrollable errors that can happen irregularly. These errors can
be caused by fluctuations in experimental conditions or imperfections in measuring instruments. Random
errors can be reduced by:

1. Increasing the number of measurements.

2. Using more precise measuring instruments.

To minimize random errors, it is important to take repeated measurements and use statistical analysis to
account for the variability.

In conclusion, while random errors can never be completely eliminated, they can be significantly reduced by
taking multiple measurements, using precise instruments, controlling experimental conditions, and using
proper technique.

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Q12: Differentiate between precision and accuracy.

Feature Precision Accuracy

Definition Refers to the degree of consistency or Refers to the degree of closeness between a
reproducibility of measurements. measured value and the true or accepted value.
Criteria A measurement is precise if repeated A measurement is accurate if it is close to the
measurements under the same conditions true value, regardless of how consistent or
yield similar results, regardless of how reproducible it is.
close those results are to the true value.
Quantification Often quantified by the spread or Often quantified by the difference between the
variability of measurements around the measured value and the true value. A
mean value. A higher precision indicates measurement with a smaller difference is
less variability among measurements. considered more accurate.
Example For example, if a set of measurements of For example, if a measurement of the length
the length of an object consistently yields of an object is very close to the actual length,
values close to each other, even if they it is considered accurate, even if repeated
are far from the true value, those measurements vary widely.
measurements are considered precise.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. What was the unit of measurement used by ancient Egyptians while building pyramids?
The cubit, the measure from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger when the arm is extended.
2. What is the term used to describe the point where the horizontal and vertical axis intersect in a
coordinate system?
Origin, denoted as '0'.
3. How are vectors represented symbolically and graphically?
Symbolically: letter with an arrow, e.g., 'F' or 'B'. Graphically: arrow, length indicates magnitude,
arrowhead indicates direction.
4. What is the process for combining vectors into a single resultant vector?
Vector addition, achieved geometrically by placing vectors head to tail and drawing the resultant from
the tail of the first to the head of the last.
5. Does vector addition depend on the order?
No, vector addition is commutative.
6. What role do measuring instruments play in physics, and how does least count influence
precision?
Measuring instruments are essential for quantifying physical quantities. Least count is the smallest
measurable value and directly affects the instrument’s precision.
7. How do meter rules and measuring tapes differ, and why is their least count important?
Meter rules are rigid, while measuring tapes are flexible for larger distances. Least count determines
the smallest length measurable accurately.
8. Can you measure distances smaller than 1 mm on a meter rule? Why?
No, the least count of a meter rule is 1 mm, the smallest measurable value.
9. What is the least count of a meter rule marked in centimeters, inches, and feet?
0.1 cm or 1 mm.

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10. If an object’s length is 20.14 cm measured by a vernier caliper, what is its length measured by a
meter rod?
20.1 cm (due to the meter rod’s least count of 0.1 cm).
11. What is the least count of a vernier caliper with a main scale in millimeters and 10 divisions on
the vernier scale?
0.1 mm
12. What is the total reading of a vernier caliper with a main scale reading of 2.9 cm and a vernier
scale reading of 3?
3.2 cm
13. What is the least count of a screw gauge?
It is the smallest distance that can be measured accurately by a screw gauge, calculated as pitch divided
by the total number of divisions on the circular scale.
14. What is the total reading of a screw gauge with a main scale reading of 7 cm and a circular scale
reading of 23, and a least count of 0.01 mm?
7.23 cm
15. Which instrument would you use to measure the thickness of a page and the internal diameter
of a beaker: vernier caliper or screw gauge? Why?
Vernier caliper for the beaker (internal jaws), screw gauge for the page (more precise for thin objects).
16. Describe the construction and working of a physical balance.
A physical balance consists of a beam balanced on a knife edge with two pans. It works by comparing
the mass of an object in one pan with standard weights in the other.
17. How many significant digits are in 57,000? Does it change if measured in packets of 10?
Two significant figures (5 and 7). No, the number of significant digits remains the same.
18. Why are significant figures important in the laboratory?
They convey the precision of a measurement and help in error analysis and accurate calculations.
19. Does the reading of a physics textbook's dimensions depend on the measuring instrument?
Yes, different instruments have varying precision levels and smallest divisions, affecting accuracy.
20. What are the rules for determining significant figures?
Rules involve considering non-zero digits, zeros between non-zero digits, leading zeros, trailing zeros
in decimals, and trailing zeros in whole numbers.
21. What is the role of rounding rules and significant figures in scientific and quantitative contexts?
They ensure accuracy and precision in measurements and calculations, aiding in the communication
of scientific findings.
22. Define Physics and describe its role in technology.
Physics is the study of matter and energy. It underpins various technologies like rockets, computers,
and medical imaging.
23. List different branches of physics with brief descriptions.
Mechanics, heat and thermodynamics, oscillations and waves, optics, electricity and magnetism,
atomic and nuclear physics, relativity, quantum physics, particle physics, cosmology and astrophysics,
biophysics and medical physics.
24. What are physical quantities? Distinguish between base and derived quantities.
Physical quantities are measurable quantities. Base quantities are fundamental (e.g., length, mass,
time), while derived quantities are obtained by combining base quantities (e.g., area, speed, force).
25. Define the unit of a physical quantity and differentiate between base units and derived unit

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A unit is a standard for measuring a physical quantity. Base units are fundamental (e.g., meter,
kilogram, second), while derived units are combinations of base units (e.g., square meter, meter per
second).
26. What are prefixes and their use in measurements?
Prefixes are used to express large or small numbers conveniently by indicating powers of ten (e.g., kilo
= 10³, milli = 10⁻³).
27. What is scientific notation? Give examples.
Scientific notation is expressing numbers as a product of a mantissa (1 to 10) and a power of 10.
Examples: 1.496 x 10¹¹ m (distance to the Sun), 9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg (mass of an electron).
28. Describe the construction and working of vernier calipers.
Vernier calipers have a main scale and a vernier scale. They work on the principle of coincidence to
measure small lengths.
29. Define error. Differentiate between random and systematic errors. How can they be reduced?
Error is the difference between measured and true values. Random errors are unpredictable, reduced
by averaging. Systematic errors are consistent biases, reduced by calibration and improved techniques.
30. Differentiate between scalars and vectors. Give examples.
Scalars have magnitude only (e.g., distance, speed, and mass). Vectors have magnitude and direction
(e.g., displacement, velocity, force).

Important MCQs
What unit did ancient Egyptians use for building pyramids?

a. Meter
b. Foot
c. Cubit
d. Inch

The horizontal number line in a coordinate system is called:

a. Ordinate
b. Abscissa
c. X-axis
d. Y-axis

Which symbol represents a vector graphically?

a. Circle
b. Dot
c. Arrow
d. Line

The process of combining vectors is called:

a. Vector Addition
b. Scalar Multiplication
c. Vector Subtraction
d. Vector Division

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Is vector addition commutative (order independent)?

a. No
b. Sometimes
c. Yes
d. Only for specific vectors

The minimum value a measuring instrument can measure is its:

a. Precision
b. Accuracy
c. Least Count
d. Resolution

A meter rule is primarily used to measure:

a. Length
b. Mass
c. Time
d. Temperature

Measuring tapes are designed for:

a. Small objects
b. Microscopic measurements
c. Larger distances
d. Curved surfaces

Can a meter rule measure distances smaller than 1 mm?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Depends on the ruler
d. Sometimes

The least count of a meter rule marked in cm, inches, and feet is:

a. 1 cm
b. 1 inch
c. 1 foot
d. 0.1 cm

Which type of error occurs when the circular scale doesn't align with the main scale?

a. Random error
b. Systematic error
c. Instrumental error
d. Personal error

A measurement is precise if:

a. It is close to the true value

b. It is repeated
c. It has many significant figures
d. It is taken with a calibrated instrument

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Which of the following is a scalar quantity?

a. Velocity
b. Force
c. Acceleration
d. Energy

Displacement is a vector because it has:

a. Only magnitude
b. Only direction
c. Both magnitude and direction
d. Neither magnitude nor direction

Which branch of physics deals with the study of light?

a. Mechanics
b. Thermodynamics
c. Optics
d. Electromagnetism

Which branch of physics studies the origin of the universe?

a. Atomic physics
b. Nuclear physics
c. Cosmology
d. Biophysics

The study of physical interactions in biological processes is called:

a. Astrophysics
b. Particle physics
c. Biophysics
d. Quantum physics

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force in physics?

a. Gravitational force
b. Electromagnetic force
c. Strong nuclear force
d. Centrifugal force

The law of conservation of energy states that:

a. Energy can be created but not destroyed

b. Energy can be destroyed but not created
c. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
d. Energy can be both created and destroyed

What is the primary difference between speed and velocity?

a. Speed is a scalar, velocity is a vector

b. Speed has direction, velocity does not
c. Speed is measured in m/s, velocity in km/h
d. Speed is constant, velocity changes

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Acceleration is the rate of change of:

a. Distance
b. Displacement
c. Velocity
d. Time

Newton's first law of motion is also known as:

a. Law of inertia
b. Law of acceleration
c. Law of action-reaction
d. Law of gravitation

Newton's second law of motion states that force is equal to:

a. Mass x velocity
b. Mass x acceleration
c. Mass x displacement
d. Mass x speed

Newton's third law of motion states that:

a. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

b. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion
c. Force is proportional to acceleration
d. Force is inversely proportional to mass

An object measured as 20.14 cm with a vernier caliper would be measured as _____ with a meter rod.

a. 20.14 cm
b. 20.1 cm
c. 20 cm
d. 21 cm

The least count of a vernier caliper with 10 divisions on its vernier scale and a main scale in mm is:

a. 1 mm
b. 0.1 mm
c. 0.01 cm
d. 0.001 cm

In scientific notation, 62750 is written as:

a. 62.75 𝑥 103
b. 6.275 𝑥 104
c. 627.5 𝑥 102
d. 0.6275 𝑥 105

Which instrument is best for measuring the internal diameter of a beaker?

a. Screw gauge
b. Ruler
c. Vernier caliper
d. Measuring tape

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A physical balance works by:

a. Measuring volume
b. Measuring length
c. Comparing masses
d. Measuring time

How many significant figures are in 0.00322?

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1

Rounding 45.678 to 3 significant figures gives:

a. 45.6
b. 45.7
c. 46
d. 45.68

Which of the following is NOT a base unit in SI?

a. Meter
b. Kilogram
c. Second
d. Newton

The SI unit for electric current is:

a. Volt
b. Watt
c. Ampere
d. Ohm

Which of the following is NOT a derived quantity?

a. Area
b. Volume
c. Speed
d. Mass

The SI derived unit for force is:

a. Joule
b. Pascal
c. Newton
d. Kilogram

The prefix 'micro' represents:

a. 10−3
b. 10−6
c. 10−9
d. 10−12

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A screw gauge is used to measure:

a. Small lengths
b. Large distances
c. Temperature
d. Time

The pitch of a screw gauge is:

a. The number of circular scale divisions

b. The total length of the scale
c. The distance moved by the screw in one rotation
d. The smallest measurement the gauge can make

Zero error in a screw gauge is:

a. The anvil and spindle not touching

b. The ratchet clicks
c. The zero of the scale not aligned with the zero of the circular scale
d. The gauge is not accurate

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Chapter # 2
Kinematics
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 In a park, children are enjoying a ride on Ferris wheels. What kind of motion the big wheel has and
what kind of motion the riders have?

Ans. The motion of the big wheel is rotatory around its own axis while that of the riders is circular around the
axis of the wheel.

Explanation: The motion of a body around its own axis is called rotatory motion. Here the wheel is moving
around its own axis. Therefore, its motion is rotatory.

The motion of a body around any axis outside its body is called circular motion. Therefore, the riders sitting
on chairs of the wheel are in circular motion.

Q2 A boy moves for some time, give two situations in which his displacement is zero but covered distance
is not zero?

Ans. The displacement of a body along any closed path such as rectangular path, triangular path, or circular
path is equal to zero. The distance covered along a circle of radius R is equal to 2nR (circumference of circle)
not zero.

Q3 A stone tied to string is whirling in circle, what is direction of its velocity at any instant?

Ans: When a stone is tied to a string whirling in a circle, the velocity of stone is away from its circular path
and tangent to the circle. If the string is somehow broken, the stone will skip away from its circular path.

Q4 Is it possible to accelerate an object without speeding it up or slowing it down?

Ans: A body moving in a circle is an example of 'constant speed accelerated motion. The body is moving in
a circle with uniform speed. Here magnitude of velocity remains constant at all points but direction of velocity
changes continuously. Acceleration can be produced by changing either magnitude or direction of velocity.
SO, the motion of body in this case is an accelerated motion although it is not speeding up or slowing down

Q5 Can a car moving towards right have direction of acceleration towards left?

Ans: A car is moving towards right with some certain speed. If the driver applies brakes slowly, 'the speed of
the car will gradually decrease. Here 'in this case direction of velocity is towards right but direction of
acceleration is towards left.

Q6 With the help of daily life examples, describe the situations in which:

a) acceleration is in the direction of motion.

b) acceleration is against the direction of motion.
c) acceleration is 1 zero and body is in motion.
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Ans: Following are the three daily life examples in which acceleration is in the direction of motion, against
the direction of motion, and zero.

a) Freely falling object has direction of motion downward and acceleration due to gravity is also
downward. An apple falling from a tree is an example of acceleration in the direction of motion.
b) A body throwing upward has the direction of motion upward and direction of acceleration downward.
An upward-throwing cricket ball is an example of acceleration against the direction of motion.
c) A uniformly moving body in a fixed direction has zero acceleration. A uniformly moving car in the
right direction is an example of zero acceleration and the body is in motion.

