Ch-6 : Electromagnetic Induction

Previous Year Questions (2015 – 2024)

2015
1. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(b) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids of
the same length wound one over the other.
(c) In an experiment, two coils c1 and c2 are placed close to each other. Find out the
expression for the emf induced in coil c1 due to a change in the current through
coil c2 . (5M)

2016
1. (a) Define mutual inductance.
(b) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other
coil? (3M)

2017
1. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of the same length wound one over the other.
(3M)

2. Define the self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the expression for the energy stored in an
inductor L connected across a source of emf. (3M)

3. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of an AC generator. Obtain the expression for the emf in-
duced in the rotating coil of N turns, each of cross-sectional area A, in the presence
of a magnetic field B.
(b) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long, extending from east to west, is falling with
a speed of 5.0 m/s at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth’s mag-
2
netic field, 0.3 × 10−4 Wb/m . Find the instantaneous value of the emf induced in
the rod. (5M)

2018
1. A rectangular frame of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field directed outwards,
normal to the paper. AB is connected to a spring which is stretched to A" B " and then
released at time t = 0. Explain qualitatively how the induced emf in the coil would vary
with time. (Neglect damping of oscillations of the spring). (2M)

1
2. (a) Define the term magnetic susceptibility and write its relation in terms of relative
magnetic permeability.
(b) Two magnetic materials A and B have relative magnetic permeabilities of 0.96 and
500. Identify the magnetic materials A and B.

2019
1. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(b) A square loop of side a carrying a current I2 is kept at a distance x from an infinitely
long straight wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expres-
sion for the resultant force acting on the loop. (3M)

2020
1. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize ______ currents in the core of a transformer.
(1M)
2. The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length and area
of cross-section. The self-inductance of the solenoid will become ______ times. (1M)
3. A conducting rod P Q of length 20 cm and resistance 0.1 Ω rests on two smooth parallel
rails of negligible resistance AA" and CC " . It can slide on the rails, and the arrangement
is positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet producing a uniform mag-
netic field B = 0.4 T. The rails, the rod, and the magnetic field are in three mutually
perpendicular directions as shown in the figure. If the ends A and C of the rails are
short-circuited, find the:

(a) External force required to move the rod with a uniform velocity v = 10 cm/s.
(b) Power required to do so. (3M)

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2022
1. Lenz’s law is the consequence of the law of conservation of:

(a) energy
(b) charge
(c) mass
(d) momentum

2. The emf induced in a 10 H inductor in which current changes from 11 A to 2 A in 9×10−1 s

is:

(a) 104 V
(b) 103 V
(c) 102 V
(d) 10 V

3. A metal plate is getting heated. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) It is placed in a space-varying magnetic field that does not vary with time.
(b) A direct current is passing through the plate.
(c) An alternating current is passing through the plate.
(d) It is placed in a time-varying magnetic field.

4. Assertion (A): Induced emf in two coils made of wire of the same length and the same
thickness, one of copper and another of aluminium, is the same. The current in the
copper coil is more than in the aluminium coil.
Reason (R): Resistance of the aluminium coil is more than that of the copper coil.

5. The magnetic flux linked with a coil is given by ω = 5t2 + 3t + 16, where ω is in webers
and t in seconds. The induced emf in the coil at t = 5 s will be:

(a) 53 V
(b) 43 V
(c) 10 V
(d) 6 V

2023
1. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe the principle and working of an AC
generator. Hence, obtain an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf
generated.
(b) The coil of an AC generator consists of 100 turns of wire, each of area 0.5 m2 . The
resistance of the wire is 100 Ω. The coil is rotating in a magnetic field of 0.8 T perpen-
dicular to its axis of rotation, at a constant angular speed of 60 radian/s. Calculate
the maximum emf generated and power dissipated in the coil.

3
2024
1. (a) State Lenz’s Law. In a closed circuit, the induced current opposes the change in
magnetic flux that produced it as per the law of conservation of energy. Justify.
(b) A metal rod of length 2 m is rotated with a frequency of 60 rev/s about an axis pass-
ing through its centre and perpendicular to its length. A uniform magnetic field
of 2 T perpendicular to the plane of rotation is switched on in the region. Calculate
the emf induced between the centre and the end of the rod.

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2015 Q1
1. (a) Mutual inductance between the two coils is equal to the magnetic flux linked with
one coil when a unit current is passed in the other coil.
Alternatively,
dI
e = −M
dt
Mutual inductance is equal to the induced emf set up in one coil when the rate of
change of current flowing through the other coil is unity.
SI Unit: henry (weber ampere−1 ) or (volt second ampere−1 ).

(b) Let a current I2 flow through S2 . This sets up a magnetic flux ω1 through each turn
of the coil S1 . Total flux linked with S1 :

N1 ω1 = M12 I2

where M12 is the mutual inductance between the two solenoids.