Q7 Examine the distance-time graph of a motorcyclist (as shown). What does this graph tell us about
the speed of the motorcyclist? Also, plot its velocity-time graph.

Ans: The given distance-time graph shows that the motorcyclist is moving with uniform speed.

Explanation: The given graph shows that the motorcyclist is traveling equal distances in equal intervals of
time, which indicates uniform speed.

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The velocity-time graph for such a kind of motion is a horizontal line parallel to the time axis, shown in the
figure. This shows that velocity of the body remains constant with time passing. The given graph shows a
uniform velocity, here it is 5 m/s with passing time.

Q8 Which controls in the car can produce acceleration or deceleration in it?

Ans: The accelerator of the car produces acceleration, while brakes produce deceleration in a car.

Explanation: The accelerator of a car accelerates the car from zero to its maximum value. As long as the
accelerator is pressed more for a specific gear, its speed will increase, i.e., it will accelerate.

Brakes are used to slow down or stop a car. Brakes apply force to slow down or stop the motion of the car.

Q9 If two stones of 10 kg and 1 kg are dropped from a 1 km high tower, which will hit the ground with
greater velocity? Which will hit the ground first? (Neglect 1 air resistance)

Ans: By neglecting air resistance, both the stones of 10 kg and 1 kg will hit the ground with the same speed
and at the same time.

Explanation: Earth attracts every object towards its surface (or center) with the same force irrespective of the
mass of the object. As the force on both bodies is the same, therefore both bodies will have the same velocity
while falling and hitting the ground. As initial and final speed are the same because both bodies are acted upon
by the same force, therefore both bodies will hit the ground at the same time.

Q10 A 100 g ball is just released (from rest), and another is thrown downward with a velocity of 10 m/s,
which will have greater acceleration? (Neglect air resistance)

Ans: The acceleration due to gravity will be approximately 9.8 m/s² downward in both cases. This is because
gravity affects all objects equally, regardless of their initial velocity or direction of motion. Whether an object
is dropped or thrown upwards, it will experience the same acceleration towards the Earth.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. Differentiate between rest and motion. With the help of an example, show that rest and motion
are relative to the observer.
If an object doesn't change position, it's at rest; if it changes position, it's in motion. A book is at rest
relative to the table, but in motion relative to someone walking past.
2. What are the different types of motion? Define each type with examples from daily life.
Translatory (a car driving), rotatory (a spinning wheel), and vibratory (a pendulum swinging).
Translatory has subtypes: Examples from daily life: rectilinear (a train on tracks), curvilinear (a car
turning), circular (a Ferris wheel), and random (a flying kite).
3. Differentiate between distance and displacement.
Distance is the total length of the path traveled, while displacement is the shortest distance between
the initial and final positions.
4. Differentiate between speed and velocity. Also, define average speed, uniform and variable
speeds, average velocity, uniform and variable velocities, acceleration, and its types.
 Speed is distance over time.
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 Velocity is displacement over time.
 Average speed is the total distance over total time.
 Uniform speed means equal distances in equal times.
 Variable speed means unequal distances in equal times.
 Average velocity is total displacement over total time.
 Uniform velocity means equal displacements in equal times.
 Variable velocity means unequal displacements in equal times.
 Acceleration is the change in velocity over time. It can be positive (increasing velocity),
negative (decreasing velocity), uniform (constant change in velocity), or non-uniform (varying
change in velocity).
5. What are freely falling bodies? What is gravitational acceleration? Write down sign conventions
for gravitational acceleration.
 Freely falling bodies are objects moving under the sole influence of gravity.
 Gravitational acceleration (g) is the constant acceleration experienced by the bodies (9.8 m/s²)
near Earth's surface.
 Sign convention: +g when moving downward, -g when moving upward.
6. What is a graph? How is the gradient of a distance-time graph calculated? Draw distance-time
graphs for rest, uniform speed, increasing speed, and decreasing speed.
 A graph is a visual representation of the relationship between quantities.
 The gradient of a distance-time graph is calculated by dividing the change in distance by the
change in time.
 Graphs for rest (horizontal line), uniform speed (straight line with positive slope), increasing
speed (curve upward), and decreasing speed (curve downward).
7. Which controls in the car can produce acceleration or deceleration in it?
Accelerator produces acceleration, brakes produce deceleration.
8. If two stones of 10 kg and 1 kg are dropped from a 1 km high tower, which will hit the ground
with greater velocity? Which will hit the ground first? (Neglect air resistance)
Both stones will hit the ground with the same velocity and at the same time because the acceleration
due to gravity is the same for all objects, regardless of their mass.
9. A 100 g ball is released from rest, and another is thrown downward with a velocity of 10 m/s,
which will have greater acceleration? (Neglect air resistance)
Both balls will have the same acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²).
10. Define inertia and momentum. State Newton's laws of motion and give their daily life example.
 Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion.
 Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity.
 Newton's 1st laws: an object remains at rest or in motion at a constant velocity
11. What is Friction? Explain its types and advantages and disadvantages.
Friction is a force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact.
Types: static (prevents objects from starting to move), kinetic (slows down moving objects), rolling
(occurs between rolling objects and a surface), and fluid (drag in liquids and gases).
Advantages: enables walking, driving, and holding objects.
Disadvantages: causes wear and tear, reduces efficiency, and generates heat.

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12. Explain centripetal force? Explain its importance in circular motion.
Centripetal force is a force that acts on an object moving in a circular path and is directed towards the
center of the circle. It keeps the object moving in a circle by constantly changing its direction. Without
centripetal force, the object would move in a straight line tangent to the circle.
13. Differentiate between mass and weight.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity.
Mass is constant, while weight varies depending on the gravitational field strength.
14. Define free fall. Explain why all objects fall with the same acceleration in a vacuum.
 Free fall is the motion of an object under the sole influence of gravity.
 In a vacuum, all objects fall with the same acceleration (g) because the only force acting on
them is gravity, and this force is proportional to their mass. The mass cancels out in the
calculation of acceleration, leaving a constant value for all objects.
15. Explain the concept of terminal velocity.
Terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the
resistance of the medium (air, water, etc.) through which it is falling prevents further acceleration. At
terminal velocity, the drag force equals the force of gravity, resulting in zero net force and constant
velocity.
16. What is projectile motion? Describe the factors that affect the trajectory of a projectile.
Projectile motion is the curved path that an object follows when thrown or launched near the Earth's
surface.
Factors affecting trajectory: initial velocity (magnitude and direction), angle of projection, and air
resistance (negligible in most cases).

Important MCQs

A car is traveling at a constant speed of 60 km/h. What is its acceleration?

a. 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ2
b. 0 𝑚/𝑠 2
c. 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
d. Cannot be determined
Which of the following is NOT a vector quantity?
a. Displacement
b. Velocity
c. Speed
d. Acceleration
A ball is thrown vertically upward. At its highest point, its velocity is:
a. Maximum
b. Minimum
c. Zero
d. Constant
Which law of motion explains why a book resting on a table remains at rest?
a. Newton's first law
b. Newton's second law

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c. Newton's third law
d. None of the above
A car accelerates from rest to 50 m/s in 10 seconds. What is its acceleration?
a. 5 𝑚/𝑠 2
b. 10 𝑚/𝑠 2
c. 50 𝑚/𝑠 2
d. 0.2 𝑚/𝑠 2
The force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact is called:
a. Gravity
b. Inertia
c. Friction
d. Momentum
The rate at which work is done is called:
a. Energy
b. Force
c. Power
d. Acceleration
Which of the following is an example of a simple machine?
a. Bicycle
b. Car
c. Lever
d. Computer
The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration is called:
a. Kinetic energy
b. Thermal energy
c. Potential energy
d. Chemical energy
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion is called:
a. Momentum
b. Force
c. Inertia
d. Velocity
The product of an object's mass and velocity is called:
a. Force
b. Acceleration
c. Momentum
d. Energy
The motion of an object thrown or launched near the Earth's surface is called:
a. Circular motion
b. Random motion
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c. Projectile motion
d. Rectilinear motion
The force that acts on an object moving in a circular path and is directed towards the center is:
a. Gravitational force
b. Frictional force
c. Centripetal force
d. Centrifugal force
The shortest distance between two points is:
a. Distance
b. Speed
c. Displacement
d. Velocity
The rate of change of displacement of an object is called:
a. Speed
b. Acceleration
c. Velocity
d. Momentum
The change in velocity per unit time is called:
a. Force
b. Displacement
c. Acceleration
d. Momentum
The force of attraction between any two objects with mass is called:
a. Electromagnetic force
b. Frictional force
c. Gravitational force
d. Nuclear force
A car travels 200 km in 4 hours. What is its average speed?
a. 25 km/h
b. 50 km/h
c. 80 km/h
d. 200 km/h
A ball is dropped from a height of 10 meters. How long will it take to reach the ground? (g = 9.8 m/s²)
a. 1.02 seconds
b. 1.43 seconds
c. 2.04 seconds
d. 4.9 seconds
A cyclist travels 10 km north and then turns east and travels 5 km. What is his displacement?
a. 5 km
b. 10 km
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c. 15 km
d. 11.2 km
A ball is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. What is its horizontal
range? (g = 9.8 m/s²)
a. 35.35 meters
b. 17.68 meters
c. 70.7 meters
d. 141.4 meters
An object is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. Its acceleration is:
a. Zero
b. Constant in magnitude and directed towards the center of the circle
c. Constant in magnitude and directed away from the center of the circle
d. Constant in magnitude and tangent to the circle
Which of the following is NOT a type of friction?
a. Static friction
b. Kinetic friction
c. Rolling friction
d. Gravitational friction
The momentum of an object is doubled. Its kinetic energy will:
a. Remain the same
b. Double
c. Triple
d. Quadruple
A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. Its momentum is:
a. 5 kg m/s
b. 10 kg m/s
c. 50 kg m/s
d. 25 kg m/s

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Chapter # 3
Dynamics-I
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 When a motorcyclist hits a stationary car, he may fly off the motorcycle and the driver in the car
may get a neck injury. Explain

Ans: When a motorcyclist hits a stationary car, he may fly off the motorcycle.

While the driver in the car is at rest. When the motorcyclist hits the car then the upper part of the driver wants
to stay at rest due to inertia, but his lower part moves with the car with a force produced by the collision. So
the driver in the car may get a neck injury.

Q2 In autumn, when you shake a branch, the leaves are detached. Why?

Ans: The leaves get detached when you shake a branch because of the inertia of the leaves. The leaves along
with its branch are initially at rest. As you shake a branch suddenly, the leaves of the branch come in motion
immediately. The leaves try to keep their initial state, which is the state of rest. For this reason, the leaves get
detached from the branch as you shake it.

OR

When the tree is vigorously shaken, the tree is in motion while the leaves are at rest, due to inertia. The force
acts on the leaves in changing directions and results in the leaves detaching from the trees. 1

OR

In autumn, when we shake a branch, the leaves get detached. Because when a tree is forcefully shaken, the
branches of the tree come in motion but the leaves tend to continue in their state of rest due to inertia. As a
result of this, leaves get separated from the branches of the tree and hence fall down.

Q3 Why is it not safe to apply brakes only on the front wheel of a bicycle?

Ans: It is not safe to apply brakes only on the front wheel of a bicycle because due to inertia, the rider will fall
forward and may get injured. When a cyclist applies only the front wheel brakes, the front wheel suddenly
comes to rest while the back wheel tends to continue its motion along with the rider's body. Due to this, the
rider will feel a forward push and will fall to his front. That's why it is not safe to apply brakes only to the
front wheel of a bicycle. It is therefore advised to wear a helmet while riding a bicycle and to apply brakes
slowly if possible.

OR

If we apply brakes only on the front wheel of a bicycle, then the bike lifts the rear wheel which may cause an
accident. It is due to inertia that the rear wheel wants to continue its motion but when we brake; our weight is
being shifted towards the front wheel. The inertia coupled with gravity puts our weight and that of the bike
onto the front wheel. More weight means more friction/grip with the ground.
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So the front wheel stops immediately, but the rear wheel lifts up which may cause an accident.

Q4 Deduce Newton's first law of motion from Newton's second law of motion.

Ans: According to Newton's 2nd law:

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
𝐹=
𝑡

𝑖𝑓 𝐹 = 0, 𝑎 = 0]

Since (𝑚 ≠ 0, ) but

(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
𝑎=
𝑡

(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) = 0

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖

For whatever time’s’ is taken.

This means that the object will continue moving with uniform velocity, (𝑣𝑖 ) throughout the time, t. If (𝑣𝑖 ) is
zero then (𝑣𝑓 ) will also be zero. That is, the object will remain at rest.

Q5 Action and reaction are equal but opposite in direction. These forces always act in pairs. Do they
balance each other? Can bodies move under an action-reaction pair?

Ans: Balanced forces are equal and opposite forces that act on the same object. That's why they cancel out.
Action and reaction forces are equal and opposite forces that act on different objects, so they don't cancel out.
No, a body cannot move under an action-reaction pair. For example, a book lying on the table has weight
downward but the table has a normal reaction force in the upward direction.

Q6 A man slips on the oily floor; he wants to move out of this area. He is alone. He throws his bag to
move out of this slippery area. 1 Why is it so?

Ans: As a slippery man throws his bag in any direction, he will feel an oppositely directed force which may
help him to come out of the slippery floor.

When a man slips on the oily floor, he has minimum friction between the floor and his feet. He throws his bag
to move out of this slippery area. When he throws a bag in one direction then this is an action, according to
the third law of motion, as a reaction he will move in the opposite direction due to less friction. This helps
him to move out from the oily floor.

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Q7 How would you use Newton's 3rd law of motion and law of conservation of momentum to explain
the motion of a rocket?

Ans: The motion of a rocket can be explained by using Newton's 3rd law of motion and the law of conservation
of momentum.

Newton's third law of motion states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Similarly,
when a rocket moves, it exerts the action force on the gases to expel them backward which in turn exerts an
equal and opposite reaction force to move the rocket forward.

A rocket works on the principle of conservation of momentum. The rocket ejects gases in the backward
direction which creates momentum of the gases backwards and thus by conservation of momentum, the rocket
gets momentum in the forward direction making it move forward.

Q8 Why are cricket batter gloves padded with foam?

Ans: The batsman gloves are padded with foam in order to increase the impact time and thus decrease the
influence of change in momentum on the batsman's hands.

The rate of change of momentum is given by:

∆𝑝
𝐹=
∆𝑡

1
𝐹∝
∆𝑡

For the same change in momentum, ∆𝑝, if impact time ∆𝑡 is greater, the force will be smaller.

The foam of the gloves just increases the time of impact ∆𝑡 between the handle of the bat and the batsman's
hand, which reduces acceleration and hence the force is reduced 𝐹 ∝ 𝑎.

Batsman gloves are padded with foam for protection and it provides better friction between the gloves and the
bat instead of using cotton.

Q9 Where will your weight be greater, near-Earth or near the Moon? What about mass?

Ans: Near Earth, both weight and mass would be greater compared to near the Moon. Weight is a measure of
the gravitational force exerted on an object, which is directly proportional to the mass of the object and the
gravitational acceleration at that location. Near Earth, the gravitational acceleration is greater than near the
Moon, hence weight would be greater near Earth.

Mass, however, remains the same regardless of the location. It is a measure of the amount of matter in an
object, and it remains constant regardless of the gravitational field it is in. So, whether near Earth or near the
Moon, the mass of an object would be the same.

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Q10 When Ronaldo kicks the ball, at the highest point both Earth and the ball attract each other with
the same magnitude of force. Why then does the ball move towards Earth and not the Earth?

Ans: Although the Earth and the ball attract each other with the same magnitude of force at the highest point,
the acceleration experienced by each object is determined by its mass.

The Earth has an extremely large mass compared to the ball, so while the gravitational force between them is
the same, the Earth's acceleration due to this force is negligible. The ball, on the other hand, experiences a
significant acceleration towards the Earth due to its much smaller mass. As a result, the ball moves towards
the Earth, not the other way around.

OR

The reason the ball moves towards the Earth and not significantly the other way around is due to their
respective masses. The Earth has a much larger mass compared to the soccer ball.

According to Newton's second law of motion (𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎), the same force results in much smaller acceleration
for an object with a larger mass compared to one with a smaller mass. Given that the Earth's mass is
approximately 6𝑥1024 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠, while a soccer ball is about 0.43 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠, the acceleration experienced
by the Earth due to this mutual force is extremely tiny and practically imperceptible.

For instance, if both the Earth and the ball exert equal and opposite forces on each other, the accelerations
they experience are inversely proportional to their masses. Since the Earth's mass is astronomically larger, its
acceleration towards the ball is minuscule and negligible.

On the other hand, the ball, with its much smaller mass, experiences significant acceleration towards the Earth,
which is why we see the ball move towards the Earth and not vice versa.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. Define dynamics.
Dynamics studies how forces cause motion in objects and systems. It's a branch of mechanics that
analyzes relationships between motion, force, mass, momentum, and energy.
2. Explain force with daily life examples.
Force is a push or pull that changes or tries to change an object's state of motion (start, stop, speed up,
slow down, change direction). Examples: pushing a shopping cart, kicking a ball, opening a door.
3. Explore contact and non-contact forces.
Contact forces act through direct touch (friction, tension). Non-contact forces act at a distance (gravity,
magnetism).
4. Explain force diagrams.
Force diagrams visually represent forces on an object. System diagrams show all objects involved,
while free-body diagrams isolate one object and its forces as arrows.
5. Why is pushing a large man on a swing harder?
A larger man has more mass, therefore more inertia. Inertia resists changes in motion, making it harder
to push him compared to a child with less mass.

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6. Why do leaves detach when shaking a branch?
Leaves have inertia, the tendency to resist motion changes. When shaken, the branch moves but the
leaves' inertia keeps them temporarily at rest, causing detachment.
7. Why not brake only the front bicycle wheel?
Braking only the front wheel shifts weight forward, causing the rear wheel to lift due to inertia. This
leads to instability and potential accidents.
8. Deduce Newton's 1st law from the 2nd.
Newton's 2nd law (F=ma) means zero net force results in zero acceleration. This implies constant
velocity, which is Newton's 1st law (inertia).
9. Explain Newton's 3rd law with examples.
For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction on different objects. Examples: jumping
(ground pushes back), recoil of a gun.
10. What are Newton's laws' limitations?
Newton's laws break down at very high speeds (relativity needed), very small scales (quantum
mechanics), and in non-inertial frames of reference.
11. Contrast contact and non-contact forces.
Contact forces require touch (friction, tension). Non-contact forces act at a distance (gravity,
electromagnetism). Fundamental forces are the basic building blocks of all interactions in nature.
12. What was Dr. Abdus Salam's contribution?
Dr. Salam helped unify the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces into the electroweak force, a
major step towards a unified theory of all fundamental forces.
13. What are free body diagrams used for?
Free body diagrams isolate an object and show all forces acting on it as arrows, helping analyze their
combined effect (net force) on the object's motion.
14. Define momentum, its formula, and unit.
Momentum (p) is mass (m) times velocity (v). It's a vector quantity measured in kg-m/s (kilogram
meters per second).
15. Show Ns (Newton-seconds) equals 𝒌𝒈𝒎/𝒔.
1 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑁) = 1 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 2 . 𝑆𝑜, 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑠 = 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −1 .
16. Differentiate mass and weight.
Mass is the amount of matter, constant everywhere. Weight is the force of gravity on mass, varies with
location.
17. What are gravitational field and field strength?
Gravitational field is the region where gravity acts. Field strength (g) is the force per unit mass at a
point, measured in 𝑁/𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
18. Why use electronic balances for mass?
Electronic balances use electromagnetic force to precisely counterbalance the object's weight,
providing accurate mass readings.
19. State and prove Newton's 2nd law using momentum.
Newton's 2nd law states the rate of change of momentum equals the net force applied. Proven by
relating force, mass, and the change in velocity over time.
20. State the law of conservation of momentum and its explanation.
The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act upon it. In collisions,
momentum might transfer between objects, but the total doesn't change.

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21. Explain the concept of impulse and its relation to momentum.
Impulse is the change in momentum of an object. It's calculated as the force applied multiplied by the
time it acts. Impulse is also equal to the area under a force-time graph.

Important MCQs

A push or pull that can change an object's motion is called:

a. Acceleration
b. Force
c. Inertia
d. Momentum
Which of the following is NOT a contact force?
a. Friction
b. Tension
c. Gravity
d. Applied Force
The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion is known as:
a. Velocity
b. Inertia
c. Mass
d. Weight
Newton's First Law of Motion is also called the Law of:
a. Gravity
b. Acceleration
c. Inertia
d. Reaction
If the net force acting on an object is zero, its velocity will:
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Change Direction
d. Remain Constant
The force responsible for keeping planets in orbit is:
a. Electromagnetic
b. Weak Nuclear
c. Strong Nuclear
d. Gravitational
The force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact is:
a. Tension
b. Normal Force
c. Friction
d. Applied Force

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Which of the following is a vector quantity?
a. Mass
b. Time
c. Momentum
d. Energy
The unit of momentum in the SI system is:
a. 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
b. 𝑁 𝑠2
c. 𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
d. 𝑁𝑚
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force?
a. Electromagnetic
b. Weak Nuclear
c. Strong Nuclear
d. Centrifugal
The force per unit mass at a point in a gravitational field is called:
a. Gravitational Force
b. Gravitational Potential
c. Gravitational Field Strength
d. Gravitational Acceleration
According to Newton's second law, force is equal to:
a. Mass x Velocity
b. Mass x Acceleration
c. Change in Momentum / Time
d. Impulse
Action and reaction forces in Newton's 3rd Law:
a. Act on the same object
b. Act on different objects
c. Are always balanced
d. Can cancel each other
The change in momentum of an object is called:
a. Force
b. Acceleration
c. Impulse
d. Torque
A free body diagram shows:
a. All forces in a system
b. All objects in a system
c. All forces acting on a single object
d. The net force on an object

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The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path is:
a. Centrifugal Force
b. Centripetal Force
c. Tangential Force
d. Gravitational Force
The rotational equivalent of force is:
a. Momentum
b. Inertia
c. Torque
d. Angular Velocity
When an object is at rest or in equilibrium
a. Dynamic Equilibrium
b. Equilibrium
c. Inertia
d. Free Fall
Mass per unit volume of a substance is called:
a. Specific Gravity
b. Weight
c. Density
d. Pressure
The SI unit of pressure is:
a. Newton (N)
b. Joule (J)
c. Pascal (Pa)
d. Newton-meter (N m)
The property of a material to return to its original shape after deformation is:
a. Plasticity
b. Ductility
c. Malleability
d. Elasticity
The upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object is called:
a. Drag Force
b. Buoyant Force
c. Normal Force
d. Viscous Force
A mass on a spring exhibits:
a. Circular Motion
b. Simple Harmonic Motion
c. Projectile Motion
d. Random Motion

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A disturbance that transfers energy
a. Wave
b. Pulse
c. Vibration
d. Oscillation
Dr. Abdus Salam is known for his work in:
a. Quantum Mechanics
b. Unifying fundamental forces
c. Relativity
d. Astrophysics
Electronic balances measure mass using:
a. Spring Force
b. Electromagnetic Force Compensation
c. Gravitational Force
d. Buoyant Force
A rocket's motion is explained by:
a. Conservation of Energy only
b. Newton's 3rd Law and Conservation of Momentum
c. Inertia only
d. Gravity only
Your weight is greater near the Earth than the Moon because:
a. The Earth has more mass
b. The Moon has less mass
c. The Earth has a stronger gravitational field
d. The Moon has a weaker gravitational field
Newton's laws are NOT applicable:
a. At normal speeds
b. On large objects
c. At very high speeds near the speed of light
d. On objects with mass

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Chapter # 4
Dynamics-II
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 Why is a long spanner used to open or tighten nuts of a vehicle's tire? Why is an extra-long wrench
not suitable while tightening a small nut?

Ans: More Torque: A long spanner provides a larger moment arm, increasing torque for the same force. Less
Force Needed: Greater torque means less force is required to tighten/loosen nuts.

Not for Small Nuts: Too much torque from an extra-long spanner can damage small nuts.

Key Concepts:

 Torque: Turning effect of a force, depends on force and moment arm

 Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force.
 Relationship: Torque is directly proportional to the moment arm when force is constant

Q2 Why are door knobs fixed at the edge of the door? What will happen if the door knob is at the middle
of the door?

Ans: Door knobs are fixed at the edge of the door to provide maximum leverage, making it easier to open and
close the door. This placement allows for efficient use of force as the knob is far from the hinges, which act
as the pivot point.

If the door knob were placed in the middle of the door, it would reduce the leverage, making it more difficult
to open and close the door. The force applied would not be as effective in moving the door, requiring more
effort to operate. Additionally, this unconventional placement could also make the door less stable and harder
to control.

Q3 If you drop a feather and a bowling ball from the same height, which one will reach the terminal
velocity first? Which one of them will hit the ground first?

Ans: In a vacuum, both the feather and the bowling ball would reach terminal velocity (𝑣𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔/𝑐) at the
same time because they would experience the same gravitational acceleration.

However, in the presence of air resistance, the feather will take longer to reach terminal velocity due to its
larger surface area-to-mass ratio, experiencing more air resistance. Once both objects reach terminal velocity,
they will fall at the same constant speed.

However, when dropped from the same height, the bowling ball will hit the ground first because it will
accelerate more quickly due to its greater mass.

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Q4 Why do ice skates effortlessly slide on ice, while your shoes cause skidding?

Ans: Ice skates slide effortlessly on ice because their blades are designed to minimize friction. The blades are
thin and have a smooth, flat surface, which reduces resistance when they come into contact with the ice. This
allows skaters to move smoothly and efficiently across the ice without skidding.

On the other hand, shoes have soles that are not designed for ice. They typically have treads or patterns that
provide grip on surfaces like pavement or flooring but can cause skidding on ice because they have more
surface area in contact with the ice, creating friction and reducing the ability to glide smoothly.

Q5 Explain why it's easier to push a car on flat tires than inflated ones. What happens to the frictional
force between the tires and the road?

Ans: Pushing a car with flat tires is easier than with inflated ones because flat tires have a larger contact area
with the ground, increasing friction.

When tires are properly inflated, there's less contact area, so there's less friction to overcome when pushing.
This means that when the tires are flat, more of the force applied to push the car is directed into overcoming
static friction between the tires and the road, making it easier to get the car moving.

Q6 When standing on a crowded school bus, which stance would provide better stability and prevent
you from being pushed over? Legs joined or legs spread apart?

Ans: When standing on a crowded school bus, spreading your legs apart provides better stability and helps
prevent you from being pushed over. This wider stance lowers your center of gravity and increases your base
area of support, making it harder for external forces, like sudden movements of the bus or the crowd, to
unbalance you.