Magnetic field due to the current I2 in S2 is µ0 n2 I2 .
Therefore, resulting flux linked with S1 :
! "
N1 ω1 = n1 lεr12 (µ0 n2 l)

Comparing equations, we get:

M12 = µ0 n1 n2 εr12 l

(c) Let a magnetic flux ω1 be linked with coil C1 due to current I2 in coil C2 . We have:

ω1 ∝ I 2 , ω 1 = M I2

Differentiating:
dω1 dI2
=M
dt dt
Therefore,
dI2
e = −M
dt

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2016 Q2
1. (a) Mutual inductance (M ) is the property of the coils that a current is induced in the
secondary coil if there is a change in current in the primary coil.
SI Unit: Henry.

2. (b)

(a) Given:
M = 1.5 H
Change of current ∆I = 20 − 0 = 20 A
(b) Change of flux:

∆ω = M ∆I = 1.5 × 20 = 30 Wb

2017 Q1
1. Mutual inductance, between a pair of coils, equals the magnetic flux linked with one
of them due to a change of unit current flowing in the other.

Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the inner (let it be primary P ) and outer (let it be secondary
S) co-axial solenoids respectively, and n1 and n2 be the number of turns per unit length
of the two solenoids. Let N1 and N2 be the total number of turns in two solenoids and
each of length l.

Let the secondary solenoid carry current I2 . This current sets up magnetic flux ω1 through
the primary (inner) solenoid. The total flux linkages with the primary solenoid are given
by:
N1 ω1 = M12 I2
where M12 is the mutual inductance of the primary (inner) solenoid with respect to the
secondary (outer) solenoid.

The magnetic field at the center of the secondary solenoid due to a current I2 is given
by:
B 2 = µ0 n 2 I 2

The total flux linkages with the primary solenoid are given by:

N1 ω1 = (n1 l)B2 I1

Substituting B2 , we get:
N1 ω1 = (µ0 εn1 n2 lr12 )I2
Hence, the mutual inductance M12 is:
N1 ω 1
M12 = = µ0 εn1 n2 r12 l
I2
Similarly, for the secondary solenoid:

M21 = µ0 εn1 n2 r12 l

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2017 Q2
1. Self-Inductance:
Self-inductance is the property by which an opposing induced emf is produced in a
coil due to a change in current or magnetic flux linked with the coil.
Self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the flux linked with the coil when the
current through the coil is 1 A.
2. Energy Stored in an Inductor:
Consider a source of emf connected to an inductor L. As the current starts growing,
the opposing induced emf is given by:
di
e = −L
dt
If the source of emf flows a current i through the inductor for a small time dt, then the
amount of work done by the source is given by:
di
dW = |e|i dt = Li dt = Li di
dt
Hence, the total amount of work done (by the source of emf) when the current in-
creases from its initial value (i = 0) to its final value I is given by:
# I # I $ 2 %I
i 1
W = Li di = L i di = L = LI 2
0 0 2 0 2
This work done gets stored in the inductor in the form of energy:
1
U = LI 2
2

2017 Q3
1. (a) The flux created in the coil is given by:

Φ = N BA cos ωt
The emf induced is given by:
dΦ
E=−
dt
Substituting the value of Φ, we get:
d
E=− (N BA cos ωt) = N ωBA sin ωt
dt
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Therefore, the emf induced is:
E = N BAω sin ωt
The instantaneous value of the emf induced can be calculated using the above equa-
tion.

2. (b) The instantaneous emf induced is given by:

E = Blv sin θ

Substituting the given values:

B = 0.3 T, l = 10 m, v = 5 m/s, sin 90◦ = 1

We get:
E = 0.3 × 10 × 5 × 1 = 1.5 mV
Therefore, the induced emf is 1.5 mV.

2018 Q1
When the spring is stretched and released, the wire AB will execute simple harmonic (sinu-
soidal) motion, so the induced emf will vary periodically. At t = 0, the wire is at the extreme
position where v = 0.
The velocity is given by:
v = Aω sin ωt
The induced emf (ε) is:
ε = Bvl
Substituting v:
ε = BAωl sin ωt
Where:

• A = BB " = AA" is the amplitude of motion,

• ω is the angular frequency.

The graph represents the periodic variation of induced emf (ε) with time (t).

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2018 Q2
(a) Magnetic Susceptibility: It is defined as the ratio of the magnetisation M to the mag-
netising field intensity H. It is denoted by Xm .
M
Xm =
H
Magnetic susceptibility in terms of magnetic permeability:

X m = µr − 1

(b) A is a diamagnetic material, B is a ferromagnetic material.

2019 Q1
1. (a) Mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the emf induced in one coil when the rate
of change of the current through the other coil is unity or it is equal to the amount of
magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current flows through the other coil. If I
is the current flowing through one coil and ω is the flux linked with the other coil, then:

ω∝I or ω = M I,

where M is mutual inductance. For unity current, that is, I = 1, we get:

M = ω.

The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry (H).

2. (b) Let us consider P QRS as a square loop of side a. The loop is placed at a distance x
from an infinitely long straight wire AB.