Q7 Why a moving bicycle is easier to balance? Relate this to the principles of rotational motion.

Ans: A moving bicycle is easier to balance due to the principles of rotational motion and angular momentum.
When the bicycle is in motion, the wheels act as rotating gyroscopes, which provide stability.

Q8 Why is a pencil standing on its tip unstable, and what factors affect the stability of an object balanced
on a point?

Ans: A pencil standing on its tip is unstable due to its small base of support compared to its height, making it
prone to tipping over with even slight disturbances. Factors affecting stability of an object balanced on a point
include the size and shape of the base, the height of the object, and the distribution of mass.

A wider base, lower center of gravity, and evenly distributed mass increase stability, while a narrow base,
higher center of gravity, and uneven mass distribution decrease stability.

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Q9 While driving what happens if the driver takes the curve too fast? How does centripetal force play
a role in keeping the car from skidding off the road?

Ans: If a driver takes a curve too fast while driving, the car may skid off the road due to insufficient centripetal
force (F = mv^2/r) to counteract the car's inertia.

Centripetal force is necessary to keep the car moving in a curved path, and it's provided by friction between
the tires and the road surface. When the driver takes the curve too fast, the centripetal force required to keep
the car on the road exceeds the available frictional force, causing the tires to lose traction and the car to skid
off the road.

Q10 Consider a situation where you swing a ball connected to a string in a circle. How does the tension
in the string vary as the ball moves across different points in its circular path, and what forces are
involved?

Ans: As the ball connected to a string moves in a circular path, the tension in the string varies. At the top of
the circle, the tension is highest because it needs to support the weight of the ball and provide the centripetal
force (F = mv^2/r) required to keep it moving in a circle.

At the bottom of the circle, the tension is lower because it only needs to provide the centripetal force.

The forces involved include:

 Tension in the string: Provides the centripetal force required to keep the ball moving in a circle.
 Gravity: Acts downward, contributing to the tension needed to support the weight of the ball.
 Centripetal force: Directed toward the center of the circular path, provided by the tension in the string,
which keeps the ball moving in its circular trajectory.

Q11 Why is it important for communication satellites in geostationary orbit to maintain a specific
speed?

Ans: Communication satellites in geostationary orbit must maintain a specific speed to remain synchronized
with the Earth's rotation. This allows them to appear stationary relative to a fixed point on the Earth's surface,
facilitating continuous communication with ground-based receivers.

If the satellite's speed deviates from the required velocity, it will drift out of its designated position relative to
the Earth, disrupting communication coverage.

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SLOs Based Important Questions
1. What is the definition of the line of action of force and the axis of rotation according to moments
of force?
The line of action of force is the line through which a force is applied in a specific direction. The axis
of rotation is the straight line around which all points of a body rotate in a circle.
2. Define the moment of force or torque.
The moment of force, or torque, is the turning effect produced in a body about a fixed point due to an
applied force. It is calculated as the product of force and the moment arm, with the SI unit being Nm.
3. Explain the concept of the axis of rotation with an example.
The axis of rotation is a line about which an object rotates. For example, the Earth rotates around its
axis, and a helicopter's rotor spins around a central axis.
4. Why does applying force along the hinges not produce rotation in a door?
Applying force along the hinges does not produce rotation because the moment arm is zero. Since
torque is the product of force and moment arm, with no distance, the torque is zero, resulting in no
rotation.
5. Differentiate between clockwise and anti-clockwise moments.
A clockwise moment is when a force causes rotation in a clockwise direction and is considered
negative. An anti-clockwise moment causes rotation in the opposite direction and is considered
positive.
6. What is the difference between the center of mass and the center of gravity?
The center of mass is the point where mass distribution is uniform, while the center of gravity is the
point where weight is evenly distributed. They differ when gravitational fields vary within an object.
7. What does the principle of moment’s state?
The principle of moments states that for an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about
a pivot must equal the sum of anti-clockwise moments about the same pivot.
8. Do wider tires increase friction and thus road grip?
Wider tires do not necessarily increase friction because friction does not depend on the contact area.
Wider tires distribute the vehicle's weight, reducing heat and wear.
9. What factors affect the drag force experienced by an object?
The drag force depends on the object's size, shape, and orientation, the properties of the fluid, and the
speed of the object relative to the fluid.
10. How do skydivers control their speed and direction during free fall?
Skydivers manipulate their body position to change their effective size and orientation, thereby altering
the drag force to control their speed and direction.
11. Why don't objects speed up indefinitely during free fall?
Objects don't speed up indefinitely because as their speed increases, the drag force also increases,
eventually balancing the force of gravity and resulting in terminal velocity.

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12. What is frictional dissipation?
Frictional dissipation refers to the loss of mechanical energy due to friction.
13. Can a satellite catch up to another in the same circular orbit by increasing speed?
No, increasing speed would raise the satellite's orbital radius, moving it to a higher orbit and preventing
it from catching up to the leading satellite.
14. How is the average orbital speed of a satellite calculated?
The average orbital speed is calculated using the formula
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑇
Where r is the orbital radius and T is the orbital period.
15. What are some physical parameters of planets in the solar system?
Parameters include distance from the Sun, mass, gravity, orbital period, density, and average surface
temperature. For example, Earth has a mass of 5.97 𝑥 1024 kg and an orbital period of 1 year.
16. How do satellite technologies affect our daily lives?
Satellite technologies, such as GPS, help in navigation, locating objects, and providing communication
services. They have applications in both civilian and military contexts, such as locating enemy
positions.
17. Why is a long spanner used to tighten or loosen vehicle tire nuts?
A long spanner increases torque due to a larger moment arm, making it easier to apply the necessary
force to tighten or loosen nuts. However, too much torque can damage small nuts.
18. Why are door knobs fixed at the edge of doors?
Door knobs are placed at the edge to maximize leverage, making it easier to open or close the door.
Placing the knob in the middle would reduce leverage, making the door harder to operate.
19. What happens when a feather and a bowling ball are dropped from the same height?
In the presence of air resistance, the feather reaches terminal velocity later and falls slower. However,
the bowling ball, with greater mass, reaches the ground first.
20. Why do ice skates slide smoothly on ice while shoes do not?
Ice skates have smooth, thin blades that minimize friction, allowing for smooth gliding. Shoes have
rough soles designed for grip on different surfaces, which increase friction and cause skidding on ice.
21. Why is it easier to push a car on flat tires than inflated ones?
Flat tires have a larger contact area, increasing friction with the ground and making it easier to move
the car. Inflated tires have less contact area, reducing friction and making it harder to push.
22. Which stance provides better stability on a crowded bus: legs together or apart?
Spreading legs apart provides better stability by lowering the center of gravity and increasing the base
area, making it harder to be pushed over.
23. Why is a moving bicycle easier to balance than a stationary one?
A moving bicycle is easier to balance due to rotational motion and angular momentum of the wheels,
which act like gyroscopes and provide stability.

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24. What factors affect the stability of an object balanced on a point?
Stability is influenced by the size and shape of the base, the height of the object, and the distribution
of mass. A wider base and lower center of gravity increase stability.
25. How does centripetal force keep a car from skidding off the road on a curve?
Centripetal force, provided by friction between the tires and the road, keeps the car moving in a curved
path. If the car exceeds the frictional limit, it will skid off the road.
26. How does the tension in a string vary when swinging a ball in a circle?
Tension varies; it's greatest at the bottom due to both the weight and centripetal force needed, and least
at the top where only centripetal force acts.
27. Why must communication satellites maintain a specific speed?
They must maintain a specific speed to stay synchronized with the Earth's rotation, allowing them to
remain in a fixed position relative to the ground.
28. What is the difference between like and unlike parallel forces?
Like parallel forces act in the same direction, resulting in a greater resultant force. Unlike parallel
forces act in opposite directions, resulting in a net force depending on their magnitudes.
29. What are the key concepts involved in the dynamics of an object reaching terminal velocity?
Key concepts include balanced forces, force of gravity, drag force, acceleration, and constant velocity.
These elements determine when an object stops accelerating and falls at a steady speed.
30. What factors influence the chosen speed for launching a satellite into orbit?
Factors include the altitude of the orbit, gravitational force, required centripetal force, desired orbital
parameters, launch vehicle capabilities, and atmospheric drag. These determine the required velocity
for a stable orbit.

Important MCQs

What is the line along which a force acts called?

a. Axis of rotation
b. Line of action
c. Pivot
d. Moment arm

What is the SI unit of torque?

a. Nm/kg
b. kg/m
c. m/s²
d. Nm

What is the axis of rotation?

a. A line along which forces are applied

b. A line about which an object rotates
c. A pivot point
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d. A force acting on a body

Why does applying force along the hinges not produce rotation in a door?

a. Moment arm is zero

b. Force is zero
c. Mass is too high
d. Friction is too low

What type of moment is considered positive?

a. Clockwise moment
b. Neutral moment
c. Anti-clockwise moment
d. Static moment

How does the center of gravity differ from the center of mass?

a. Depends on gravitational field

b. Depends on object's color
c. Only in uniform objects
d. No difference

The principle of moments states that:

a. Clockwise moments are ignored

b. Sum of clockwise and anti-clockwise moments must be equal
c. The total force must be zero
d. Only the largest force matters

Do wider tires increase friction?

a. No, friction is independent of contact area

b. Yes, they increase the contact area
c. Yes, they provide more grip
d. No, they only reduce wear

Which of the following affects drag force?

a. Size and shape of the object

b. Color of the object
c. Material of the object
d. Weather conditions

Why do skydivers change their body position?

a. To decrease mass
b. To increase mass
c. To manipulate drag force
d. To increase air resistance

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What happens to the speed of an object in free fall as drag force increases?

a. It slows down
b. It speeds up
c. It remains constant
d. It fluctuates

What is an example of frictional dissipation?

a. A smooth surface heating up

b. A meteor cooling down
c. A cold object moving to a warmer area
d. A vacuum

Can a satellite in the same orbit catch up to another by increasing speed?

a. Yes, by increasing altitude

b. Yes, by decreasing altitude
c. No, it will move to a higher orbit
d. No, it will move to a lower orbit

The formula for average orbital speed of a satellite is:

a. 2𝜋𝑇/𝑟
b. 2𝜋𝑟/𝛵
c. 𝑟/2𝜋𝛵
d. 2𝜋𝑟𝑇

Which planet in the solar system has the highest surface temperature?

a. Earth
b. Venus
c. Mars
d. Neptune

What is a practical application of satellite technology?

a. GPS for navigation

b. Printing technology
c. Electrical conduction
d. Oil drilling

Why are door knobs placed at the edge of doors?

a. To maximize leverage
b. To minimize leverage
c. For aesthetic reasons
d. To balance the door

Why is a long spanner used to tighten vehicle nuts?

a. Increases torque
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b. Decreases force
c. Decreases torque
d. Increases mass

Which will hit the ground first when dropped from the same height, a feather or a bowling ball (in the
presence of air resistance)?

a. Feather
b. Bowling ball
c. Both hit at the same time
d. None

Why do ice skates slide smoothly on ice?

a. Minimal friction due to thin blades

b. Thick soles
c. High surface area
d. Heavy weight

Why is it easier to push a car on flat tires?

a. Larger contact area increases friction

b. Less contact area increases friction
c. Friction is irrelevant
d. Tires are lighter

Which stance provides better stability on a crowded bus?

a. Legs spread apart

b. Legs together
c. Sitting down
d. Holding onto a pole

Why is a moving bicycle easier to balance?

a. Rotational motion and angular momentum

b. More weight
c. Larger wheels
d. Longer frame

What affects the stability of an object balanced on a point?

a. Color of the object

b. Material of the object
c. Height and distribution of mass
d. Speed of the object

What keeps a car from skidding off the road on a curve?

a. Centripetal force
b. Centrifugal force
c. Gravity
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d. Air resistance

Where is the tension in a string greatest when swinging a ball in a circle?

a. At the top
b. At the bottom
c. In the middle
d. It is constant throughout

Why must communication satellites in geostationary orbit maintain a specific speed?

a. To stay synchronized with Earth's rotation

b. To increase coverage area
c. To decrease signal latency
d. To avoid space debris

What defines like parallel forces?

a. Forces acting in opposite directions

b. Forces acting in the same direction
c. Forces acting perpendicular
d. Forces acting in random directions

What happens to an object at terminal velocity?

a. Falls at a constant speed

b. Speeds up
c. Slows down
d. Stops moving

Which factor does NOT influence the chosen speed for launching a satellite into orbit?

a. Altitude of the orbit

b. Color of the satellite
c. Gravitational force
d. Launch vehicle capabilities

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Chapter # 5
Pressure and Deformation Solids
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 While walking on a trampoline. Do you feel more pressure when you stand still or jump up and
down? Why does pressure change with movement?

Ans: When standing still on a trampoline (rebound tumbler), you would feel more pressure compared to when
jumping up and down. This happens because when standing still, your weight is concentrated over a smaller
area, resulting in higher pressure on the trampoline surface beneath your feet. When you jump up and down,
your weight is distributed over a larger area as you spread out while in the air, reducing the pressure on the
trampoline.

𝑃 = 𝐹/𝐴 ⇒ 𝑃 ∝ 1/𝐴

Pressure changes with movement because pressure is defined as force per unit area. When you stand still, your
weight (the force) is applied over a small area, resulting in higher pressure. When you jump, your weight is
spread out over a larger area, decreasing the pressure. Essentially, the pressure felt is directly related to how
much force is applied and the area over which it is distributed.

Q2 How does the shape of a thumb pin help it penetrate surfaces easily?

Ans: The shape of a thumb pin, with its sharp pointed tip, helps it penetrate surfaces easily by concentrating
the force applied to a small area.

𝑃 = 𝐹/𝐴 ⇒ 𝑃 ∝ 1/𝐴

This allows the pin to exert a higher pressure at the point of contact, facilitating the insertion of the pin into
various materials with minimal resistance. Essentially, the sharp point reduces the area over which the force
is distributed, making it easier to overcome the resistance of the material being penetrated.

Q3 If you blow up a balloon and then tie it closed, why does it stay inflated even though you stop
blowing? How does pressure play a role here?

Ans: When you blow up a balloon and tie it closed, the air molecules inside the balloon create pressure against
the walls of the balloon. This pressure pushes outward in all directions, including against the walls of the
balloon, causing it to stay inflated even though you stop blowing. The pressure inside the balloon is greater
than the pressure outside, which prevents the balloon from deflating immediately.

The pressure exerted by the air molecules inside the balloon keeps it inflated by pushing outward against the
walls of the balloon, counteracting the tendency of the balloon to collapse.

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Q4 Why an inner airtight layer of a space suit is designed to maintain constant pressure around the
astronaut?

Ans: The inner airtight layer of a space suit is designed to maintain constant pressure around the astronaut to
ensure their safety and comfort. Without constant pressure, the astronaut's body would be exposed to the
vacuum of space, which could lead to decompression sickness, tissue damage, and other serious health issues.
Therefore, the airtight layer helps regulate the pressure, providing a stable environment for the astronaut to
work in.

𝑃 = 𝑝𝑔ℎ

Q5 If a liquid has density twice the density of mercury, what will be the height of the liquid column in
a barometer?

Ans: If the density of the liquid is twice the density of mercury, then the height of the liquid column in the
barometer will be half the height of the mercury column. This is because the pressure exerted by the liquid
column in the barometer is equal to the pressure exerted by the mercury column, and pressure is proportional
to the height of the column of the liquid. Therefore, if the density of the liquid is doubled, the height of the
liquid column in the barometer will be halved to maintain the equilibrium of pressure.

Q6 Why wouldn't be able to sip water with a straw on the moon?

Ans: We wouldn't be able to sip water with a straw on the moon because there is no atmosphere on the moon
to create the necessary pressure difference for suction to work. Suction relies on atmospheric pressure to push
the liquid up the straw, but since there is no significant atmosphere on the moon, there is no pressure difference
to create suction, making it impossible to sip water with a straw.

Q7 How are we able to break a metal wire by bending it repeatedly?

Ans: When the substance is subjected to repeated strain, the elastic properties of the material get greatly
impaired. This property is called elastic fatigue. Thus, we are able to break the wire by repeated bending.

Repeated bending of a metal wire causes fatigue in its structure, leading to the formation and propagation of
microscopic cracks. Over time, these cracks grow larger and eventually cause the wire to break. The repeated
bending causes the metal's crystal structure to weaken and deform, making it more susceptible to fracture.

Q8 A spring, having spring constant 'k' when loaded with mass 'm', is cut into two equal parts. One of
the parts is loaded with the same mass 'm' again. What will be its spring constant now?

Ans: 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑘) ∝ 1/𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

As length becomes half, spring constant k becomes twice, i.e., 2k. So when it is cut into two equal parts its
length decreases to half & simultaneously spring constant increases to 2k.

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Q9 Why do static fluids always exert a force perpendicular to the surface?

Ans: Parallel components of force cause flow of the fluid. Therefore, only the perpendicular component of
force exists. A force exerted by a static fluid on a surface is always perpendicular to the surface because the
hydrostatic pressure in the fluid acts equally in all directions (Pascal's principle). In this case, the pressure
acting on the surface results in a net force acting perpendicular to the surface, ensuring the fluid remains at
rest (in equilibrium) within the fluid. If the pressure were to act at an angle or tangentially, it would cause the
fluid to move or flow.

Q10 How can a small car lifter lift loads heavier than itself?

Ans: A forklift is able to lift cars heavier than itself because the counter torque it produces is greater than the
torque produced by the weight of the cars.

The center of gravity of a forklift is much closer to the back of the forklift than the center because the back
includes a large molded piece of iron to move the center of balance back. This feature allows the forks to lift
a heavier load than if the center of gravity was at the geometric center. If possible, the heaviest part of the load
to be lifted and/or moved should be placed closest to the front of the forklift to minimize tipping force on the
lift.

OR

Forklifts are mounted with a counterbalance that balances off the load carried. Most of this load resides in the
rear end to prevent cargo from tipping off. Furthermore, this extra load needs to be closer to the ground in
order to maintain a low center 1 of gravity that is why forklifts have small wheels and lower ground clearance.
A forklift is able to lift cars heavier than itself because the counter torque it produces is greater than the torque
produced by the weight of the cars. Loading beyond the rated capacity increases risks and can be catastrophic.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. What would happen to the reading if two or more spring balances are hung one below the other?
The reading on each spring balance would be the same as each measures the total force independently.
2. Why is it difficult to cook food at high altitudes?
At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is lower, causing water to boil at a lower temperature, thus
requiring longer cooking times.
3. What happens when you drill holes at different heights on a can filled with water?
Water will spurt out fastest and furthest from the lowest hole, indicating that pressure increases with
depth.
4. What is a manometer and what is it used for?
A manometer measures the pressure in a fluid, which can be a gas or liquid, often used in experiments
to demonstrate air pressure.
5. What is the formula used for manometers?
The formula is 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑔ℎ, where P is pressure, p is fluid density, g is gravitational acceleration, and h
is the height of fluid column.
6. What are the types of manometers?
The types include U-tube manometer, well reservoir manometer, and inclined manometer.

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7. What is the working principle of a manometer?
It measures pressure by balancing a fluid column against the pressure to be measured, with one end
exposed to atmospheric pressure.
8. Explain the hydraulic car brake system.
It operates on Pascal's principle, using brake fluid to transmit force from the brake pedal to the brake
pads at each wheel.
9. Differentiate between a manometer and a barometer.
A manometer measures fluid pressure in a contained environment, while a barometer measures
atmospheric pressure.
10. Do you feel more pressure standing still or jumping on a trampoline? Why?
Standing still exerts more pressure because your weight is concentrated on a smaller area, increasing
the pressure.
11. How does the shape of a thumb pin help it penetrate surfaces easily?
The sharp point of a thumb pin concentrates force on a small area, increasing pressure and allowing it
to penetrate surfaces easily.
12. Why does a balloon stay inflated after being tied closed?
The internal air pressure, greater than the external pressure, pushes against the balloon's walls, keeping
it inflated.
13. Why do space suits maintain constant pressure around astronauts?
They prevent decompression sickness and other health issues by maintaining a stable pressure in the
vacuum of space.
14. If a liquid's density is twice that of mercury, what happens to its column height in a barometer?
The height of the liquid column would be half that of mercury, as pressure depends on density and
column height.
15. Why can't we sip water with a straw on the moon?
Without an atmosphere, there is no pressure difference to create suction, making it impossible to sip
water with a straw.
16. How can a metal wire be broken by bending it repeatedly?
Repeated bending cause’s fatigue, leading to the formation of microscopic cracks that eventually cause
the wire to break.
17. What happens to the spring constant when a spring is cut in half?
The spring constant doubles when the length of the spring is halved.
18. Why do static fluids exert force perpendicular to surfaces?
The force is perpendicular due to hydrostatic pressure acting equally in all directions, ensuring
equilibrium without flow.
19. How can a small car lifter lift loads heavier than itself?
A counterbalance weight at the back shifts the center of gravity, allowing the lift to balance and lift
heavier loads.
20. Define elasticity and elastic limit.
Elasticity is the ability to return to the original shape after deformation. The elastic limit is the
maximum stress before permanent deformation.
21. What is Hooke's law?
Hooke's law states that within the elastic limit, the strain in a material is directly proportional to the
applied stress.

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22. What does the force-extension graph for elastic solids show?
The graph is a straight line within the elastic limit, indicating proportionality between force and
extension.
23. Define pressure and its effect on surface area.
Pressure is force per unit area. Smaller areas result in higher pressure for the same force, making it
easier to penetrate surfaces.
24. What is atmospheric pressure and its unit?
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by air on the Earth's surface, measured in Pascal (Pa) or mill
bars (mbar).
25. How atmospheric pressure is measured using a liquid barometer?
A liquid barometer uses a column of mercury in a tube; atmospheric pressure balances the mercury
column height, indicating the pressure.
26. How does atmospheric pressure vary with altitude?
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude due to the thinning of air as elevation rises.
27. How does atmospheric pressure influence weather?
Low pressure often leads to cloudy, windy, and rainy weather, while high pressure generally brings
fair and calm weather.
28. What is Pascal's law?
Pascal's law states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout
the fluid.
29. How does a hydraulic lift work based on Pascal's law?
A hydraulic lift uses an incompressible fluid to transmit pressure equally from a smaller piston to a
larger one, multiplying force.
30. What is a force multiplier?
A force multiplier is a device that increases the force applied to it, allowing a small input force to result
in a larger output force.

Important MCQs

What happens to the reading on each spring balance if two are hung in series?

a. Same reading
b. Different reading
c. Only top one reads
d. Only bottom one reads

Why is it difficult to cook food at high altitudes?

a. Higher boiling point of water

b. Lower boiling point of water
c. Higher atmospheric pressure
d. Lower atmospheric pressure

In a can filled with water, where will the water spurt out the fastest?

a. From the highest hole

b. From the middle hole
c. From the lowest hole
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d. From all holes equally

What device measures the pressure of a fluid using fluid dynamics?

a. Manometer
b. Barometer
c. Thermometer
d. Hygrometer

Which of the following is NOT a type of manometer?

a. U-tube Manometer
b. Spherical Manometer
c. Well Reservoir Manometer
d. Inclined Manometer

The working principle of a manometer involves balancing fluid pressure against what?

a. Atmospheric temperature
b. Weight of the fluid
c. Atmospheric pressure
d. Volume of the fluid

The operation of hydraulic brakes in cars is based on which principle?

a. Archimedes' Principle
b. Newton's Third Law
c. Boyle's Law
d. Pascal's Principle

A device that measures fluid pressure but only in air is called a:

a. Manometer
b. Barometer
c. Anemometer
d. Hygrometer

On a trampoline, when do you feel more pressure?

a. Jumping
b. Lying down
c. Standing still
d. Running

How does the shape of a thumb pin aid in penetrating surfaces?

a. Wide surface area

b. Rounded edges
c. Sharp pointed tip
d. Flat surface

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Why does a balloon stay inflated after being tied?

a. Internal pressure is greater than external pressure

b. External pressure is greater than internal pressure
c. Equal internal and external pressure
d. Air density keeps it inflated

The inner layer of a space suit maintains constant pressure to prevent what?

a. Overheating
b. Cold exposure
c. Decompression sickness
d. Radiation exposure

If a liquid has twice the density of mercury, the height of the column in a barometer will be:

a. Half of mercury's column height

b. Twice of mercury's column height
c. Equal to mercury's column height
d. Depends on the container shape

Why can't we sip water with a straw on the moon?

a. Low gravity
b. No liquid water
c. No atmosphere to create pressure difference
d. Too cold

Repeated bending of a metal wire causes it to break due to:

a. Elastic deformation.
b. Elastic fatigue
c. Chemical reaction
d. Temperature changes

What happens to the spring constant when a spring is cut into two equal parts?

a. It doubles
b. It halves
c. It remains the same
d. It becomes zero

Why do static fluids exert force perpendicular to surfaces?

a. To maintain temperature
b. To maintain volume
c. Due to hydrostatic pressure
d. Due to gravity

A small car lifter can lift loads heavier than itself due to:

a. Large wheels
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b. Counterbalance weight
c. Stronger engine
d. Electric power

The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation is called:

a. Elasticity
b. Plasticity
c. Ductility
d. Malleability

According to Hooke's law, the extension of a material is proportional to the:

a. Volume
b. Applied force
c. Temperature
d. Area

The force-extension graph for elastic solids is a straight line until:

a. The graph ends

b. The limit of proportionality is reached
c. The material breaks
d. The temperature changes

Pressure is defined as:

a. Force per unit area

b. Force per unit volume
c. Volume per unit force
d. Area per unit force

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately:

a. 101 kPa
b. 760 mmHg
c. 1 bar
d. 500 Pa

A barometer measures atmospheric pressure by:

a. Measuring air temperature

b. Measuring the height of a liquid column
c. Measuring humidity
d. Measuring wind speed

How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Remains constant
d. Increases, then decreases
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Low atmospheric pressure typically indicates:

a. Stormy weather
b. Sunny weather
c. Calm weather
d. Hot weather

Pascal's law states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is:

a. Increased with depth

b. Decreased with temperature
c. Dependent on the fluid's density
d. Transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid

Hydraulic lifts work on the principle of:

a. Archimedes Principle
b. Bernoulli's Principle
c. Boyle's Law
d. Pascal's Law

A device that increases the force applied to it, resulting in a greater output force, is called a:

a. Lever
b. Force multiplier
c. Pulley
d. Gear system

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Chapter # 6
Work and Energy
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 A car is moving with a constant speed along a straight road. Is there any work done on the car?

Ans: According to work energy principle, the work done by the car is zero. When a car moves at a constant
speed, there is no change in its kinetic energy, and thus no net force acting on it in the direction of motion.
Since, there is no force acting over a displacement, no work is done on the car. If there is friction then work
done will be force into displacement. The gravity and the direction of the car are perpendicular to each other.
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑆 = |𝐹| |𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 0 𝑖𝑠 90° Degree here and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° is zero. Thus, work done on a car moving
along a straight level road with constant speed is zero.