(a) Current through P QRS: I2

Current through AB: I1
(b) The current passing through the arm P Q is in the opposite direction to the current
passing through AB; hence, they repel each other. The current passing through
the arm RS is in the same direction as the current through arm AB, so they attract
each other.
(c) Also, the forces on arms QR and SP are equal and opposite to each other, and
hence they get canceled. The magnetic force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors of length L is given by:
µ0 2I1 I2 × L
F = .
4ε r
(d) Force on the arm P Q:
µ0 2I1 I2
FP Q = × Length of P Q,
4ε x
where the length of P Q = a. Therefore:
µ0 2I1 I2
FP Q = × a.
4ε x
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(e) Force on the arm RS:
µ0 2I1 I2
FRS = × Length of RS,
4ε x + a
where the length of RS = a. Therefore:
µ0 2I1 I2
FRS = × a.
4ε x + a

(f) Resultant force:

F = FP Q − FRS .
Substituting the values, we get:
µ0 2I1 I2 a µ0 2I1 I2 a
F = − .
4ε x 4ε x + a
Simplifying further: & '
µ0 1 1
F = 2I1 I2 a − .
4ε x x+a
Using the formula for simplification:
µ0 2I1 I2 a2
F = .
4ε x(x + a)

2020 Q1
1. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize eddy currents in the core of a transformer.

2020 Q2
1. If the number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length and area
of cross-section, the self-inductance of the solenoid will become four times its origi-
nal value.

2020 Q3
1. Answer:

• The external force required to move the rod with uniform velocity is 0.0064 N.
• The power required to do so is 0.64 mW.

2. Explanation:

(a) Calculate the induced electromotive force (emf) using the formula E = Bvl, where
B is the magnetic field strength, v is the velocity of the rod, and l is the length of
the rod.
E = 0.4 T × 0.1 m/s × 0.2 m = 0.008 V.
(b) Calculate the induced current (I) using Ohm’s law (I = E/R), where R is the resis-
tance of the rod.
0.008 V
I= = 0.08 A.
0.1 Ω
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(c) Calculate the force required to keep the rod moving at a constant velocity using
the formula FB = BIl, where I is the induced current.

FB = 0.4 T × 0.08 A × 0.2 m = 0.0064 N.

(d) Calculate the power required to move the rod at a constant velocity using the for-
mula P = F v.
P = 0.0064 N × 0.1 m/s = 0.00064 W or 0.64 mW.

2022 Questions
1. Q1: Option (D)

2. Q2: Option (B)

3. Q3: Option (A)

4. Q4: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for
the assertion.

5. Q5: Option (C)

2023 Q1
Principle: It is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. When a coil in a uni-
form magnetic field is rotated along an axis perpendicular to the field, the magnetic flux
associated with the coil changes, and an induced emf is created across its ends.

Working: When the coil begins to rotate with the arm AB travelling up and the arm CD
moving down, cutting the magnetic lines of force, the induced current is set up in these
arms along the AB and CD directions, according to Fleming’s right-hand rule. As a result,
an effective induced current flows in the direction of ABCD.

If the coil has a big number of turns, the current created in each turn adds up to pro-
duce a large amount of current across the coil. After half a rotation of the coil, its arm CD
begins to move upward and its arm AB begins to move downward. As a result, the induced
currents in the coil are reversed in the direction of DCBA. The polarity of the current in each
arm changes every half rotation. A current that changes direction at equal intervals of time
is referred to as an alternating current. A split ring-type commutator must be used instead
of a slip ring commutator to obtain direct current.

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Emf Induced in a Coil: Consider a coil of N turns and area A being rotated at a constant
angular velocity ω in a magnetic field of flux density B, its axis being perpendicular to the
field. When the normal to the coil is at an angle θ to the field, the flux through the coil is
given by:
ω = BAN cos θ = BAN cos(ωt).
Induced emf:
dω
E=−
dt
d(BAN cos(ωt))
E=−
dt
E = BAN ω sin(ωt).
The maximum value of the emf (E0 ) is when θ = ωt = 90◦ , i.e., the coil is in the plane of the
field, and is given by:
E0 = BAN ω.
Conclusion: Therefore, the maximum value of the induced emf is:

E0 = BAN ω.

2024 Q1
Concepts: Lenz’s law, Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic flux, Conservation of energy,
Induced emf.

Explanation: Lenz’s Law states that the direction of an induced current is such that it
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. This is consistent with the law of
conservation of energy because if the induced current did not oppose the change, it would
result in a perpetual motion machine, which is impossible. For the second part, we calcu-
late the induced EMF using the formula for a rotating rod in a magnetic field.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1. Step 1: State Lenz’s Law: The direction of the induced current is such that it opposes
the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

2. Step 2: Justification: According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot

be created or destroyed. If the induced current did not oppose the change, it would
result in a system that could generate energy without any input, violating this law.

3. Step 3: Given:
Length of rod (l) = 2 m,
Frequency (f ) = 60 rev/s,
Magnetic field (B) = 2 T.

4. Step 4: Calculate angular velocity (ω):

ω = 2εf = 2ε × 60 = 120ε rad/s.

5. Step 5: The EMF induced in a rotating rod is given by:

1
EMF = Bωl2 .
2
12
6. Step 6: Substitute the values:
1
EMF = × 2 × 120ε × (2)2 .
2
7. Step 7: Calculate the EMF:

EMF = 480ε V.

Final Answer: The EMF induced between the centre and the end of the rod is 480ε V.

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