Q2 Does the work done in raising a box up in a building depend upon how fast it is raised up? Through
which path? To how much height?

Ans: The work done in raising a box up in a building does not depend on how fast it is raised up; it depends
only on the height to which it is raised and the force required to lift it. The work done 'W' can be calculated
using the formula: 𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 So, the work done in raising the box depends on the vertical height to
which it is raised and the force exerted against gravity. The path taken while raising the box does not affect
the work done, as long as the force is applied in the direction of the motion (vertical-direction in this case).
Another way to approach this is through the concept of potential energy. The work done in raising the box is
equal to the change in its gravitational potential energy, regardless of how quickly or slowly it is raised.
Mathematically, the work done 'W' is given by the change in potential energy: 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

Q3. Work done on the body either speeds it up, slows it down. Keeping it mind, explain how much work
is done by centripetal force on an orbiting satellite?

Ans: Centripetal force is always perpendicular to the velocity of the satellite, that's why work done by the
centripetal force on satellite is zero. No, a centripetal force cannot do work on an object because force and
displacement (or velocity) are perpendicular (0=90°) to each other at every point.

Mathematically:

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90°

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 (0) = 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° = 0)

Thus, no work is done on the orbiting satellite by the centripetal force.

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Q4 A car has Kinetic energy ‘EK’. By what factor its kinetic energy would change, if its velocity is
doubled?

Ans: The kinetic energy of the car will increase four times if velocity of the car is doubled. The Kinetic energy
of the car having mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ is given by:

1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 ____________________(1)
2

Let new velocity be 𝑣′ = 2𝑣 then new kinetic energy be 𝐾. 𝐸′ and will be given by:

1
𝐸𝐾 ′ = 𝑚(2𝑣)2
2

1 1
𝐸𝐾 ′ = 𝑚4𝑣 2 = 4𝑚𝑣 2
2 2

Using equation (1), we get:

𝐸𝐾 ′ = 4𝐸𝐾

Hence, when velocity is doubled, kinetic energy becomes 4 times.

Q5 A bullet is fired from gun, bullet penetrates into sand wall and stops. Where does its kinetic energy
used?

Ans: The K.E of the bullet converts to other forms of energy. The kinetic energy is displaced and either results
in mechanical work (displacing the sand to a new location) or is converted to heat.

Explanation: When a bullet is penetrating into a target, its motion is opposed by the retarding force 𝐹𝑟 of the
sand wall. Therefore, some part of the K.E is utilized in doing work against the retarding force of the sand
wall, while some part of K.E is converted into heat energy and sound energy.

Q6 An LED light bulb has an efficiency of 80%. Does it violate the conservation of energy principle?

Ans: No, an LED light bulb with an efficiency of 80% does not violate the conservation of energy principle.
Conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another.

In the case of the LED light bulb, the efficiency of 80% means that 80% of the electrical energy supplied to
the bulb is converted into light energy, while the remaining 20% is typically converted into heat energy. The
efficiency rating principle is upheld.

Q7 How does using renewable energy sources contribute to reducing environmental impact compared
to non-renewable sources?

Ans: Using renewable energy sources contributes to reducing environmental impact compared to non-
renewable sources in several ways:
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 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power generate electricity with little to no
greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, burning fossil fuels for energy production releases large amounts of
carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.

 Conservation of Natural Resources:

Renewable energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas are finite resources that take millions of years to form.
By utilizing renewable sources, we can conserve their extraction, transportation, and combustion.

 Reduced Water Usage:

Many renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind power, require minimal water for their operation
compared to traditional fossil fuel power plants, which consume vast amounts of water for cooling and steam
generation. This reduced water usage helps alleviate pressure on freshwater resources, especially in water-
stressed regions.

 Decreased Pollution:

Renewable energy sources typically have lower environmental impact during their operation compared to
non-renewable sources. For example, solar and wind power produce electricity without emitting harmful
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which are responsible for air and
water pollution, acid rain, and respiratory illnesses.

 Improvement of Land Degradation:

Renewable energy infrastructure such as solar panels and wind turbines can often be installed on existing
infrastructure or in areas with minimal ecological

Q8 Will we eventually rely entirely on renewable energy sources? Why or why not?

Ans: To eventually rely entirely on renewable energy sources depends on various factors, including:

i. Technological Advancements: Continued advancements in renewable energy technologies, such as

solar, wind, and energy storage, are making these sources more efficient, affordable, and reliable.
Further innovation and research could lead to breakthroughs that make renewable energy the dominant
source of power.
ii. Economic Considerations: The cost of renewable energy has been steadily declining, making it
increasingly competitive with fossil fuels in many regions. As economies of scale are achieved and
investment in renewable continues to grow, the cost gap between renewable and fossil fuels may
further narrow, incentivizing a shift towards renewable.
iii. Societal Preferences: Public awareness of climate change, air pollution, and environmental
degradation is growing, leading to increased demand for clean energy solutions. Consumer
preferences, corporate sustainability goals, and social movements advocating for renewable energy
can drive adoption and investment in renewable.

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The transition to renewable will likely be influenced by technological advancements, policy decisions,
economic factors, and societal shifts. While a complete reliance on renewable is an ambitious goal, achieving
it will require concerted efforts across multiple fronts.

Q9 How can increasing the power of a machine impact its energy consumption?

Ans: Increasing the power of a machine can impact its energy consumption in several ways:

A more powerful machine typically requires more energy to operate because it's capable of doing more work
or performing tasks more quickly. Higher power often translates to increased energy consumption during
operation.

However, the relationship between power and energy consumption also depends on the efficiency of the
machine.

In summary, increasing the power of a machine typically leads to higher energy consumption, but the extent
of the increase depends on factors such as the machine's efficiency, idle consumption, operational patterns,
and auxiliary systems.

Overall, while increasing the power of a machine often correlates with higher energy consumption,
technological advancements, operational optimizations, and efficiency improvements can influence the actual
impact on energy usage.

Q10 A perpetual engine has an efficiency equal to 1. Why it will not work?

Ans: A perpetual engine with an efficiency equal to 1 would imply that it can convert all the input energy into
useful work without any energy loss. However, such a device contradicts the laws of thermodynamics,
specifically the second law.

The second law of thermodynamics states that it's impossible to create a perpetual motion machine that can
continuously do work without any energy input from an external source. This law is commonly expressed in
terms of entropy, which tends to increase over time in an isolated system.

Therefore, while a perpetual engine with 100% efficiency might seem appealing, it's fundamentally impossible
due to the constraints imposed by the laws of thermodynamics.

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Chapter # 7
Density and Temperature
Exercises Short Questions

Q1 Two liquids A and B, have densities 1 g/mL and 1.2 g/mL respectively. When both liquids are poured
into a container, one liquid floats on top of the other. Which liquid is on top, and why?

Ans: The liquid with a lower density of 1 g/mL will float on top of the liquid with a higher density of
1.2 𝑔/𝑚𝐿. This is because objects with higher density sink in liquids with lower densities. Therefore, the
liquid with a higher density (1.2 g/mL) will sink to the bottom, allowing the liquid with a lower density (1
g/mL) to float on top.

Q2 Write a method to find the volume and density of a human body?

i. Measure the mass of the body (human body) using a scale in kilograms (Kg).
ii. Submerge the body in a container filled with water. The volume of water displaced by the body is
equal to the volume of the body. Measure the volume of water displaced using a graduated cylinder or
by marking the water level before and after submerging the body.
iii. Divide the mass of the body by its volume to calculate density.
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Q3 How is plasma the fourth state of matter? Give a reason.

Ans: Plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter due to the following reasons.

i. Ionization: Atoms loss or gain electrons, resulting in a mixture of positively charged ions and free
electrons. This process, known as ionization, is unlike gases, where atoms are neutral.
ii. Electric conductivity: Plasma can conduct electricity because of the presence of free electrons. This
property distinguishes it from gases, which are typically insulators.
iii. Response to electric and magnetic field: Plasma responds strongly to electric and magnetic fields.
These fields can influence the behavior and movement of charged particles within the plasma.
iv. Occurrence in nature: Naturally occur in phenomena such as lightning, auroras, and stars. Artificially
generated in labs due to these distinct characteristics and behavior, plasma is considered a separate
state of matter.

Q4 Why is water not used in liquid-in-glass thermometers?

Ans: Water is not used in thermometers due to the following reasons:

i. Water has narrow freezing and boiling points.

ii. Water has significant vapor pressure.
iii. The thermal expansion of water is not linear and consistent as alcohol or mercury.
iv. The density of water changes with temperature.
v. Water can be corrosive to certain materials used in thermometers.

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Q5 Can we increase the internal energy of a substance without increasing its temperature?

Ans: The internal energy can increase without a change in temperature through processes such as compression
or expansion in a closed system, chemical reactions, or by adding or removing heat while the system is
performing work.

Q6 Why are fixed point scales required for thermometers? What difficulties are there when setting
fixed points for thermometer scales?

Ans: Fixed points on thermometer scales are necessary for calibration and accurate temperature measurement.
Difficulties arise when setting these fixed points due to:

i. Uniformity
ii. Precision
iii. Standardization
iv. Material properties
v. Environmental factors

Q7 Mercury is replaced with alcohol in a liquid-in-glass thermometer. Discuss the possible change in
sensitivity and range of the thermometer?

Ans: Alcohol typically expands more than mercury for a given rise in temperature. Therefore, the sensitivity
of the thermometer, defined as the change in length per unit temperature change, would likely decrease when
using alcohol instead of mercury. While sensitivity decreases, the increased expansion of alcohol may expand
the readability of the thermometer, making small temperature changes more noticeable.

Q8 Why -273.15 °C temperature is called absolute zero? Can we achieve this temperature?

Ans: Absolute zero (-273.15 °C) is the lowest possible temperature where molecular motion ceases entirely.
Theoretically, it is impossible to achieve this temperature because it would require removing all energy from
a system, which is not feasible.

Q9 Why is a thermocouple thermometer suitable for measuring high temperatures but a liquid-in-glass
thermometer is not?

Ans: A thermocouple thermometer is suitable for high temperatures due to the following reasons:

i. Wide temperature range

ii. Fast response time
iii. Durability
iv. Compact design

In contrast, a liquid-in-glass thermometer is not suitable for high temperatures because:

i. It has a limited temperature range.

ii. It is fragile.
iii. It has a slow response time.
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iv. There is a risk of contamination.

Q10 Can we increase the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer without changing its range?

Ans: The sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer can be changed without altering its temperature range
by the following methods:

i. Bulb Size: Increasing or decreasing the bulb size can affect sensitivity. A larger bulb will increase
sensitivity because it contains more liquid, allowing for more expansion.
ii. Capillary Tube Diameter: A narrower tube will increase sensitivity because it requires less thermal
energy to cause a noticeable expansion or contraction of the liquid column.
iii. Liquid Selection: Using a different type of liquid with a higher coefficient of expansion than mercury,
such as alcohol, can increase sensitivity.
iv. Calibration: Adjusting the calibration of the thermometer by changing the markings on the scale can
effectively change the perceived sensitivity.

Q11 One student claims to have constructed a more sensitive liquid-in-glass thermometer. How can her
claim be verified?

Ans: To verify the claim of constructing a more sensitive thermometer, the following steps can be taken:

i. Review Design and Material: Examine the design and materials used in the proposed thermometer.
ii. Theoretical Analysis: Conduct a theoretical analysis of the proposed thermometer design.

Calculate the expected sensitivity based on factors such as:

 Bulb size
 Capillary tube diameter
 Thermal expansion of the liquid, etc.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. Define density and its units.
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, symbolized as 𝜌. It is measured in (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) (Sl
unit) or (𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 )
2. What is the formula for density?
The formula for density is (𝜌 = 𝑚/𝑉), where m is mass and V is volume.
3. How does temperature affect the density?
Density decreases as temperature increases because the substance expands, increasing its volume.
4. What are the units for measuring the density of liquids?
The density of liquids is usually measured in grams milliliter(𝑔/𝑚𝐿).
5. Why are solids generally denser than solids?
Solids have closely packed atoms, resulting in more matter in a fixed volume, making them denser.
6. Describe the method to measure the density of liquids.
Measure the liquid's mass using a balance and volume using a graduated cylinder, then divide mass by
volume.

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7. How can the volume of a regularly shaped solids be determined?
For regularly shaped solids, use geometric formulas, such as (𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ) for cuboids.
8. Explain the displacement method for finding the volume of an irregular shaped solid.
Submerge the object in water and measure the volume of water displaced, which equals the object's
volume.
9. What is the significance of the melting point in temperature scales?
The melting point is a fixed point used as a reference in scales like Celsius ((0℃) for ice).
10. How does the choice of liquid in a thermometer affect its sensitivity?
A liquid with a high coefficient of expansion, like alcohol, increases sensitivity by expanding more.
11. Why is mercury commonly used in thermometer?
Mercury has a uniform thermal expansion and remains liquid over a wide temperature range.
12. How do liquids and gases differ in terms of density?
Liquids have higher densities than gases because their particles are more closely packed.
13. What is absolute zero?
Absolute zero is −273.15°𝐶, where molecular motion ceases entirely, representing the lowest possible
temperature.
14. Why is water not suitable for use in thermometer?
Water has a high vapor pressure and narrow freezing and boiling points, making it less ideal.
15. Define internal energy.
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy within a substance, including kinetic and
potential energy.
16. What factors affect the internal energy of a substance?
Temperature, state of matter, and the number of particles affect internal energy.
17. Describe the plasma state of matter.
Plasma consists of ionized gas with free electrons and is found at high temperatures or pressures.
18. How can the sensitivity of a thermometer be increased without changing its range.
Sensitivity can be increased by using a narrower capillary tube or a liquid with a higher expansion
coefficient.
19. What are the components of internal energy?
Internal energy includes kinetic energy (translational, rotational, and vibrational) and potential energy.
20. How does a thermocouple measure temperature?
A thermocouple generates a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between two junctions.
21. Why is a thermocouple suitable for high temperature?
Thermocouples have a wide temperature range, fast response time and are durable.
22. What is the relationship between temperature the average kinetic energy of particles?
Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles.
23. How does the expansion of liquids vary with temperature?
Most liquids expand uniformly upon heating, making them useful in thermometers.
24. How is the volume of a gas affected by temperature at constant pressure?
The volume of a gas increases as temperature increases, according to Charles's law.
25. What is the role of fixed points in thermometers calibration?
Fixed points, like the melting and boiling points of water, provide reference temperatures for accurate
calibration.
26. How does a liquid-in-glass thermometer function?
It measures temperature by the expansion and contraction of a liquid inside a glass tube.

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27. What is the See beck effect?
The See beck effect is the generation of a voltage due to a temperature difference across two different
metals.
28. Why is air less dense than solids and liquids?
Air particles are far apart, resulting in less matter per unit volume compared to solids and liquids.
29. What happens to the density of water as temperature increases?
The density of water decreases as temperature increases due to thermal expansion.

Important MCQs
What is the SI unit of density?
a. 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
b. 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
c. 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
d. 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
What is the formula for density?
𝑚
a. 𝑉 = 𝜌
b. 𝜌 = 𝑚/𝑉
c. 𝜌 = 𝑉/𝑚
d. 𝑚 = 𝜌/𝑉
Which of the following substances has the highest density?
a. Ice
b. Gold
c. Air
d. Polythene
How does temperature affect the density of a substance?
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. No effect
d. Constant
What is the density of water in 𝒈/𝒎𝑳?
a. 0.8 g/mL
b. 1 g/mL
c. 1.3 g/mL
d. 0.9 g/mL
What is used to measure the volume of a liquid?
a. Thermometer
b. Barometer
c. Graduated cylinder
d. Hydrometer
How is the volume of a regularly shaped solid calculated?
a. Using geometric formulas
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b. Displacement method
c. Visual estimation
d. Approximation
What method is used to find the volume of an irregular solid?
a. Geometric formulas
b. Displacement method
c. Weighing
d. Thermal expansion
What is the lower fixed point on the Celsius scale?
a. 100°C
b. 0°C
c. -273.15°C
d. 32°F
Which liquid is commonly used in thermometers for high sensitivity?
a. Water
b. Mercury
c. Oil
d. Glycol
What is the common unit for measuring temperature?
a. Fahrenheit
b. Celsius
c. Kelvin
d. Joule
Which state of matter has the lowest density?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Plasma
What is absolute zero in Celsius?
a. -273.15°C
b. 0°C
c. -100°C
d. 273°C
Why is water not used in liquid-in-glass thermometers?
a. Narrow freezing and boiling points
b. High conductivity
c. Too viscous
d. Odorless
What is internal energy?
a. Energy between particles

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b. Total energy possessed by particles
c. Energy outside the substance
d. Potential energy only
What increases when a substance is heated?
a. Volume
b. Kinetic energy of particles
c. Potential energy
d. Only Color
What is plasma?
a. A liquid state
b. lionized gas with free electrons
c. A form of solid
d. A cooled gas
How can sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer be increased?
a. Narrower capillary tube
b. Thicker glass tube
c. Larger graduation marks
d. Colored liquid
What is the role of fixed points in thermometer calibration?
a. Reference temperatures
b. Decorative marks
c. Energy storage
d. Cooling effect
What does a thermocouple measure?
a. Pressure
b. Temperature
c. Volume
d. Energy
What is the See beck effect related to?
a. Thermoelectric voltage generation
b. Magnetic fields
c. Radioactivity
d. Sound waves
Why is mercury preferred in thermometers?
a. Uniform thermal expansion
b. Safe handling
c. High melting point
d. Odorless
How do gases differ from solids and liquids?
a. High density

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b. Fixed shape
c. Low density
d. Rigid structure
What happens to water density as temperature increases?
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Remains constant
d. Fluctuates
How is temperature related to kinetic energy?
a. Inversely proportional
b. Directly proportional
c. No relation
d. Independent
What is used to measure the temperature of a gas at constant pressure?
a. Thermometer
b. Manometer
c. Calorimeter
d. Barometer
What state of matter is most common in the universe?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Plasma
How is plasma created?
a. lionization of gas at high temperatures
b. Cooling a gas
c. Heating a solid
d. Compressing a liquid
What is the primary characteristic of solids?
a. Fixed shape and high-density
b. High fluidity
c. Low density
d. High compressibility
What is the measure of temperature in the SI unit system?
a. Degree Celsius
b. Kelvin
c. Fahrenheit
d. Joule

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Chapter # 8
Magnetism
Exercises Short Questions

Q.1 Can two magnetic field lines intersect each other? Justify your answer.

Ans: According to the laws of electromagnetism, two magnetic field lines cannot intersect each other. If they
were to intersect, it would imply that the magnetic field would have two different directions at that point,
which is not possible.

Q.2 A freely suspended magnet always points along the north-south direction. Why?

Ans: A freely suspended magnet aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field, pointing along the north-south
direction. This alignment occurs because the magnet's North Pole is attracted to Earth's magnetic South Pole,
and its south pole is attracted to Earth's magnetic north pole. This phenomenon is due to Earth's magnetic
field, which acts as a reference for the magnet's orientation.

Q.3 What is the neutral zone or field-free region of the magnetic field?

Ans: The neutral zone, also known as the field-free region, refers to the area where the magnetic field strength
is effectively zero. In this region, the magnetic sources cancel each other out, resulting in no net magnetic
field. This can occur between two magnets of opposite polarity or in certain configurations of magnetic
materials. In practical terms, the neutral zone is a region where magnetic interactions are minimized or
negligible.

Q.4 Is there any material which does not have any magnetic behavior? Justify your answer.

Ans: Yes, there are materials that do not exhibit any magnetic behavior; these materials are called diamagnetic
materials. Unlike ferromagnetic or paramagnetic materials, which are attracted to or repelled by magnets,
diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by magnetic fields.

Q.5 A proton is also a charged particle and spins like an electron. Why is its effect neglected in the study
of magnetism?

Ans: The effect of proton spin in magnetism is usually neglected because protons have greater mass and their
spins cancel out within the nucleus whereas electrons, with their smaller mass, contribute significantly to
magnetic properties due to their orbital and spin magnetism.

Q.6 What is the geomagnetic reversal phenomenon? Explain.

Ans: Geomagnetic reversal is when Earth's magnetic field flips its polarity, causing the magnetic north and
south poles to switch places. This natural phenomenon has occurred multiple times in Earth's history, with the
magnetic field weakening, becoming disorganized, and then re-establishing with opposite polarity over
thousands of years.

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Q.7 Why the Earth spins about its geographical axis instead of its magnetic axis? Explain.

Ans: The Earth spins around its geographical axis because of its physical shape and gravitational forces, not
its magnetic axis.

Q.8 Why the Earth's geographical and magnetic axes are not coincident? Explain.

Ans: The Earth's geographical and magnetic axes are not coincident because the Earth's magnetic field is
generated by movement within its liquid outer core. This movement, driven by convection currents of molten
iron and nickel, creates the magnetic field, which is not perfectly aligned with the planet's rotational axis. This
misalignment results in variation between the geographical and magnetic poles.

Q.9 What is the difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials?

Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances

Substances which are weakly attracted by a magnet Substances which are strongly attracted by a magnet
are called paramagnetic substances. are called ferromagnetic substances.
The susceptibility is positive but small The susceptibility is positive but very high.
In the absence of electric field, the net dipole In the absence of electric field, the net dipole
moment is zero. moment is non zero.
Aluminum manganese chromium are some Iron nickel cobalt gadolinium are some examples of
examples of paramagnetic. ferromagnetic.

Q.10 On what factors the strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet depends?

Ans: The strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet depends upon several factors:

1. Number of turns: Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil increases the strength of the
magnetic field.
2. Current flowing through the coil: Increasing the current flowing through the coil increases the
strength of the magnetic field.
3. Material of the core: Using a core made of ferromagnetic material (like iron) increases the strength
of the magnetic field compared to using a non-magnetic or less magnetic material.
4. Length of the core: Increasing the length of the core can increase the strength of the magnetic field.
5. Cross-sectional area of the core: Increasing the cross-sectional area of the core can increase the
strength of the magnetic field.

By optimizing these factors, the strength of the magnetic field generated by an electromagnet can be
maximized for a given application.

Q.11 Draw magnetic field lines of two solenoids placed near each other (i) facing same poles to each
other. (ii) Facing opposite poles to each other.

Ans: When two solenoids face each other with the same poles, they repel each other.

 The magnetic field lines will emerge from one solenoid's North Pole and connect to the other solenoid's
North Pole, forming a loop between them.
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 Similarly, magnetic field lines will emerge from one solenoid's South Pole and connect to the other
solenoid's South Pole, forming a loop between them.

When two solenoids are facing each other with opposite poles, they attract each other.

 The magnetic field lines will emerge from one solenoid's North Pole and connect to the other solenoid's
South Pole, forming a continuous loop between them.

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Chapter # 9

NATURE OF SCIENCE AND PHYSICS

Exercises Short Questions

Q1. Define the following branches of physics:

o Biophysics
o Astrophysics
o Optics
o Relativistic Mechanics
o Nuclear Physics
o Acoustics
o Computational Physics

Define the terms theory and law. Also, give two examples of each.

Ans: Branches of Physics

Biophysics: Biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that merges principles of physics with biological sciences
to study living systems. It explores the physical laws that govern the structure, function, and behavior of
organisms, from molecular interactions to the dynamics of entire ecosystems.

Astrophysics: Astrophysics focuses on the study of celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena. It uses physical
theories and methods to understand the nature of stars, galaxies, black holes, and the universe as a whole.

Optics: Optics is the branch of physics dedicated to the study of light. It examines how light interacts with
different materials, its propagation, and the design and use of optical devices such as lenses and microscopes.

Relativistic Mechanics: Relativistic mechanics, based on Einstein's theory of relativity, examines the
behavior of objects moving at high velocities or within strong gravitational fields. It provides insights into the
nature of space, time, gravity, and the equivalence of energy and mass.

Nuclear Physics: Nuclear physics studies the atomic nucleus and its components—protons and neutrons. It
investigates nuclear reactions, radioactivity, and the fundamental forces that hold the nucleus together.

Acoustics: Acoustics explores the properties of sound waves, including their generation, propagation, and
reception. It studies how sound interacts with different environments and materials and its applications in
various fields.

Computational Physics: Computational physics employs numerical methods and computer simulations to
tackle complex physical problems that are challenging to solve analytically. It is a versatile tool for modeling
phenomena across various domains of physics.

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Theory and Law

Theory:

In science, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a broad set of observations. It is grounded in a body
of evidence and has been repeatedly validated through experiments and observations. Theories provide
comprehensive frameworks that help explain and predict natural phenomena.

Examples of Theories:

 Theory of Evolution: Describes the mechanisms of natural selection and the diversity of life.
 Quantum Mechanics: Explains the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic scales.

Law:

A scientific law is a statement that describes consistent and universal patterns observed in nature. It often takes
a mathematical form, expressing relationships between variables and is considered universally applicable
within its domain.

Examples of Laws:

 Newton's Laws of Motion: Define the principles governing the movement of objects.
 Law of Conservation of Energy: States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Important Note:

The distinction between a theory and a law lies in their scope and application. Theories are broader and explain
a wide range of phenomena, often encompassing multiple laws. In contrast, laws are specific and describe a
particular aspect of nature in a concise and often mathematical way.

Q2. Define Hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon or a speculative statement about the relationship
between two or more variables. It is a foundational element in the scientific method and serves as a starting
point for investigation. A hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable, meaning it can be supported or refuted
through experimentation or observation.

Key Characteristics of a Hypothesis:

1. Testable: It must be possible to design an experiment or study to determine if the hypothesis is true
or false.
2. Falsifiable: There must be a possibility to prove the hypothesis wrong if it is incorrect.
3. Specific: It should be clear and focused, addressing a particular aspect of the problem being
investigated.

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Example of a Hypothesis:

"If plants are exposed to red light, then they will grow faster than plants exposed to blue light."

This hypothesis suggests a specific, testable relationship between the color of light and plant growth rate.

Q3. What is the difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics?

Ans: Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics are two fundamental branches of physics that describe the
behavior of objects, but they operate under different principles and are applicable in different domains.

Classical Mechanics

Scope and Applicability:

Classical mechanics, also known as Newtonian mechanics, deals with the motion of macroscopic objects,
from everyday objects to celestial bodies. It applies to systems that are much larger than atomic scales and
where speeds are much slower than the speed of light.

Key Concepts:

 Determinism: Classical mechanics is deterministic, meaning that if the initial conditions of a system
are known, the future behavior of the system can be precisely 1 predicted.
 Continuity: It assumes that physical quantities such as position, velocity, and energy can change
continuously.
 Laws: The fundamental laws include Newton's laws of motion, the law of universal gravitation, and
the principles of energy conservation.

Mathematical Framework:

Classical mechanics is typically described using differential equations and vector calculus. It relies heavily on
concepts such as force, mass, velocity, and acceleration.

Limitations:

Classical mechanics does not accurately describe the behavior of objects at very small scales (atomic and
subatomic) or at speeds close to the speed of light. It also fails to account for certain phenomena, such as the
photoelectric effect and black-body radiation, which are explained by quantum mechanics.

Quantum Mechanics

Scope and Applicability:

Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic scales. It is essential for
understanding the properties and interactions of particles like electrons, photons, and atoms.

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Key Concepts:

 Probability and Uncertainty: Quantum mechanics is probabilistic, meaning it can only predict the
probability of finding a particle in a particular state. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that
certain pairs of properties (like position and momentum) cannot be simultaneously known to arbitrary
precision.
 Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, depending on
the experimental context. For example, electrons can show interference patterns like waves but also
can be detected as discrete particles.
 Quantization: Energy levels in quantum systems are discrete rather than continuous. For example,
electrons in an atom can only occupy specific energy levels.

Mathematical Framework:

Quantum mechanics uses complex mathematical constructs, such as wave functions and operators, to describe
the state of a system. The Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes
how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. 1

Applications and Implications:

Quantum mechanics explains a wide range of phenomena, including chemical bonding, electrical
conductivity, and the behavior of semiconductors. It also forms the basis for technologies such as lasers,
transistors, and quantum computers.

Key Differences

Classical Mechanics

 Deterministic
 Continuous
 Follows Newton's Laws

Quantum Mechanics

 Probabilistic
 Wave-particle duality
 Quantized energy levels

1. Determinism vs. Probability: Classical mechanics is deterministic, while quantum mechanics is

probabilistic.
2. Continuous vs. Discrete: Classical mechanics assumes continuous physical quantities, whereas
quantum mechanics involves discrete energy levels and quantized states.
3. Scale: Classical mechanics applies to macroscopic objects, while quantum mechanics is necessary for
atomic and subatomic particles.
4. Wave-Particle Duality: This concept is fundamental in quantum mechanics but does not have a
counterpart in classical mechanics.

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Together, these two branches provide a comprehensive understanding of physical phenomena across different
scales and conditions.

Q4. What determines the validity of a theory?

Ans: The validity of a scientific theory is determined by several key criteria:

1. Empirical Evidence: The theory must be supported by observations and experiments that consistently
align with its predictions.
2. Predictive Power: It should make accurate, testable predictions that can be confirmed by new data.
3. Falsifiability: The theory must be capable of being proven wrong through potential observations or
experiments.
4. Consistency: It should be logically consistent within itself and with other established theories.
5. Scope: A valid theory should explain a wide range of phenomena.
6. Simplicity: Among competing theories, the simpler one with fewer assumptions is preferred.
7. Peer Review: It should be critically evaluated and accepted by the scientific community.
8. Reproducibility: The findings supporting the theory should be reproducible by other researchers.
9. Adaptability: The theory should be flexible and able to incorporate new evidence or be refined.

These factors collectively determine a theory's scientific validity and acceptance.

Q5. Which part of the study is not handled by the classical study of physics?

Ans: Classical physics, while foundational for understanding many aspects of the world, has limitations in
specific domains:

1. Microscopic Scale: Classical mechanics fails to accurately describe the behavior of atoms and
subatomic particles. Quantum mechanics is required to understand the quantum world.
2. Relativistic Speeds: At speeds approaching the speed of light, classical physics breaks down.
Einstein's theory of relativity is needed to explain the effects of high speeds on time, space, and mass.
3. Strong Gravity: In extreme gravitational fields, such as those near black holes, classical physics
(Newtonian gravity) is insufficient. General relativity provides a more accurate description of gravity's
effects on space-time.
4. High-Energy Phenomena: Classical physics cannot explain phenomena involving very high energies,
such as particle creation and annihilation. These are governed by quantum field theory.

SLOs Based Important Questions

1. Define biophysics.
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles and methods of physics to study
biological systems, from the molecular level to entire ecosystems.
2. What is the focus of astrophysics?
Astrophysics focuses on the study of celestial objects and phenomena in the universe, using physics to
understand their nature, formation, and evolution.
3. Define optics.
Optics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of light and its properties, including how it
interacts with matter, its behavior in different media, and the design of optical instruments.

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4. What does relativistic mechanics describe?
Relativistic mechanics describes the motion of objects at very high speeds or in strong gravitational
fields, based on Einstein's theory of relativity.
5. Define nuclear physics.
Nuclear physics studies the atomic nucleus, its constituents (protons and neutrons), nuclear reactions,
radioactivity, and the forces that hold the nucleus together.
6. What is acoustics?
Acoustics is the study of sound waves, their generation, propagation, and reception, as well as their
interaction with different environments and materials.
7. Explain computational physics.
Computational physics utilizes numerical methods and computer simulations to solve complex
physical problems that are difficult to solve analytically.
8. What is a scientific theory? Give two examples.
A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of
evidence. Examples include the theory of evolution and the theory of general relativity.
9. Define a scientific law and provide two examples.
A scientific law is a statement that describes a consistent and universal relationship between variables,
often expressed mathematically. Examples include Newton's laws of motion and the law of
conservation of energy.
10. How does physics impact our daily lives?
Physics underpins many technologies we use daily (electronics, appliances), helps us understand
natural phenomena (weather, movement), and enables engineering solutions (infrastructure, vehicles).
11. What are the limitations of classical physics?
Classical physics fails to accurately describe phenomena at the atomic/subatomic level, at high speeds
(approaching the speed of light), in strong gravitational fields, and with high-energy phenomena.
12. How does physics contribute to other scientific disciplines?
Physics provides foundational principles and methods for chemistry (atomic interactions), biology
(biophysics), astronomy (celestial phenomena), engineering (design and analysis), and other fields.
13. Differentiate between science, technology, and engineering with examples.
Science seeks to understand natural phenomena (e.g., gravity). Technology applies scientific
knowledge for practical purposes (e.g., smartphones). Engineering designs and builds things based on
scientific and technological principles (e.g., bridges).
14. Explain the terms hypothesis, theory, and law, with examples.
Hypothesis: a testable prediction (e.g., "Plants grow faster under blue light").
Theory: a well-substantiated explanation (e.g., theory of evolution).
Law: a statement describing a universal relationship (e.g., Newton's laws of motion).
15. What factors determine the validity of a scientific theory?
A theory's validity is determined by empirical evidence, predictive power, and falsifiability,
consistency with other theories, scope, simplicity, peer review, reproducibility, and adaptability.
16. What is the primary difference between classical and quantum mechanics?
Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, while quantum mechanics describes
the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.
17. What are some key concepts in classical mechanics?
Key concepts in classical mechanics include determinism, continuity, Newton's laws of motion, the
law of universal gravitation, and the principle of energy conservation.

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18. What are some key concepts in quantum mechanics?
Key concepts in quantum mechanics include probability, uncertainty, wave-particle duality,
quantization, and the Schrödinger equation.
19. In what situations does classical mechanics break down?
Classical mechanics breaks down when dealing with the very small (atomic/subatomic), the very fast
(near the speed of light), the very massive (strong gravitational fields), or the very energetic.
20. How is quantum mechanics used in technology?
Quantum mechanics is the foundation for technologies like lasers, transistors, and quantum computers.
21. How does physics contribute to medical advancements?
Physics contributes to medical advancements through imaging technologies (MRI, CT scans),
radiation therapy, and the development of various diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
22. Explain the role of physics in environmental science.
Physics helps understand climate dynamics, energy transfer, and natural processes, aiding in the
development of sustainable solutions and predicting the consequences of climate change.
23. What are some practical applications of acoustics?
Practical applications of acoustics include soundproofing, architectural acoustics (designing spaces
with good sound quality), and the development of audio technologies (speakers, microphones).
24. How is biophysics used in biological research?
Biophysics uses physics principles to study biological processes at the molecular, cellular, and
organismal levels, providing insights into protein folding, cell membrane transport, and neural
signaling.
25. What are some challenges in computational physics?
Challenges in computational physics include developing accurate models, dealing with computational
complexity, and validating results against experimental data.
26. What are some ethical considerations in nuclear physics?
Ethical considerations in nuclear physics include the potential for nuclear weapons proliferation, the
safe handling and disposal of nuclear waste, and the responsible use of nuclear energy.
27. How does relativity impact our understanding of space and time?
Relativity shows that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer's motion and the
presence of gravity. It also reveals the equivalence of mass and energy.
28. What are some current research areas in astrophysics?
Current research areas in astrophysics include dark matter and dark energy, exoplanets, the early
universe, black holes, and the origins of cosmic rays.
29. How does optics contribute to our understanding of vision?
Optics explains how light enters the eye, is focused by the lens, and is detected by the retina, allowing
us to understand how we see and perceive the world.
30. How is physics used in forensic science?
Physics is used in forensic science to analyze blood spatter patterns, firearm ballistics, and other
evidence to reconstruct crime scenes and determine the cause of death.

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Important MCQs

Biophysics primarily focuses on:

a. The study of celestial bodies.

b. The study of living systems using physics principles
c. The study of light and its properties.
d. The study of the atomic nucleus.

Which branch of physics deals with the study of stars and galaxies?

a. Nuclear Physics
b. Biophysics
c. Astrophysics
d. Optics

The behavior of light is studied under which branch of physics?

a. Relativistic Mechanics
b. Optics
c. Acoustics
d. Computational Physics

Relativistic mechanics is based on the theory of:

a. Evolution
b. Gravity
c. Relativity
d. Quantum Mechanics

Which branch of physics investigates radioactivity?

a. Nuclear Physics
b. Biophysics
c. Astrophysics
d. Optics

The study of sound waves and their properties falls under:

a. Computational Physics
b. Acoustics
c. Nuclear Physics
d. Relativistic Mechanics

Computational physics uses which of the following to solve problems?

a. Telescopes
b. Microscopes
c. Computer simulations
d. Mathematical equations

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A well-substantiated explanation for a broad set of observations is called a:

a. Law
b. Hypothesis
c. Theory
d. Experiment

Which of the following is an example of a scientific law?

a. Theory of Evolution
b. Law of Conservation of Energy
c. Theory of Relativity
d. Quantum Mechanics

Which statement best describes the relationship between a theory and a law?

a. Theories are broader and encompass multiple laws.

b. Laws are broader and encompass multiple theories.
c. Theories and laws are interchangeable terms.
d. Theories are always true, while laws can be proven wrong.

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of classical physics?

a. It fails to accurately describe phenomena at the atomic/subatomic level.

b. It breaks down at speeds close to the speed of light.
c. It struggles in strong gravitational fields.
d. It accurately describes everyday phenomena like throwing a ball.

Physics contributes to chemistry by explaining:

a. The origins of the universe.

b. The behavior of plants and animals.
c. Forces and interactions at the atomic and molecular levels.
d. The evolution of species.

Which of the following is an example of technology applying scientific knowledge?

a. A telescope
b. A thermometer
c. A smartphone
d. A calculator

A tentative, testable statement about the relationship between variables is a:

a. Law
b. Theory
c. Hypothesis
d. Experiment

A hypothesis must be:

a. Proven true.
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b. Supported by a large body of evidence.
c. Testable and falsifiable.
d. Universally applicable.

Classical mechanics is best suited for describing objects that are:

a. Microscopic
b. High-speed
c. Macroscopic
d. Subatomic

Which concept is NOT central to quantum mechanics?

a. Probability
b. Uncertainty
c. Wave-particle duality
d. Determinism

Quantum mechanics is essential for understanding:

a. The motion of planets.

b. The behavior of everyday objects.
c. The behavior of atoms and subatomic particles.
d. The properties of light in a vacuum.

In which field does physics play a crucial role in developing imaging techniques?

a. Engineering
b. Medicine
c. Environmental Science
d. Astronomy

Which of the following is NOT a practical application of acoustics?

a. Soundproofing
b. Architectural acoustics
c. Audio technologies
d. Nuclear reactor design

Biophysics helps study biological processes like:

a. Enzyme activity and cellular mechanics.

b. The formation of stars and galaxies.
c. The behavior of black holes.
d. The design of bridges.

Challenges in computational physics include:

a. Developing new theories.

b. Conducting experiments.
c. Developing accurate models and dealing with computational.
d. Designing new optical instruments.
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Which of the following is NOT an ethical consideration in nuclear physics?

a. Nuclear weapons proliferation.

b. Safe handling and disposal of nuclear waste.
c. Responsible use of nuclear energy.
d. The study of light properties.

According to relativity, space and time are:

a. Absolute.
b. Relative to the observer and gravity.
c. Fixed and unchanging.
d. Independent of each other.

Current research areas in astrophysics include:

a. The study of sound waves.

b. The development of new materials.
c. Dark matter, exoplanets, and the early universe.
d. The design of medical imaging equipment.

Optics explains:

a. How we hear sounds.

b. How gravity works.
c. How we see and perceive the world.
d. How nuclear reactions occur.

Physics is used in forensic science to:

a. Develop new medications.

b. Analyze crime scene evidence.
c. Predict earthquakes.
d. Design safer cars.

Which of the following is NOT a branch of physics?

a. Astrophysics
b. Biophysics
c. Optics
d. Chemistry

What is the primary focus of engineering?

a. Understanding natural phenomena.

b. Developing new theories.
c. Designing and building solutions to problems.
d. Conducting experiments.

Which of the following describe a scientific law?

a. A testable prediction.
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b. A well-substantiated explanation
c. A statement describing a universal relationship.
d. A complex mathematical model

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